Micro fossils

Micro fossils and micro palaeontology with the special focus on the foraminifers systematic description and morphology of test.

1. Micro-Palaeontology BY- Mr. Suren N Kamble P.G. Geology Dept. Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.

2. Life assemblage ( biocenosis ) Death assemblage ( thanatocenosis ) Total fossil assemblage Fossils actually discovered Destruction of most soft tissues Destruction of most hard tissues Destruction of most fossils

3. Palaeontology = Palaios - Ancient,ontos -life, Logy-Study ( Palaeontology was proposed by the de Blanville & don Waldhelm in1834 ) A fossil is an impression, cast, original material or track of any animal or plant that is preserved in rock after the original organic material is transformed or removed. Fossil - remains or traces of a once-living organism. “Fossil” (Latin prefix “ Fodere ” refers to digging/excavation) in its most general sense refers to any preserved evidence of ancient biological organisms in the rock record that is obtained through digging/extraction from the host rock.

4. Branches of micro-Palaeontology

5. Types of micro-fossils Acritarchs Tasmanitids Foraminifers Ostracods Spores Pollen Seeds, Sead-coats, Wood Fragments & Palynodebris Sillcoflagellates Diatoms Coccoliths Dinoflagellates Radiolarians Tintinnids & Calpionellids Conodonts

6. Radiolarian Shells MICROFOSSILS Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, To study the micro-fossils electronic microscope required. • Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the history • They classified into two groups: * Organic walled:- Acritarchs , Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc. * Inorganic walled:- Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts and Foraminifera

7. AGE DETERMINATION OF FOSSILS MAKING OF BIOZONATION PALAEOECOLOGY PALAEOCURRENT PETROLEUM DEPOSITS TO STUDY HYDROTHERMAL ACCUMULATION TO STUDY CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY Importance of micro-fossils

8. Biostratigraphic units or biozones are intervals of geological strata that are defined on the basis of their characteristic fossil taxa. If one or more specific kind of fossils present in a zone , such fossils are known as Zone fossils. MAKING OF BIOZONATION

9. Foraminifers

10. General Introduction foraminifera the name derived from the Latin word i.e. “Forams- Hole bearers” They recognized as Protists(Single celled eukaryotes) by Schultze(1854) The foraminifers are the single cell organism The shell of foraminifers made up from calcium carbonate (CaCo 3 ) which is known as Test They range in the size from 50-400µm Generally they are marine as Planktonic and Benthic. Over 50,000 species of foraminifers are recognized both living (10000) and non living or fossil form (40000)

11. Ecology Habitat Geologic Range Mineralogy Type of Protista photosynthetic/various heterotrophe/carnivorous aquatic Silurian? – Recent organic Dinoflagellates unknown marine Precambrian –Recent organic Acritarchs photosynthetic any wet Cretaceous– Recent Oppaline silica Diatoms photosynthetic/various heterotrophe marine Cretaceous – Recent Oppaline silica Silicoflagellates various heterotrophe marine Cambrian – Recent Oppaline silica Radiolarians photosynthetic marine Jurassic – Recent calcite Calcareous nannoplankton various heterotrophe, some with symbionts marine Cambrian – Recent organic, agglutinated, calcareous, some other Benthic forams various heterotrophe marine Jurassic – Recent organic, agglutinated, calcareous, some other Planktonic forams

12. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF FORAMINIFERA Kingdom :- Protista Subkingdom :- Protoctista Phylum :- Sarcodina Class :-Rhizopoda Order :- Foraminiferida Suborder :- Textulariina , Fusuliniria , Miliolina , Rotaliina

13. Environment & Mode of life They are marine also get from the Hypersaline Lagoons, Brackish water lagoons and estuaries. Majority of foraminifers are marine benthic either Sessile, Vagrant or Pelagic The planktonic forams are developed first in the Late Jurassic in the form of minute Globigerina forms & since then becomes importance constituents of marine plankton

14. Composition of test Organic walled Test:- Protein secreted matter called Tectin by the sub order Allogromiina . They are gelatinous, psedochitinous and chitinous, they rarely preserved as fossils Agglutinated test :- These test built by the cementing forein particles called agglutinated test usually quarts grains, mica flakes, spicules are used. Ex. Psammoshaera parva Siliceous test:- Some miliolids secret a test partly composed of silica but tests entirely made up of silica are rare Calcareous Tests:- Majority of the foraminifers secret calcareous tests made uo of calcite or aragonite and may show porcelaneous, microgranular ( pseudofibrous ), hyaline (glassy) wall structure. Ex. Miliolina

15. Reproduction & Dimorphism Both the sexual and asexual reproduction in the foraminifers The alteration between the two generations called as Gamont & Schizont Gamont generation produces sexually and Schizont asexually We get two different test by this process as an Megalospheric & microspheric test

16. Unilocular  -- a single chamber Uiserial  -- chambers added in a single linear series Biserial  -- chambers added in a double linear series Triserial  -- chambers added in a triple linear series Planispiral  -- chambers added in a coil within a single plane. The center of the coil is called the umbilicus. The coil may be either involute (only the chambers of the last coil visible) or evolute (all chambers visible). Trochospiral  -- chambers added in a coil that forms a spire like a snail shell. The side on which all chambers are visible ( evolute ) is called the spiral side. On the other side only the final coil is visible (involute) and this is called the umbilical side. Milioline  -- chambers arranged in a series where each chamber extends the length of the test, and each successive chamber is placed at an angle of up to 180 degrees from the previous one. Fusuline  -- a planispiral coil which is elongated along the axis of coiling. Typically each chamber is subdivided by a complex set of internal partitions. Tubular  -- a simple hollow tube. Arborescent  -- an erect, branching series of tubes. These forms may live attached to a solid surface or "rooted" in sediment. Irregular  -- without any definite arrangement of the chambers. These forms usually live attached to a solid surface. Most species of foraminifera build shells with multiple chambers (multilocular) but some species build shells with only a single chamber (unilocular). The most common types of chamber arrangements are:

17. Protoculus Aperture Foramen Chamber Septum Foramina Test

18. Aperture Aperture is the opening of the test other than the pore of the wall It is usually situated at the base of the final (last) chamber It shows different shape, size and structure in different test It is used to intake food, suitably release daughter cells & to connect pseudopodia to endoplasm

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