Mental health problem, epidemiology, prevention and control

Mental health issues, types, insomnia, schizophrenia, depression, parkinson's, alzheimer's, insanity

1. Mental
health
problems ,
epidemiology,
prevention
and control

2. Mental Health
–Mental health means a harmonious working of
the mind, which results in a well adjusted
personality.
–Mental health is one of the three important
aspects of health (others being physical and
social) incorporated in the WHO definition of
health.

3. –Mental health is not exclusively relation b/w persons; it is also a
matter of relation of an individual
–1. towards the community he lives in
–2. towards the society of which the community is a part
–3. towards the social institution which for a large part guide his
life, determine his way of living, working, leisure and the way he
earns and spends his money.
– Epidemiological studies report prevalence rates for psychiatric 
disorders varying from 9.5 to 370/1000 population in India.

4. Types of mental illness
as classified by International classification of Disease (ICD):
–Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders (dementia,
delirium)
–Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive
substance use
–Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
–Mood (affective) disorders
–Neurotic, stress related, and somatoform disorders (anxiety,
OCD)
–Behavioural syndromes
–Disorder of adult personality and behaviour (paranoia)
–Mental retardation
–Disorders of psychological development
–Unspecified mental disorder

5. Some well known and most prevalent
mental disorders are
–1.UNIPOLAR
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER-
A mental disorder
characterized by persistent
low mood that is
accompanied by low self-
esteem and by a loss of
interest in normally
enjoyable activities.
The report on Global
Burden of Disease
estimates the point
prevalence of unipolar
depressive episodes to
be 1.9% for men and
3.2% for women, and
the one-year prevalence
has been estimated to
be 5.8% for men and
9.5% for women.

6. 2.BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE
DISORDER-
–It is characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods
of depression.

7. –3.SCHIZOPHRENIA-
It is often characterized by abnormal social
behaviour and failure to recognize what is
real.

8. 4.EPILEPSY-
–It is a group of neurological disorders characterized by
epileptic seizures.
prevalence
is about 1% in our
population. The
prevalence is
higher in the rural
(1.9%) compared to
urban population
(0.6%)

9. 5.ALZHEIMER’S
DISEASE-
–It is the most common form of dementia. The most
common early symptom is short term memory loss.

10. 6.PARKINSON’S
DISEASE-
–It is a degenerative disorder of
central nervous system. Symptoms of
this disease are movement related
like shaking, rigidity, slowness of
movement, gait, etc.

11. 7. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS-
–An inflammatory disease in which the insulating covers of
nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

12. 8.DRUG USE DISORDER-
–It refers to the overuse of or dependence on a drug leading
to effects that are detrimental to the individual’s physical
and mental health.

13. 9. POST TRAUMATIC
DISORDER-
–It may develop after a person
is exposed to one or more
traumatic events, such as
sexual assault, warfare,
serious injury, etc.

14. 10.OBSESSIVE
COMPULSIVE
DISORDER-
–An anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts
that produce obsessions, repetitive behaviours aimed at
reducing the associated anxiety(compulsions),or both.

15. 11.INSOMNIA-
–Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder in which
there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long
as desired.

16. 12. MIGRAINE-
–Chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent
moderate to severe headaches.

17. TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESSES
–1.MAJOR ILLNESS-PSYCHOSIS (insane, out of touch with reality)
–2.MINOR ILLNESS
Major illness
(1) Schizophrenia (split personality) - 1) Schizophrenia (split personality) - person lives in dream world
of his own.
(2) Manic depressive psychosis - 2) Manic depressive psychosis - symptoms vary from heights of
excitement to depths of depression
(3) Paranoia (3) Paranoia – a tendency to regard the whole world in a frame
work of delusion.

18. Minor illness
Two groups-Two groups-
(1) Neurosis & 1) Neurosis &
psychoneurosispsychoneurosis– In this the
person is unable to react
normally to life situations.
(2) Personality and character 2) Personality and character
disorder- disorder- This group of
disorders are the legacy of
unfortunate childhood
experiences and perception.

19. CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
–Mental illnesses are due to multiple causes. There are many factors
affecting mental health like-
1- ORGANIC CONDITION-mental illnesses may have 1- ORGANIC CONDITION-mental illnesses may have
their origin in organic conditions such as their origin in organic conditions such as

cerebral arteriosclerosis
neoplasm
metabolic diseases
neurological disease
endocrine disease
tuberculosis
leprosy
epilepsy

20. 2-2- HEREDITY- HEREDITY- For example, the child of
two schizophrenic patients is 40 times
more likely to develop schizophrenia
than is the child of two healthy persons.
3- SOCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES-3- SOCIAL PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES-
 worries
 anxieties
 emotional stress
 tension
 frustration
 unhappy marriage
 broken homes
 economical insecurities

22. Characteristics of mentally
healthy persons
–A mentally healthy person has 3 main characteristics-
1.He feels comfortable about himself i.e.
-he neither underestimates nor overestimates his own abilities
-he accepts his shortcomings
2.The mentally healthy person feels right towards others i.e.
-he is able to be interested in others and to love them.
-he has friendships that is satisfying and lasting
-he is able to like and trust others

23. 3-The mentally healthy person is able to meet the demands of life i.e.-
-he sets reasonable goal for himself
-he is not bowled over by his emotions of fear, anger, love & guilt.

24. Some warning signals of
poor health
There are some Questions by which we define person is
mentally healthy or ill
Are you always worrying?
Are you unable to concentrate b/c of unrecognised reason?
Are you continuously unhappy?
Do you lose your temper easily &often?
Are you troubled by regular insomnia?
Do you continuously dislike to be with people?
Are you upset if the routine of your life is disturbed?

25. Are you afraid without real cause?
Are you always right and the other
person is always wrong?
If the answer to any of the
above questions is ‘yes’ then help is
necessary.

26. Prevention
–3 LEVELS OF PREVENTION …..
Primary prevention
It operates on a community basis . This consist of
“improving the social environment” and promotion of
social, emotional, & physical well being of all people.
Secondary prevention
It consists of early diagnosis of mental illness & of social &
emotional disturbance through screening programmes in
schools, universities, etc. & provision of treatment facilities
and effective community resources.

27. –In secondary prevention ‘family based’
help services have much role to play.
Family counselling is one method of
treatment intervention for helping the
mentally ill.
Tertiary prevention
It seeks to reduce the duration of mental
illness & thus reduce the stress they
create for family & the community. In
short, the goal at this level is to prevent
further break down & disruption.

28. Mental health services
Mental health services in a community comprise-
1- early diagnosis and treatment
2- rehabilitation
3- group and individual psychotherapy
4- mental health education
5- use of modern psychoactive drugs
6- after care services.

29. 10 COMMANDMENTS OF
MENTAL HEALTH
1.Think positively; it’s easier
2.Cherish the ones you love
3.Continue learning as long as you live
4.Learn from your mistakes
5.Exercise daily; it enhances your well-being
6.Do not complicate your life unnecessarily
7.Try to understand and encourage those around you
8.Do not give up; success in life is a marathon
9.Discover and nurture your talents
10.Set goals for yourself and pursue your dreams

30. THANK YOU.