METAMORPHOSIS (1).ppt.....................

Sains

1. 1

2. •The change in form
•occur during growth or development to the adult
stage
•Developmental change from immature to adult
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

3. Apterygota
Pterygota
Ametabolous
Hemimetabolous
(Exopterygota)
Holometabolous
(Endopterygota)
Paurometabolous
(Exopterygota)
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

4. 1) Ametabolous
•Ametabolous = ‘No Metamorphosis’
•Very minor changes in form
•Immature instars differing from adults only in size
•Immature : emerges from the egg looks like a tiny
version of the adult.
• Adult : It will molt and grow until it reaches sexual
maturity.
Egg  Nymph (young)  Adult
•Examples: silverfish, firebrats, and springtails.

5. Ametabolous (Silverfish)

6. 6

8. •Incomplete metamorphosis Incomplete metamorphosis / / simple metamorphosissimple metamorphosis
•The immature undergo gradual change into adult by a The immature undergo gradual change into adult by a
series of instars series of instars (growing stages) and (growing stages) and moltsmolts. .
•The The immatureimmature stages of these insects are spent in stages of these insects are spent in waterwater, ,
while the while the adultadult are are aerialaerial..
Eggs Eggs  Nymphs Nymphs  Adults Adults
•Examples: Examples: mayfly, dragonflies , damselfliesmayfly, dragonflies , damselflies, ,
2) Hemimetabolous

9. Aquatic
Aerial
Mayfly

10. •The The nymphsnymphs : :
- stage where the growth happens- stage where the growth happens
- often called - often called naiadsnaiads
- Appearance different from adult- Appearance different from adult
- aquatic - aquatic  breath via breath via gillsgills
Dragonfly Mayfly

11. Hemimetabolous (mayfly)

12. Hemimetabolous (dragonfly)

13. • A simple, gradual, direct metamorphosis
Eggs  Nymphs  Adults
• Nymphs:
- resembles adult in general body form
- lack wings and external genital
appendages
• Example: True bugs and (Hemiptera), Cockroach ,
Grasshoppers
3) Paurometabolous

14. Paurometabolous
(Stinkbug – Hemiptera)

16. Paurometabolous
(Grasshopper-Orthoptera)

17. 17

19. Paurometabolous
(Jerman Cockroach-Orthoptera)

20. •Holometabolous (Holometabolous (holoholo =  = totaltotal) – ) – Complete Complete
•Most insects undergo complete metamorphosisMost insects undergo complete metamorphosis
egg egg  larva larva  pupa pupa  adult adult
•Each stage Each stage looks different looks different from the others ( Immature from the others ( Immature
stage different from adults)stage different from adults)
4) Holometabolous

21. Holometabolous
Larvae : Larvae : - Each - Each larval instar larval instar resemble one anotherresemble one another
- habitats and food sources may be - habitats and food sources may be entirely entirely
different different
- Larvae grow and - Larvae grow and molt molt (multiple times)(multiple times)
- No wings- No wings
Unique name of the larvae :Unique name of the larvae :
-- butterfly & moths butterfly & moths  caterpillarcaterpillar
-- flyfly  maggotsmaggots
- - beetlesbeetles  grubsgrubs

22. Holometabolous
Pupae : Pupae : - - InactiveInactive stage / resting stage stage / resting stage
- - Non-feedingNon-feeding stage stage
Adult : Adult : - Have - Have completecomplete wing structure wing structure
•Examples: Examples: bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, antsbees, butterflies, moths, beetles, ants

23. Holometabolous...

24. The life cycle of butterfly...
Begins as
an egg...
Then it grows
into a
caterpillar...
The
Caterpillar
makes a
cocoon...
Then after
time,
a butterfly
emerges...
eggs
larva
pupa
adult

25. Molting Process

28. Differences between simple and
complete metamorphosis
SIMPLE COMPLETE
Egg – nymph – adult Egg – larva – pupa – adult
No pupal stage Pupa stage inactive before it
becomes adult
The larval stages, which are
called nymphs, look very
similar to the adult insect
The immature stages are totally
different in appearance and life
style from the adults.
The wing develop externally
and first appear as a small
outgrowths in an early instars.
Wing develop internally within
the pupae in a folded condition,
so that when the adult emerges
it is fully winged.
Example: crickets, plant bugsBeetle, moths

30. Types of Larvae

31. Types of Larvae
Carabiform:
• resembles the larvae of carabids (Carabidae)
• similar to Campodeiform but have a shorter legs
and cerci
Platyform:
• larvae with flattened bodies
• with or without short thoracic legs
• examples – certain Lepidoptera, Diptera and
Coleoptera

32. Types of Pupae
• Classified based on presence or absence of
articulated mandibles
Decticous – have articulated mandibles, to
escape from cocoon
Adectious – do not have articulated mandibles
• Types of pupae:
1. Exarate
2. Obtect
3. Coarctate

33. Types of Pupae
Exarate:
• pupae have legs, wing pads and antennae free
• appendages free (not covered by cocoon)
• complete metamorphosis
• example: Coleoptera
Obtect:
• appendages adhere closely to body
• have legs, wing pads and antennae glue to body
(covered by cocoon)
•example: Lepidoptera
Coarctate:
• pupae remain in hardened larval skin or cuticle
• example: Diptera

34. Exarate Obtect Coarctate

35. Obtect

36. Exerate Exerate

37. CoarctateCoarctate

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