Microbes as biofuels

application of microbes as/in biofuels

1. APPLICATION OF MICROBES AS/IN BIOFUELS BY SHRUSHTI JOSHI 1850302

2. introduction A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter. BIOFUEL PLANTS FUNGI MICROORGANISM

3. history Nikolaus August Otto developed his prototype of a spark ignition engine in the 1860s using ethanol Eugen Langen Deutz Gas Engine Works designed one third of their heavy locomotives to run on pure ethanol in 1902. Henry Ford car company marketed the Model T, the “Tin Lizzy”, running on 100% ethanol

4. bioethanol Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C 2 H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, it is biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental pollution if spilt. Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. Petrol substitute for road transport vehicles The basic steps for large scale production of ethanol are: 1]fermentation of sugars 2]Distillation 3]dehydration 4]denaturing Prior to fermentation, some crops require saccharification or hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Saccharification of cellulose is called cellulolysis (see cellulosic ethanol). Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar.

5. background Feedstocks include- wheat, grain, sugar cane,sugar beet, Sweet sorghum, fruits [watermelon and dates] Microorganisms such as dried yeast or Saccharomyces cerevisiae , S. diastaticus , Kluyveromyces marxianus , Pichia kudriavzevii , Escherichia coli strain KO11 and Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2, and Zymomonas mobilis . Optimum temperature – 30-35 °C Three types of fermentation, such as batch, fed-batch, or continuous. Two basic types of reactors- plug flow reactor and continuous stirred tank reactor.

6. ADVANTAGES Cleaner exhaust gas Reduced production of green house gases Carbon neutral Decreased ozone formation Renewable energy resources Energy security Reduces amount of high octane additives Fuel spills are easily biodegraded DISADVANTAGES Not as efficient as petroleum Use of phosphorous and nitrogen in production Cold start difficulties Biodiversity Food vs fuel debate Incompatible with old engines

7. BIODIESEL Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, soybean oil, animal fat (tallow) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters. Produced from renewable biomasss by transesterification of triacylglycerols, yielding monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids with short-chain alcohols, for example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). It contributes no net carbon dioxide or sulfur to the atmosphere and emits less gaseous pollutants than normal diesel

8. BACKGROUND Oleaginous microorganisms are defined as microbial with the content of microbial lipid excess of 20%. Biodiesel production using microbial lipids, which is named as single cell oils (SCO). Bacteria – Actinomycete group, Fungi- Rhodosporidium sp ., Rhodotorula sp . and Lipomyces sp . Lipid accumulation in an oleaginous microorganism begins when it exhausts a nutrient from the medium (it is usually nitrogen), but an excess of carbon (in the form of glucose) is still assimilated by the cells and is converted into triacylglycerols (TAG). Two critical regulated enzymes, including malate enzyme and ATP: citrate lyase ACL), have effect on lipid accumulation. 3 steps for the improvement of microbial lipid production- Screening for potential oleaginous microorganism Genetic and metabolic engineering Making full use of byproducts

9. PRODUCTION

10. ADVANTAGES Biodegradable Non toxic Favourable emissions profile Renewable Carbon neutrality Requires no engine modification High octane number and lubricity DISADVANTAGES Lower energy content Poor cold weather performance Stability concerns Scalability

11. BIOGAS Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. Biogas is primarily methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking.

12. Background Biomass contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, cellulose, and hemicellulose, which can be used as feedstocks for biogas production. The microbial generation of methane, appropriately referred to as methanogenesis from biomass occurs in four phases Hydrolytic Phase: facultative anaerobic bacteria – E.coli , Bacillus, Eubacterium Acidifying Phase: acidogenic bacteria – Butyrivibrio , Acetivibrio Acetogenic Phase: Acetivibrio , Clostridia Methanogenic Phase: Methanobacterium omelianskii , M. formicicum , M. bryantii , Methanosarcina barkeri

13. production The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by anaerobic digesters. Anaerobic digestion can be performed as a batch process or a continuous process. he two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digesters determine the species of methanogens in the digesters: Mesophilic digestion takes place optimally around 30 to 38 °C, or at ambient temperatures between 20 and 45 °C, where mesophiles are the primary microorganism present. Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present. Digestion systems can be configured with different levels of complexity single-stage digestion system (one-stage), two-stage digestion system (multistage)

14. ADVANTAGES High calorific value Clean fuel No residue produced No smoke produced Non polluting Economical Burns readily DISADVANTAGES Explosion chances High capital lost Incorrect handling of liquid sludge cause pollution Requires control and maintenance Needs proper condition Use as a fuel requires removal of CO2 and H2S

15. SOME OTHER FUELS Syngas a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other hydrocarbons, is produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion with an amount of oxygen that is not sufficient to convert the biomass completely to carbon dioxide and water. Other bioalcohols - Methanol is currently produced from natural gas, a non-renewable fossil fuel. In the future it is hoped to be produced from biomass as biomethanol . Bioethers are cost-effective compounds that act as octane rating enhancers.They are produced by the reaction of reactive iso-olefins, such as iso-butylene, with bioethanol. Bioethers are created by wheat or sugar beet. Solid biomass fuels e xamples include wood, sawdust, grass trimmings, domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, nonfood energy crops, and dried manure. When solid biomass is already in a suitable form , it can burn directly in a stove or furnace to provide heat or raise steam.

16. References A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste by SpyridonAchinas a VasileiosAchinas b Gerrit Jan WillemEuverink a Bioethanol Production from Fermentable Sugar Juice by Hossain Zabed , 1 Golam Faruq, 1 ,* Jaya Narayan Sahu Biodiesel production from oleaginous microorganisms by X in Meng a, Jianming Yang a, Xin Xu a, Lei Zhang a, Qingjuan Nie b, Mo Xian a Biofuels from microbes by Dominik Antoni & Vladimir V. Zverlov & Wolfgang H. Schwarz

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