Methodology for research design and publication ethicspdf

methodology

1. K. Divyabala -23PHD1291
Subhashree Sahoo - 23PHD1322
Revathy .S - 23PHD1305

Research Design
Available for data

2. Research design tools help researchers plan
and organize their studies, including defining
research questions, selecting appropriate
methodologies, and outlining data collection
and analysis strategies.
Research Question Frameworks:
Sampling Techniques:
Data Collection Instruments
Experimental Design

3. 01
Research Question Frameworks
PICOT Framework:
Used in clinical research to formulate research questions.
PICOT stands for Population, Intervention,
Comparison, Outcome, and Time.
PEO Framework:PEO stands for Population, Exposure, and
Outcome
It's often used in epidemiological and public health
research.

4. In a study on diabetes management, a research question could be:
"
"In adults with Type 2 diabetes (P), does a structured lifestyle
intervention (I) compared to standard care (C) lead to better
glycemic control (O) over a 12-month period (T)?

5. PICOT stands for Population, Intervention,
Comparison, Outcome, and Time.
Comparison (C):
PEO stands for Population, Exposure, and
Outcome
The comparison group is the group against which the intervention is being
compared. In this example, the comparison group receives standard care for Type 2
diabetes management. Standard care may include regular medical appointments,
prescribed medications, and general lifestyle advice but does not involve the
structured lifestyle intervention being studied.
Population (P):The population in this research question refers to adults who have been
diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. This population is the focus of the study.
Intervention (I):
The intervention refers to the treatment or intervention being studied. In this
case, the intervention is a structured lifestyle intervention designed to help
manage Type 2 diabetes. This intervention might include changes in diet,
exercise, medication adherence, and other lifestyle modifications aimed at
improving glycemic control.
Outcome (O)::
The outcome refers to the result or effect of the intervention. In this case, the
outcome of interest is glycemic control, which typically involves measuring blood
glucose levels over time. Better glycemic control means maintaining blood glucose
levels within a healthy range, which is essential for managing Type 2 diabetes and
reducing the risk of complications.
Time (T)::
Time refers to the duration over which the intervention and comparison groups will be
assessed for outcomes. In this example, the timeframe is specified as a 12-month
period, meaning that glycemic control will be evaluated over the course of one year
following the implementation of the structured lifestyle intervention and standard care.

6. Simple Random Sampling
Conducting a survey on
customer satisfaction by
randomly selecting
customers from a database.
Stratified Sampling
Surveys and
Questionnaires
Used to collect data from a
large number of
respondents.
Interviews
Structured or semi-structured
interviews used to gather in-
depth qualitative data.
Dividing the population into
homogeneous groups (strata)
and then randomly selecting
samples from each group.
Sampling Techniques:
Data Collection Instruments:

7. Simple Random Sampling
Each member of the
population has an equal
chance of being
selected
Stratified Sampling
In educational research,
selecting students from
different grades to ensure
representation from each
grade level.
Surveys and
Questionnaires
A survey administered to
employees to assess job
satisfaction and
organizational climate.
Interviews
Conducting interviews with
stakeholders to understand their
perspectives on a community
development project.
EXAMPLESSampling Techniques:
Data Collection Instruments:

8. Participants are randomly assigned to
experimental and control groups, and
both groups are measured before and
after an intervention.
Example: Testing the effectiveness of a new
teaching method by comparing test scores of
students who receive the new method with
those who receive traditional instruction

Similar to experimental design
but lacks random assignment.
Example: Assessing the impact of a
smoking cessation program by comparing
outcomes between participants who self-
select into the program and a control
group.
Quasi-Experimental Design
Pretest-Posttest Control
Group Design
Experimental Design:

9. THANK YOU