methods of data collection research methodology.pdf

data

1. METHODS OFDATA
COLLECTION
Collection of Primary Data-Observation Method, Interview Method -Collectionof
Data through Questionnaires -Collection of Data throughSchedules

2. What is DataCollection?
Itistheprocessbywhichtheresearchercollects
theinformationneededtoanswertheresearch
problem
Thetaskofdatacollectionbeginsaftera
researchproblemhasbeendefinedandresearch
designchalkedout.

3. In collecting the data,the researcher mustdecide:
Which data to collect?
How to collect theData?
Who will collect theData?
When to collect theData?

4. The selection of a method for collecting
information depends upon the:-
Resourcesavailable
Credibility
Analysis andreporting
Resources
And the skill of theevaluator

5. Methods of DataCollection
Essentialy TwoTypes:
PrimaryData
Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and
are original in character.
SecondaryData
Secondarydata arethose whichhavealreadybeen collectedby
someone else and which have through some statisticalanalysis.

6. Collection of PrimaryData
Primary Data may be collectedthrough:
Experiments
Surveys (sample surveys or censussurveys)
Interviews
Observation
Questionnaires
Schedules

7. Collection of PrimaryData
Of the above, the important onesare:
1.ObservationMethod
2.Interview Method
3.Questionnaires
4.Schedules

8. 1.ObservationMethod
Observationmethodisamethodunderwhichdatafromthe
fieldiscollectedwiththehelpofobservationbytheobserveror
bypersonallygoingtothefield.
In the words of P.VYoung
“Observationmaybedefinedassystematicviewing,coupled
withconsiderationofseenphenomenon.”

9. Steps For An EffectiveObservation
Determine what needstobeobserved
Selectparticipants
Random/Selected
Conduct theobservation
(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs)
Compile data collected
Analyze and interpret datacollected

10. Classification-1:-
StructuredObservation
When the observation is characterized by a careful definition
of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation and the
selection of related data ofobservation.
UnstructuredObservation
When it takes place without the abovecharacteristics.

11. Classification-2:-
ParticipantObservation
When the observer is member of the group which he is
observing then it is ParticipantObservation.
Non-ParticipantObservation
When observer is observing people without giving any
information to them then it is Non-ParicipantObservation.

12. Classification-3:-
UncontrolledObservation
Whentheobservationtakesplaceinnaturalcontitioni.e.,
uncontrolledobservation.Itisdonetogetspontaneouspictureof
lifeandpersons.
ControlledObservation
When observation takes place according to pre arranged
plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation
generally done in laboratory under controlledcondition.

13. Advantages ofObservation
Produces Large quantities ofdata.
All data obtained from observations areusable.
The observation technique can be stopped or begun at anytime.
RelativeInexpensive

14. Disadvantages ofobservation
Interviewing selected subjects may provide more information,economically,
than waiting for the spontaneous occurance of thesituation.
It is expensivemethod
Limitedinformation.
Extensive Training isneeded.

15. 2.InterviewMethod
The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of
oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbalresponses.
Interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information
required for study) torespondent.

16. Steps For An EffectiveInterview
Prepare interview schedule
Select subjects/ key Respondant
Conduct theinterview
Analyze and interpret data collected from theinterview

17. Classifications:-
questions.
Structured Interviews:
In this case, a set of predecided questions arethere.
Unstructured Interviews:
In this case, we don’t follow a system ofpre-determined
Focused Interviews:
Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent andits
possibleeffects.

18. Classifications:-
Clinical Interviews:
Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or
with the course of an individual’s lifeexperience.
Group Interviews:
a group of 6 to 8 individuals isinterviewed.
Qualitative and quantitative Interviews:
divided on the basis of subject matter i.e., whether
qualitative orquantitative.

19. Classifications:-
Individual Interviews:
Interviewer meets a single person and interviewshim.
Selection Interviews:
Done for selection of people for certainJobs.

20. Advantages:-
More information at greater depth can beobtained
Resistance may be overcome by a skilledinterviewer
Personal information can beobtained

21. Disadvantages:-
It is an expensiveMethod
Interviewerbias
Respondentbias
Timeconsuming

22. 3.Questionnaires
A Questionnaire is sent ( by post or by mail ) to the persons
concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the
Questionnaire.
A Questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a
definite order on aform.

23. Steps For An EffectiveQuestionnaire
Preparequestions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, makecopies)
Select yourrespondents
Random/Selected
Administer thequestionnaire
(date, venue, time)
Tabulate data collected
Analyze and interpret datacollected

24. Classifications:-
Open-endedquestions
This gives the respondents the ability to respond in their own
words.
Close-ended or fixed alternativequestions
This allows the respondents to choose one of the given
alternatives.
Types:-Dichotomous questions and MultipleQuestions.

25. Essentials of GoodQuestionnaire
Should be short andsimple
Follow a sequence of questions from easy to difficultone
Technical terms should beavoided
Should provide adequate space for answers inquestionnaire
Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire should be given
Physical Appearance –Quality of paper,Color
Sequence must beclear

26. Advantages:-
Low cost –even when the universe is large and iswidespread
Free from interviewerbias
Responddents have adequate time to think through theanswers.
Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also be reached
convieniently.
Large samples can beused.

27. Disadvantages:-
Timeconsuming
The respondents need to be educated andcooperative
This method isslow
Possibility of unclearreplies

28. 4.Schedules
Very similar to Questionnairemethod
The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the enumerator
who is specially appointed for thepurpose.
Enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the questions
from the Questionnaire in the order listed, and records the
responses in the spaceprovided.
Enumerator must be trained in administering theschedule.

29. Questionnaire Vs.Schedule
Questionnaire
Q generally send to through
mail and no further assistance
fromsender.
Q is cheapermethod.
Non response ishigh
Incomplete and wrong
information ismore.
Depends on the quality of
questionnaire
Schedule
Scheduleisfilledbythe
enumeratororresearch
worker.
Costlyrequiresfieldworkers.
Nonresponseislow
DependsonHonestyofthe
enumerator.
Relativelymorecorrectand
complete

30. THANK YOU