menstrual cycle and phases of menstrual cycle.pdf

identify the ovulation and changes that occurs in the uterus

1. Lec-2- يرظنلا ةيئاسنلا ضيرمت-لولاا لصفلا
Menstruation
Prepared by
Dr. Marwa Mohammed

2. Characteristics of Normal Menstrual Cycles
Beginning
(Menarche)
▪Averageageatonset,12years.
▪Averagerange,9–17years.
Intervalbetween
cycles
▪Average,28days.
▪Cyclesof23–35daysnotunusual.
Duration(menses)of
menstrualflow
•Averageflow,4–6days.
•Rangesof2–9days,abnormal.
Amountof
menstrualflow
•Average30–80mlpermenstrualperiod.
Colorof
menstrualflow
•Darkred.
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3. Menstrual Cycle
•Isanepisodicuterinebleedinginresponseto
cyclichormonalchanges.
ThePhysiologyofMenstruation
1.Thehypothalamus
2.Thepituitarygland
3.Theovaries
4.Theuterus
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4. The Physiology of Menstruation
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Hypothalamus gland
release Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH)
Pituitary gland
secrete (FSH &LH) from
anterior part of Pituitary
Gland
FSH= Follicle Stimulating
Hormone
LH=Luteinizing
Hormone
Ovaries
Secrete estrogen and
progesterone
Uterus
Menstruation
occur

5. FSHisresponsibleformaturationجضنof
theovum.
LH:isresponsibleforovulation.ضيوبتلا
✓(LH+FSH=gonadotropichormones)
Ovulation:Theovumissetfreefromthe
surfaceoftheovary.
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6. The Ovaries ضيابملا
✓Everymonthduringthefertileperiod,oneofthe
ovary’soocytesisactivatedbyFSHtobegintogrow
andmature.
✓Astheoocytegrows,itscellsproduceaclearfluid
(follicularfluid)thatcontainsahighdegreeofestrogen
andsomeprogesterone.
✓Asthefolliclesurroundingلوحtheoocytegrows,itis
propelledعفدنتtowardthesurfaceoftheovary.
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7. Graafianfollicle
✓Atfullmaturity,thefollicleisvisibleonthesurfaceof
theovaryasaclearwaterblisterapproximately(1.8to
2.5cm(.
✓withitssurroundingfollicularmembraneandfluidis
termedaGraafianfollicle.
•Thehumanovum(egg)measuresabout0.1to0.2
millimetersindiameter(approximately0.01to0.02cm)at
ovulation.
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8. •AfteranupsurgeofLHataboutday14.
•Thegraafianfolliclerupturesaprocess
termedovulation.
•LH,continuestoriseinamountanddirects
thefolliclecellsleftbehindةيقبتملاintheovary
toproduceluteing.
•abright-yellowfluidhighinprogesterone
calledacorpusluteum(yellowbody).
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9. •Temperatureitrisesby1°Fonthedayafter
ovulationbecauseoftheconcentrationof
progesterone.
•Ifconceptionfertilizationoccursastheovum
downafallopiantubeandthefertilizedovum
implantsontheendometriumoftheuterus.
•Thecorpusluteumremainsthroughoutthe
pregnancy(toabout16to20weeks).
•Ifconceptiondoesnotoccur,the
unfertilizedovumatrophiesafter4
or5days.
•Asthecorpusluteumregresses,itis
graduallyreplacedbyacorpus
albicans(whitebody).
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12. The Uterus (Phases of Menstrual Cycle)
1.Proliferativeorfollicularphase:
•Theendometriumbeginstoproliferateso
rapidlythethicknessofthe
endometriumincreasesasmuchas
eightfoldfromday5today14.
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13. 2. Secretoryor luteal phase:
•theglandsoftheuterineendometrium
tobecomecorkscrewinappearance
رهظملاanddilatedwithquantitiesof
glycogenandmucin
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14. 3.Ischemicphase:
theendometriumoftheuterusbegins
todegenerate(ataboutday24orday
25ofthecycle).andthe
endometriumsloughsoff.
4.Mensesphase:
Menses,oramenstrualflow,is
composedofamixtureof
1.Bloodfromtheruptured
capillaries.
2.Mucinand fragmentsof
endometrialtissue;
3.Theunfertilizedovum.
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16. Cervical Changes
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