Mental Health in the global perspectives.pptx

Mental health in the global perspective

1. Mental Health in Global Health Perspective

2. introduction Mental health disorders are complex and can take many forms. The underlying sources of the data presented in this entry apply specific definitions (which we describe in each relevant section), typically in accordance with WHO's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). It's estimated that 970 million people worldwide had a mental or substance use disorder in 2017. The largest number of people had an anxiety disorder, estimated at around 4 percent of the population.

3. The World Health Organization (2013) estimates that, worldwide, 20% of adolescents in any given year may experience a mental health problem According to the WHO, social determinants of health, including mental health, are the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions are in uenced by the distribution of money, power and resources operating at global, national and local levels

4. Risk factors for mental illness include genetic inheritance, such as parents having depression or a propensity for high neuroticism or “emotional instability”. In depression, parenting risk factors include parental un- equal treatment, and there is association with high cannabis use. In schizophrenia and psychosis, risk factors include migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, bereavement or separation in families, and abuse of drugs, in- cluding cannabis, and urbanicity . In anxiety risk factors may include family history (e.g. of Basic activities of daily living. Including looking after the self (health care, grooming, dressing, shop- ping, cooking etc.) or looking after accommodation (chores, DIY tasks etc.)

5. Interpersonal relationships. Including communication skills, ability to form relationships and sustain them, ability to leave the home or mix in crowds or particular settings Occupational functioning. Ability to acquire a job and hold it, cognitive and social skills required for the job, dealing with workplace culture, or studying as a student. In terms of total Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are lost due to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, mental disorders rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as Major) de- pressive disorder is the third leading cause of

6. Measuring the health impact by mortality alone fails to capture the impact that mental health disorders have on an individual's wellbeing. The ' disease burden ' – measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) – considers not only the mortality associated with a disorder, but also years lived with disability or health burden. The map below shows DALYs as a share of total disease burden; mental and substance use disorders account for around 5 percent of global disease burden in 2017, but this reaches up to 10 percent in several countries.

7. DEPRESSION ranging from mild to moderate to severe. The IHME adopt such definitions by disaggregating to mild, persistent depression (dysthymia) and major depressive disorder (severe). All forms of depressive disorder experience some of the following symptoms: (a) reduced concentration and attention; (b) reduced self-esteem and self-confidence; (c) ideas of guilt and unworthiness (even in a mild type of episode); (d) bleak and pessimistic views of the future; (e) ideas or acts of self-harm or suicide; (f) disturbed sleep (g) diminished appetite.

8. The share of population with depression ranges mostly between 2% and 6% around the world today. Globally, older individuals (in the 70 years and older age bracket) have a higher risk of depression relative to other age groups. In 2017, an estimated 264 million people in the world experienced depression. A breakdown of the number of people with depression by world region can be seen here and a country by country view on a world map is here . In all countries the median estimate for the prevalence of depression is higher for women than for men.

9. Anxiety disorders arise in a number of forms including phobic, social, obsessive compulsive (OCD), post-traumatic disorder (PTSD), or generalized anxiety disorders. The symptoms and diagnostic criteria for each subset of anxiety disorders are unique. However, collectively the WHO's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) note frequent symptoms of: "(a) apprehension (worries about future misfortunes, feeling "on edge", difficulty in concentrating, etc.); (b) motor tension (restless fidgeting, tension headaches, trembling, inability to relax); (c) autonomic overactivity (lightheadedness, sweating, tachycardia or tachypnoea , epigastric discomfort, dizziness, dry mouth, etc.).

10. The prevalence of anxiety disorders across the world varies from 2.5 to 7 percent by country. Globally an estimated 284 million people experienced an anxiety disorder in 2017, making it the most prevalent mental health or neurodevelopmental disorder. Around 63 percent (179 million) were female , relative to 105 million males In all countries women are more likely to experience anxiety disorders than men. Prevalence trends by age can be found here

11. Anxiety or fear that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an anxiety disorder. Commonly recognized categories include : specific phobias generalized anxiety disorder social anxiety disorder panic disorder agoraphobia obsessive-compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder

12. BIPOLAR This disorder is characterized by repeated (i.e. at least two) episodes in which the patient's mood and activity levels are significantly disturbed, this disturbance consisting on some occasions of an elevation of mood and increased energy and activity (mania or hypomania), and on others of a lowering of mood and decreased energy and activity (depression). Characteristically, recovery is usually complete between episodes, and the incidence in the two sexes is more nearly equal than in other mood disorders. As patients who suffer only from repeated episodes of mania are comparatively rare, and resemble (in their family history, premorbid personality, age of onset, and long-term prognosis) those who also have at least occasional episodes of depression, such patients are classified as bipolar.

13. The prevalence of bipolar disorder across the world varies from 0.3 to 1.2 percent by country. Globally, an estimated 46 million people in the world had bipolar disorder in 2017, with 52 and 48 percent  being female and male, respectively. In almost all countries women are more likely to experience bipolar disorder than men. Prevalence of bipolar disorder by age can be found here .

14. Schizophrenia "The normal requirement for a diagnosis of schizophrenia is that a minimum of one very clear symptom (and usually two or more if less clear-cut) belonging to any one of the groups listed as (a) to (d) below, or symptoms from at least two of the groups referred to as (e) to (h), should have been clearly present for most of the time during a period of 1 month or more:

15. (a) thought echo, thought insertion or withdrawal, and thought broadcasting; (b) delusions of control, influence, or passivity, clearly referred to body or limb movements or specific thoughts, actions, or sensations; delusional perception; (c) hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the patient's behaviour , or discussing the patient among themselves, or other types of hallucinatory voices coming from some part of the body; (d) persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally inappropriate and completely impossible, such as religious or political identity, or superhuman powers and - 79 - abilities (e.g. being able to control the weather, or being in communication with aliens from another world); (e) persistent hallucinations in any modality, when accompanied either by fleeting or half- formed delusions without clear affective content, or by persistent over-valued ideas, or when occurring every day for weeks or months on end;

16. (f) breaks or interpolations in the train of thought, resulting in incoherence or irrelevant speech, or neologisms; (g) catatonic behaviour , such as excitement, posturing, or waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism , and stupor; (h) "negative" symptoms such as marked apathy, paucity of speech, and blunting or incongruity of emotional responses, usually resulting in social withdrawal and lowering of social performance; it must be clear that these are not due to depression or to neuroleptic medication; ( i ) a significant and consistent change in the overall quality of some aspects of personal behaviour , manifest as loss of interest, aimlessness, idleness, a self-absorbed attitude, and social withdrawal."

17. The prevalence of schizophrenia typically ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 percent across countries. It's estimated that 20 million people in world had schizophrenia in 2017; the number of men and women with schizophrenia was approximately the same (around 10 million each). Overall the prevalence of schizophrenia is slightly higher in men than women.

18. A number of different personality disorders are listed, including those some- times classed as “eccentric”, such as : paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders types that have described as “dramatic” or “emotional”, such as antisocial, borderline, histrionic or narcissistic personality disorders fear-related, such as anxious-avoidant, dependent, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

19. Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in this area include : anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa exercise bulimia

20. Sleep disorders such as insomnia involve disruption to normal sleep patterns, or a feeling of tiredness despite sleep appearing normal. Sexual disorders and gender dysphoria may be diagnosed, including dyspareunia and ego-dystonic homosexuality. Various kinds of paraphilia are considered mental disorders (sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others).

21. People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classed as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as : kleptomania (stealing) or pyromania (fire-setting) Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as a disorder.

22. The use of drugs (legal or illegal, including alcohol), when it persists despite significant problems related to its use, may be defined as a mental disorder. People who suffer severe disturbances of their self- identity, memory and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classed as having a dissociative identity disorder, such as depersonalization disorder or Dissociative Identity Disorder itself (which has also been called multiple personality disorder, or “split personality”). Other memory or cognitive disorders include amnesia or various kinds of old age dementia.

23. The World Health Organization synthesize the potential contributors to mental health and wellbeing into three categories: 4 individual attributes and behaviours: these can be particular genetic factors or personality traits; social and economic circumstances; environmental factors.

24. Examples of determinants of Mental health