Methods of Health Education

Different methods of health education individual, group and mass

1. Effective Procedures of Using V arious M ethods of Health E ducation Prepared by Deepak Pandey ‘B’ MPH 2 nd Semester

2. Introduction Method of health education are the technique or ways in which series of activities are carried out to communicate ideas, information and develop necessary skills and attitude .

3. Method of health education Individual method Group method Mass method

4. Individual method The method where receiver of message is single individual and health education providers also single or in sometimes may be more then one individual. This method involves person to person or face to face communication which provides maximum opportunity of two way flows of ideas, knowledge and information.

5. Individual method contd …. There are two example of individual method of health education - Interview - Counseling

6. Interview Interview is to meet and talk each other and collect information and ideas. Facial expression, gesture, body talk, eye contact, personal space and other non verbal forms should equally important as verbal responses.

7. Interview Contd … Types of interview There are various type of interview they are:- Structured interview Unstructured interview Formal interview Informal interview In-depth interview

8. Interview Contd … Procedure of interview Preparation for interview Decide the topic and objective of interview Collect sufficient information about the topic Decide the interviewee Develop questionnaire Decide place and time of interview Take consent by interviewee Organized arrangement for interview eg room arrangement, tea or water if required, stationary to note down

9. Procedure of interview contd …. Beginning of interview Establish rapport with interviewee State the purpose and importance of interview and realize interviewee about the responsibility Ask question politely, listen carefully and maintain eye contact Don’t comment during the interview Provide enough time for think and response Keep on the subject and keep control of the interview Keep the interview like the healthy conversation rather then making it question answer or quiz session Avoid anything disturbing the interview

10. Procedure of interview contd …. 3. Conclusion, suggestion and report Discuss with interviewee to reach the conclusion regarding the problem Give suggestion according to need Close interview in a friendly manner by thanks and greeting Make written report of the interview result

11. Advantage and Disadvantage of interview Advantage It helps to know individual’s knowledge, attitude, feelings and practice in particular subject Exchange of ideas and feeling Helpful to reach better conclusions of certain problems Easy to conduct with less cost and limited facilities Even illiterate persons can be interviewed and taught

12. Disadvantage of interview If proper rapport is not build and trust cannot be achieved interview may refuse to answer or may not give true answer It takes more time and will be difficult to cover wide range of target population

13. Counseling Counseling is the process of encouraging and helping an individual in identifying problem, exploring cause of problem and identify the way of its solution The decision of action strategies is made on Clint's own choice with least of advice from the counselor

14. Procedure of Counseling Rapport building Identifying Clint need or problems The counselor should help the Clint in finding ways to solve the problem by encouraging in discussion and develop problem solving strategies based on the situation Maintaining patience Keep secret Return follow up counseling

15. GATHER in Family P lanning C ounseling G – Greet the Clint respectfully A – Ask them about their family planning needs T – Tell them about different contraceptives options and methods H – Help them to make decisions about choices of methods E – Explain and demonstrate how to use the method R – Return visit and follow up

16. Advantage and Disadvantage of Counseling Advantage It is helpful in dealing with individual Clint and motivate to take necessary action to solve health problems by himself It maintain two way communication It is not required to be literate for counseling Clint can understand the positive and negative point of particular subject matter Help to solve the complicated and serious problems

17. Disadvantage It takes more time It is difficult to cover wide range of people There may be need of privacy to explore problem

18. Group Method Group method is the one of the method of health education which contains homogeneous nature of participants Some group methods of ealth education are:- Mini lecture Demonstration Discussion - Group discussion - Seminar - Workshop - Symposium - Role play

19. Mini lecture It is a group method of health education Health educator uses verbal explanation about particular topic in front of participants Health educator can use blackboard, OHP, LCD projector and can maintain eye contact and study non verbal response of participants Interaction should be maintain and feedback can be receive

20. Procedure of Mini L ecture Warm up phase Deliberation phase Discussion phase Closing phase

21. Advantage and Disadvantage of M ini L ecture Advantage Two way communication between health educators and participants Along with verbal explanation, health educator can visualized the session with use of multimedia, posters and interacts with participants P resentation of material in a concise and logical form in a short time

22. Disadvantage If two way communication is not maintained interaction is minimum and may be boring session for participants It can be long monotonous presentation of material by a health educator and can create certain passiveness of the listeners attitude This is not suitable when skills have to impart

23. Demonstration Demonstration is the process of providing knowledge and skills as well as developing attitude of a group of Health education by demonstration involves verbal and visual explanation It is a mixture of theoretical and practical teaching If the skill have to develop among participants demonstration is the best technique among other methods

24. Procedure of Demonstration Pre demonstration stage Actual demonstration stage End of demonstration stage

25. 1. Pre demonstration stage Select topic and content of demonstration Establish objective of demonstration Select demonstrator Decide time and place of demonstration Determine target group and invite participants for the day of demonstration if required Sitting arrangement and stage preperation Collect and check materials and equipments required Practice for competency

26. 2. Actual demonstration stage Rapport building Mention purpose and objective of demonstration Conduct demonstration step by step as planned. Give verbal explanation simultaneously Maintain eye contact and check each step by asking questions if it is understood well before going to the next step Do not prolong the demonstration Repeat at confusing points

27. 3. End of the demonstration stage Ask participants to come in the stage and perform demonstration Observe carefully when participants are demonstrating Tell participants to observe carefully where they do mistake Help each participant when they annoy during performance of demonstration and correct if they do mistake Organize discussion session Summarize demonstration at the end and thanks participants

28. Advantage and Disadvantage of Demonstration Advantage This is only one method of health education where skills have to impart Theory and practical provide concrete and realistic picture of what is being taught resulting in a more lasting impression Participants achievement could be immediately assess through verbal expression and skill practice

29. Disadvantage Time consuming if target group is large May be expensive Not appropriate for all topics

30. Role play It is one of the group method of health education to give a simple, single and short message to audience through acting out imaginary characteristics in the stage Role play not require written script, rehearsal, and specialized stage.

31. Procedure of Role P lay Pre role play stage:- Determine topic of role play Determine appropriate time and place Make arrangement of sitting, lighting, ventilation Set the stage appropriately so that audience can see easily Collect and manage required materials

32. 2. Actual performance stage Start role play as plan 3. End of the role play Give introduction by all role players Interact with audience about what message they perceived Explain message that is supposed to be imparted with role playing Receive feedback Thanks for watching role play

33. Advantage and Disadvantage of Role P lay Advantage Give learners opportunity to express their ideas based on real life situation and can learn from each other . Enables the learners to see things through the eyes of others. Start learning how knowledge and attitude affect health behavior.

34. Disadvantage It may lead to only a recreational activity not educational . Everybody can not successfully act due to shyness , lack of experience , lack of confidence and expression skills. Every learner may not get opportunity to participate as role player.

35. Group Discussion A group is an aggregation of people interacting in a face to face situation . It is a two way communication where people learn by exchanging their views and experiences. This method is useful when the group have common interest and similar problems Group size :An ideal group may consists of Six to Twelve members depending upon the situation so that each person is able to communicate with all the others face to face to reach to a decision and achieve the common goal.

36. Group Discussion cont d …. Members of group discussion are: 1. Leader or chairperson 2. Recorder 3. General members

37. Advantage and Disadvantage of group discussion Advantage Develops creativity, confidence and ability of judgment in the members or learners. Helps learners to come to a group decision and solve their common problem. Group decision is better than individual decision. Helps members to become active learners and learn new knowledge, ideas and experiences about their subject of concern through a cooperative process.

38. Disadvantage Some self-conscious members may not venture to bring forth their valid idea "for fear of disapproval by other members”. Sometimes discussion may be prolonged without any fruitful result, or it may take longer time to come to the conclusion or decision. Somebody may not feel personally responsible for the result of discussion. So, they may not participate well.

39. P anel D iscussion Panel discussion is one of the methods of group teaching . The panel members will be a group of experts normally 3 or 4 persons who themselves enter into question and answer process regarding a specific topic of discussion. The health educator can manage to identify and bring the experts. He can work as a coordinator to introduce topic and the experts, and also help conduct the discussion.

40. Advantages and Disadvantage of Panel D iscussion Advantage Provides varied knowledge, ideas and experiences about the subject of concern to the learners. Interesting and can draw attention of the audience or learners. Learners get opportunity to ask questions and pass comments, which help, in teaching-learning process.

41. Disadvantage Sometimes it is difficult to get the appropriate experts. Difficult to set definite time to suit the experts .

42. Symposium A symposium is a series of speeches on a selected subject. Each person or expert present an aspect of the subject briefly . In symposium, there is no discussion among the members but in the end, the audience may raise questions . The chairman makes a comprehensive summary at the end of the entire session.

43. Advantage and Disadvantage of Symposium Advantage It is interesting and draws attention. Speakers can develop the techniques of finding information as well as the techniques of presentation. participants get opportunity to learn from concerned experts and get up-to-date knowledge. Develops the habit of listening and critical thinking.

44. Disadvantages Difficult to get the appropriate experts. May be time consuming. Difficult to adjust time at the convenience of the experts.

45. Workshop To work and to learn from practical experience is the theme of workshop . It consists of a series of meeting with emphasis on individual work within a group with the help of consultants and resource personnel. The total workshop may be divided in to small group and each group will choose a chairman and recorder.

46. Advantage and Disadvantage of Workshop Advantage Helps to provide up-to-date knowledge and skills as well as to develop appropriate attitude. Provide varied learning experiences like listening, speaking, discussion etc. Enhances participant’s power of thinking and critical learning.

47. Disadvantage Take long time to organize the workshop. It might take weeks or even months. Needs more money, materials and physical facilities. Sometimes it may be difficult to get appropriate consultant.

48. Seminar In seminar, several expertise from different discipline meet to deliberate on particular field. The members or participants of the seminar come together to exchange views on current problems or to share with others their own problems, experiences and new encounter experiments .

49. Mass Method Large number of heterogeneous group of people are participants of mass method of health education There is no two way communication in mass method of health education Health education methods which covers diverse audience at a time

50. Examples of mass methods are:- Lecture Exhibition

51. Exhibition It is systematic and meaningful display of educational materials with an intention to educate large number of people within a limited period of time and at a particular place. Exhibition can sometimes be organized to provide health education to the community people.

52. Exhibition contd …. Exhibition consists of the use of different teaching materials and methods to illustrate and explain the points of teaching. They are posters, charts, video player etc A good exhibition can be a very effective media for health education since it display material covering various aspect of health.

53. Advantages Provides better learning through varieties of experiences like hearing, seeing, touching, feeling and tasting. Opportunity may be provided for practical learning through demonstration, manipulation of objects and through practice. Interesting and attractive because of decorations, good setting, and other lively displays. Helps students to develop creativity. Organizing exhibition can also help learn some new knowledge and skills.

54. Disadvantages Difficult to organize in terms of money, materials and manpower . Difficult to organize to suit different kinds of people with different needs, background, interest ,etc. Difficult to get appropriate place and adjust to the available time due to lack of resources, unfavorable weather, etc

55. Bibliography http:// pmofpublichealth.blogspot.com/2012/05/health-education-method.html https:// www.slideshare.net/ethan1hunt/methods-of-health-education https:// www.slideshare.net/msanjel1/method-and-media-health-education Textbook of health education, Dahal A., Second edition, Makalu Publication