Mentalhygiene&mentalhealth

Mentalhygiene&mentalhealth

1. MENTAL HYGIENE AND MENTAL HEALTH MRS U SREEVIDYA MSC NURSING

2. MENTAL HEALTH Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Definition Mental Health is defined as “A state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.”

3. M ENTAL H EALTH I. Definition ♣ T he successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people and the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity;

4. M ENTAL H EALTH MEANS… ♣ How a person: looks at own’s self looks at own’s life and the others thin k s , f eel s , and acts when f aced wi t h li f e's situations evaluates those challenges and problems, and explore choices. i.e. handling stress, relating to other people, and making decisions.

5. M ENTAL H YGIENE ♣ D eveloping , maintaining and promoting necessary behavioral, emotional and social skills to sustain good, effective and efficient mental health.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY HEALTHY PERSON They feel good about themselves: They are not overwhelmed by their own emotions , fears, anger, love, jealousy, guilt or worries. They can take life’s disappointments in their stride. They have a tolerant, easygoing attitude towards themselves as well as others and they can laugh at themselves. They neither underestimate nor overestimate their abilities.

7. They can accept their own shortcomings. They have self-respect. They feel able to deal with most situations. They can take pleasure in simple, everyday things. They feel comfortable with other people . They are able to give love and consider the interests of others. They have personal relationships that are satisfying and lasting They like and trust others, and feel that others will like and trust them.

8. They respect the many differences they find in people. They do not take advantage of others nor allow others to take advantage of them. They feel they can be part of a group. They feel a sense of responsibility to fellow human beings. They are able to meet the demands of life: They do something about their problems as they arise.

9. B ASIC S TRATEGIES 1. Reality Contact having a realistic appraisal of one’s own reactions, emotions and abilities. 2. Impulse Control being in complete control over your impulse behaviors.

10. B ASIC S TRATEGIES 3. Self-Esteem evaluative component of self also includes self-concept which is the awareness about oneself 4. Positive Thoughts developing the power of positive thinking which generates positive emotions

11. Mental Health Mental Hygiene Mental Wellness Mental status has two possibilities: either health or illness/disorder are terms used to describe the absence of mental illness

12. In our life, if we experience mental health problems, our thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse Family history of mental health problems

13. Mental Illness A n i l ln e ss w it h p s ychologica l o r behavior a l man i f e stat i o n and/o r impairmen t in functioning, due to social, psychological, b iological Psy c h iatric genetic, physical or disturbances.” (American Association). “Mentally ill person means a person who is in need of treatment by reason of any mental disorder other than mental retardation” (Indian Mental Health Act, 1987

14. L ACK OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE AWARENESS WILL LEAD PEOPLE TO : Stress Problems relating to interpersonal relationships Depression Anxiety Tension Adjustment Hassles (day to day problems) Family problems Sexual problems

15. WARNING SIGNS OF POOR MENTAL HEALTH

16. E XAMPLES OF M ENTAL D ISORDERS Depression/ Bipolar disorder Anxiety Disorder Schizophrenia Obsessive-Compulsive disorder Stress disorder Social phobia Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia or over eating) Addiction

17. Developing, maintaining and promoting necessary behavioral, emotional and social skills to sustain good, effective and efficient mental health. M ent a l h ygie n e is The branch of psychiatry that deals with the science and prac tice of maintaining and restoring mental health, and of preventing m enta l di s order through education, early treatment, and public health measur es. Mental Hygiene is a branch of psychology which deals with the mental, behavioral and emotional adjustment through the application of principles and practices which have some scientific foundation or truth. Mental Hygiene

18. B ETTER M ENTAL H EALTH FOR A LL To reduce stigma and discrimination against people with mental illnesses T o a c hi e v e equity f o r me n t al healt h c a r e comparable to other health care OBJECTIVES: To advance promotion, prevention and early intervention services for children and their families To increase public awareness worldwide about mental health and mental illness and to stimulate local actions to address those issues

19. There are three known ways to which the principles and practices of mental hygiene are done. 1. The preventive approach - This is base on the principle that the best way to insure a well-adjusted individual is to surround him with environmental influences that will enable him to develop his full potentialities, to obtain emotional stability, and achieve personal and social adequacy. 2. The therapeutic method - concerned with the attempt to correct minor behavioral adjustment through the various counselling and techniques of psychotherapy, adjust to the social and/or physical environment of the person in order to help him obtain the amount of emotional security and self-confidence necessary. 3. The curative approach - This is sometime s called "preventive psychiatry". It is concerned with the detection and correction of serious but curative behavioural maladjustments. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MENTAL HYGIENE

20. PREVENTIVE APPROACH B EHAVIORS WHICH SUSTAIN G OOD H EALTH Right Food (Ahara) Right Routine (Achara) Right Recreation (Vihara) Right Thinking (Vichara) According to Ayurveda , the Science of Indian Medicine

21. D EFENSE M ECHANISMS Ways people deal with stresses in their lives. Used to try to solve problems, hide or counterbalance feelings or actions. do not usually get rid of the problem, and are often negative or not a very effective way to deal with stress.

22. Mental defence mechanism or ego defence mechanism INTRODUCTION: - Sigmund Freud in 1904 used this term “defence mechanism” to refer to the unconscious process that defends or protects a person against anxiety, shame, loss of self esteem, conflict or unacceptable feelings. According to Freud, when Id is in serious conflict with ego and superego, the individual suffer from tension or anxiety. D e fen c e mech an ism ena b l e s a person to resolve confl ict and reduce the stress and anxiety. U s ually all d e fence mech a n i sms are o p erated at unconscious level. Most of defence mechanisms are self-deceptive in nature.

23. A defence mechanism is the act or technique of coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable or negative impulses. The process is usually unconscious . Meaning :-

24. For example :- if you are faced with a particularly unpleasant task our mind may choose to forget your responsibility in order to avoid the dreaded assignment . In addition to forgetting , other defence mechanism include rationalization , denial , repression , rejection etc .

25. Definition : - in Freudian Psychoanalytical theory, Defence Mechanism are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate , deny or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety & unacceptable impulses to maintain one’s self schema . Defence Mechanism , in Psychoanalytical theory , any of a group mental processes that enables the mid to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that is unable to resolve .

26. DEFINITION:- Defence mechanism is a pattern of adjustment through which an individual relieves anxiety caused by an uncomfortable situation that threaten self-esteem. When these defence mechanisms are used moderately are harmless but excessive and persistent defence use is harmful. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM:- These defence mechanisms are classified according to its results- Positive defence mechanism negative defence mechanism POSITIVE DEFENCE MECHANISMS:- Compensation Substitution Sublimation Rationalization Repression Undoing

27. Identification Transference Intellectualization Introjection Direct attack NEGATIVE DEFENCE MECHANISMS:- Suppression Displacement Projection Regression Fixation Fantasy Reaction formation Conversion Dissociation Denial Acting out

28. POSITIVE DEFENCE MECHANISMS 1. COMPENSATION:- Compensation is a pattern by which tension or anxiety relieved by an individual make up for personal weakness. EXAMPLE:- A student who fails in his studies may compensate by becoming the college champion in atheletics . a plain girl, who cannot compete with her more beautiful sisters, may compensate by studying hard and come 1 st in her class.

29. Compensation : people overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another E x. Be c omin g good a t a spor t t o o v e r c ome insecurities in other areas

30. 2. SUBSTITUTION:- It is a mechanism by which tension or anxiety reduced by replacing the unachievable goal with achievable goal. EXAMPLE: A student who has not been able to get admission to the MBBS course may try to substitute it with a course of physiotherapy or nursing. A person aspire to become a national level cricket player and not selected. He may substitue this goal by being a coach at college level.

31. 3. S U B L IM A TION:- It is a mechanism that causes channelization of socially unacceptable desires into acceptable form. In this mechanism primitive impulses are transferred or directed to a socially useful goal. EXAMPLE:- A teenage boy with strong competitive and aggressive feelings becomes a football player. A young man who has lost his lover may turn to write poetry about love. A person who has aggressive feeling and cannot express in society can become a soldier or boxer.

32. Sublimation : redirecting bad or unacceptable behavior/emotions into positive behavior. We sublimate the desire to fight into the ritualistic activities of formal competition. Ex. When I’m angry, I box at the gym.

33. 4. RATIONALIZATION:- It is a defence mechanism in which an individual justifies his failures and socially unacceptable feelings and behaviors by making excuses or formulate logical reasons / socially approved reasons. EXAMPLE: A husband does not enjoy the company of wife outside the home and usually leave his wife at home. He gives logic that his wife is social shy. A girl fails to get admission for the nursing course may point out a number of difficulties of nursing profession. A person without a vehicle says that he does not want to risk his life by driving.

34. Rationalization : Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior Ex. A student stealing money from a wealthy friend of his, telling himself “Well he is rich, he can afford to lose it.”

35. 5. REPRESSION:- Repression is a process of unconscious forgetfulness of our unpleasant experiences. Repression is the involuntary blo c king of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness. 6. UNDOING:- Undoing is the act symbolically cancelling or reversing out a previous act which is unaccetable. EXAMPLE:- A man is jealous of his good friend’s success but is unaware of his feeling of jealousy. EXAMPLE: A daughter shout at her father as there is no petrol in the car and is getting late for office, brings a favourite film for her father to watch. This is an example of undoing her behavior of shouting and then bringing a film.

36. Repression : Burying a painful feeling or thoughts from your awareness though it may resurface in symbolic form Ex. A little girl’s memory of being molested when she was a toddler might become a repressed memory. The little girl will completely forget about this experience, until the memory might resurface years later.

37. 7. IDENTIFICATION:- Through this process, an individual attempts to increase self worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an another individual one admires. It plays a large part in the development of personality. In this individual feels personal satisfaction in the success and achievement of other group or person. EXAMPLE:- The young son of a famous civil rights worker adopts his father’s attitudes and behavior with the intent of pursuing similar aspirations. An illiterate father often takes his son’s higher education as his own achievement.

38. 8. TRANSFERENCE:- In transference, the image of one person is unconsciously identified with that of another. EXAMPLE:- A patient who is fond of his daughter finds the nurse of the same age and height as his daughter. So he transfer his positive emotions to the nurse as his daughter. It is also possible that if he dislikes his daughter he transfers his negative emotions to the nurse by being rude, abusive, or aggressive without any cause.

39. 9. INTELLECTUALIZATION:- Intellectualization is an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning and analysis. 10. INTROJECTION:- In introjection the values and characteristics of significant persons are incorporated in one’s personality. E X AMP L E:- a young professor receives a letter from his fiancee breaking off their engagement. He shows no emotion when di s cu s s i ng this with his best friend. Instead he analyzes his fiancee’s behavior and tries to reason why the relationship failed EXAMPLE:- A women who likes to live in a simple way introjects in her the sophisticated way, of living like her husband.

40. 1 1 . Direct Attack: recognize the heart of the problem Work to solve the problem The goals must be realistic Ex. “If I look at this realistically, I can set my goals and overcome this problem”

41. NEGATIVE DEFENCE MECHANISMS:- some defence mechanisms have negative impact over relations or development of person. 1. SUPPRESSION:- Suppression is the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness to avoid discomfort and anxiety. EXAMPLE:- Student consciously decides not to think about her insult in examinations hall so that he can study effectively. A patient may refuse to consider his difficulties by saying that he does not want to talk about it.

42. 2. DISPLACEMENT:- In this defence mechanism an unconsciously emotional feeling is transferred to person or object who are less dangerous than those who initially aroused the emotion. An individual who is using displacement is unaware of this at that time, but later he can realize it. EXAMPLE:- A person who is angry with his boss but cannot show it for fear of losing the job may fight with his wife on return from the office.

43. Displacement : the transfer of negative emotions from one person or thing to an unrelated person or thing. Ex. “I did so poorly on my SAT, I’ll just go home and kick my dog.”

44. 3. PROJECTION:- Placing blame for own difficulties upon others. Here, others are seen as responsible for own mistakes. One’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts are expressed as they are due to others. EXAMPLE:- A surgeon who did mistake in operation may insist that it happened because theatre nurse and ward boy did their task badly. A businessperson who values punctuality is late for a meeting and states , “sorry I’m late. My assistant forgot to remind me of the time.

45. Projection : Blame other people or things for your failure Use a scapegoat Ex. “It’s my math teacher’s fault I failed the test”

46. 4. REGRESSION:- Regression means an immature way of responding to a stress or go backwards. In this the adult revert back to an earlier developmental level in order to deal with reality. An individual does less mature form of behavior when faced with difficulties, where he finds less conflict hence less anxiety. Adults too may regress to the oral stage of development and suck their thumb when life gets stressful. EXAMPLE:- Nurse makes an error in giving medication and starts crying. A person who is depressed may withdraw to his or her room, curl up in a fetal position on the bed.

47. Regression : using childlike ways for expressing emotions. Ex. Crying, name calling, throwing things, swearing.

48. 5. FIXATION:- Fixation refers to the point in the individual’s development at which certain aspects of the emotional development do not advance. 6. FANTACY:- Fantacy is used to gratify frustrated desires by imaginary achievements and wishful thinking. The tendency of day dreaming is most common during adolescence. EXAMPLE:- Thumb sucking continuously till adult age. An unmarried, middle aged man still depends on his mother to provide his basic needs. EXAMPLE:- A young boy who could not help his ailing father due to shortage of money, day dreams that he has got lot of money from lottery ticket and his father, mother and family members has best of the facilities for everything.

49. Daydreaming : escaping from an unpleasant situation by using your imagination . Living in a fantasy world Ex. “I love animals so much, so even if I fail biology, I can still be a veterinarian”

50. 7. REACTION F O R M A T I O N : - In this defence mechanism the unacceptable real feelings are repressed and acceptable opposite feelings are expressed. It is defined as unconscious transformation of unacceptable impulse into exactly opposite attitudes, impulse, feelings or behaviors. EXAMPLE:- Women who actually dislike her mother in law hide her feelings by being always nice to her.

51. Reaction Formation : is the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites. Ex. A woman who is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job may instead be overly kind and generous toward her boss and express a desire to keep working there forever. She is incapable of expressing the negative emotions of anger and unhappiness with her job, and instead becomes overly kind to publicly demonstrate her lack of anger and unhappiness.

52. 8. CONVERSION:- In this pattern of defence mechanism strong emotional conflicts which are not expressed are converted into physical symptoms. It has two benefit for person- It resolves the conflict It brings him a great deal of attention and sympathy. EXAMPLE:- A student nurse, who is very anxious about her examination, may develop a headach e .

53. 9. DISSOCIATION:- Dissociation is involuntary suppression of a mental function from rest of personality in a manner that allows expression of forbidden unconscious impulse without having any sense of responsibility for actions. EXAMPLE:- Partial amnesia.

54. 10. DENIAL:- Any individual refuses to face the reality. It protect the individual from shock of reality. Person unconsciously use this mechanism and this reaction is for sometime. Denial is quite harmless if practiced in moderation but can lead to serious difficulties in health and life style if practiced in excess. EXAMPLE:- When some very near and dear one die in the family. Some people say no, he is still alive.

55. Denial : failure to accept reality. Ex. “This is not happening. It can’t happen to me.”

56. 11 . Acting Out : performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing. Ex. Self-injury is expression through physical pain of what can’t be stand to feel emotionally.

57. Essentials of good mental health Feeling of security. The feeling of security is very essential for good mental health. The environment in the family, school and group should be such that the individual considers fully secure Feeling of self respect. The feeling of self respect is necessary for good mental health in an individual. He should posses self confidence that he can solve his problems with his own efforts and can take decisions after due consideration of his problems on his own ability Satisfactory social adjustment . The individual with good social relationships, who is respected and honored in the society. So it is extremely necessary to establish adjustment with the society for good mental health.

58. Life philosophy. The individual should posses a definite li f e philosophy of his own which provide meaning and purpose to his every day task, on the basis of which he works to solve his problems Emotional maturity. It is necessary for the individual to be emotionally mature for good mental health. He should not be controlled by emotions, rather he should command the capability of controlling different emotions and express them in a desirable ways. Adjustment with work. It is necessary for good mental health that the individual takes interest in his work. The individuals does not take interest in his work remains sad, discouraged and pessimist, due to which his mental health suffers. feeling of inferiority complex and their mental health is destroyed.

59. Harmony in Thoughts, Emotions, and Desire. There should be a harmony in individuals Thoughts , Emotions, and Desire for good mental health. Excess of anything is bad for mental health. Therefore the life of individual should be balanced for maintaining mental health. Capability of self evaluation. The individual should be aware of his thoughts, desire, merits, and he should posses the courage to admit his faults and to eliminate them.

60. M e a su r e s to k e e p good men t a l h ea l t h o f the children From family Parents mental health should be good The family should have an environment of peace and cooperation Affectiona t e an d compas s io n at e tow a rds c hildren Parents behavior towards the children should be full of love and sympathy Should provide the children with suitable opportunities for the development of their interest and abilities. Should help and guide the children in solving their problems. Family environment should be democratic. It helps to develop the feeling of freedom and self confidence in the children

61. From the school Develop Student self discipline in the students. T he curriculu m s h oul d be balan c ed , e x t e nsi v e, flexible and interesting. Provide limited home work only entertainment should made in the schools. A rr ang em en t of games an d means of like Arrangement of different programmes acting, dances, debates, cultural programmes Organize individual, educational and vocational guidance by skilled and able workers. Arrangement for sex education should be made for adolescence boys and girls. Guardian teacher council should be established through which school parent contact is maintained

62. From the society Th e society s hould pr o vide security t o the children. Th e s o ci e t y should r u n good educational institution Arrangement of means of healthy entertainment should be provided for the children. Should pro v id e m e an s f o r bala n c e d e m o tion a l development.

63. ROLE OF NURSE IN MENTAL HEALTH & MENTAL HYGIENE

64. Qualities of nurse in providing mental health

65. THANK YOU