Microcephaly

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1. INTRODUCTION SYMPTOMS CAUSES COMPLICATIONS TREATMENT AND DRUGS TEST AND DIAGNOSIS

2. INTRODUCTION MICROCEPHALY (my- kroh - sef -uh-lee) is a rare neurological condition In which an infant's head is significantly smaller than the heads of other children of the same age and sex. Sometimes detected at birth, microcephaly usually is the result of the brain developing abnormally in the womb or not growing as it should after birth. Microcephaly can be caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Children with microcephaly often have developmental issues. Generally there's no treatment for microcephaly , but early intervention may help enhance your child's development and improve quality of life.

3. SYMPTOMS A head size significantly smaller than that of other children of the same age and sex Head size is measured as the distance around the top of the child's head (circumference). Using standardized growth charts, the measurement is compared with other children's measurements in percentiles. Some children just have small heads, which may measure in the third, second or even fir st percentiles. In children with microcephaly , head size measures significantly below average, possibly even below the first percentile for your baby's age and sex. A child with more severe microcephaly may also have a backward sloping forehead.

4. CAUSES Microcephaly usually is the result of abnormal brain development , which can occur in the womb (congenital) or in infancy. Other causes may include: Craniosynostosis .   Chromosomal abnormalities.   Infections of the fetus during pregnancy. Exposure to drugs, alcohol or certain toxic chemicals in the womb.   Severe malnutrition Decreased oxygen to the fetal brain (cerebral anoxia).

5. COMPLICATIONS Some children with microcephaly will be of normal intelligence and development, Even though their heads will always be small for their age and sex. But depending on the cause and severity of the microcephaly Complications may include: Developmental delays, such as in speech and movement Difficulties with coordination and balance Dwarfism or short stature Facial distortions Hyperactivity Mental retardation Seizures

6. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS Except for surgery for craniosynostosis , there's generally no treatment that will enlarge your child's head or reverse complications of microcephaly . Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child's condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help your child strengthen abilities. Certain complications of microcephaly , such as seizures or hyperactivity, may be treated with medication.

7. TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS To determine whether your child has microcephaly , your doctor likely will take a thorough prenatal, birth and family history and do a physical exam. Parents' head sizes also may be measured to determine whether small heads run in the family. In some cases, particularly if your child's development is delayed, your doctor may request tests such as a head CT scan or MRI and blood tests to help determine the underlying cause of the delay. 

8. THANK YOU NUR FARRA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL AZIM