Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation, methods of encapsulating, case study, applications

1. Presented by : SAMIKSHA SAWANT M.Pharm (IP) 2 nd Sem Guided by : Dr. (Mrs.) INDIRA PARAB 1 MICROENCAPSULATION AND PARTICLE COATING

2. History 2 Technique of microencapsulation is adapted from nature itself

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4. 4 Advantages of microencapsulation sustained/ prolonged drug release Taste/odour masking Stabilization to drugs Preventing incompatibility Free flowing powder form Reduce toxicity/ GI irritation

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6. 6 Disadvantages

7. Formulation considerations 7

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10. Polymerization 10

11. Interfacial polymerisation In- situ polymerisation The multifunctional monomer dissolved in liquid core material which will be then dispersed in aqueous phase containing dispersing agent. A co reactant multifunctional amine will be added to the mixture. This results in rapid polymerization at interface and generation of capsule shell takes place. A polyurea shell will be formed when isocyanate reacts with amine, polynylon or polyamide shell will be formed when acid chloride reacts with amine. In this process no reactive agents are added to the core material. polymerization occurs exclusively in the continuous phase and on the continuous phase side of the interface formed by the dispersed core material and continuous phase. Initially a low molecular weight prepolymer will be formed, as time goes on the prepolymer grows in size. it deposits on the surface of the dispersed core material thereby generating solid capsule shell . 11

12. Polymerization Single emulsion method 12

13. Double emulsion method 13

14. Solvent evaporation The process involves dissolving microcapsule coating (polymer) in a volatile solvent A core material (drug) to be microencapsulated is dissolved or dispersed in the coating polymer solution. With agitation, the core – coating material mixture is dispersed in the liquid manufacturing vehicle phase to obtain appropriate size microcapsules. Agitation of system is continued until the solvent partitions into the aqueous phase and is removed by evaporation. This process results in hardened microspheres which contain the active moiety. 14

15. Solvent evaporation 15

16. Coacervation 16

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18. Pan coating 18 Suitable for large particles of size greater than 600 microns. The particles are tumbled in a pan or other device while the coating material is applied slowly The coating is applied as a solution or as an atomized spray to the desired solid core material in the coating pan Usually, to remove the coating solvent, warm air is passed over the coated materials as the coatings are being applied in the coating pans. In some cases, final solvent removal is accomplished in drying oven.

19. Air suspension technique In this, the fine core materials are suspended in a vertical current of air and sprayed with the coating material After evaporation of solvent, a layer of encapsulating material is deposited on core Gives improved control and flexibility as compared to pan coating 19

20. Rapid expansion of Supercritical fluid 20

21. Anti gas solvency Mix core and shell materials a solvent which is miscible in supercritical fluid Now add this to supercritical fluid at high pressure and agitation This leads to super saturation such that precipitation of the solute occurs . Thus, the solute must be soluble in the liquid solvent, but should not dissolve in the mixture of solvent and supercritical fluid 21

22. Particles from a gas-saturated solution This process is carried out by mixing core and shell materials in supercritical fluid at high pressure. During this process supercritical fluid penetrates the shell material, causing swelling. When the mixture is heated above the glass transition temperature the polymer liquefies. Upon releasing the pressure, the shell material is allowed to deposit onto the active ingredient. 22

23. Spray drying and congealing 23 Dispersing the core material in a liquefied coating Substance /spraying or introducing the coating mixture on to core material. Coating solidification in spray drying is effected by rapid evaporation of a solvent in which the coating material is dissolved. Coating solidification in spray congealing method is accomplished by thermally congealing a molten coating material or by solidifying a dissolved coating by introducing the coating core material mixture into a non-solvent.

24. Spinning disc method 24 Suspensions of core particles in liquid shell material are poured into a rotating disc. Due to the spinning action of the disc, the core particles become coated with the shell material. The coated particles are then cast from the edge of the disc by centrifugal force. After that the shell material is solidified by external means (usually cooling). This technology is rapid, cost-effective, relatively simple and has high production efficiencies .

25. Vibration technology 25 This is based on Rayleigh instability A fluid stream of liquid core and shell materials is pumped through concentric tubes and forms droplets under the influence of vibration. To guarantee production of uniform beads and to avoid large size distributions due to coalescence effects during the flight, the droplets pass through an electrostatic field to be charged As a result these droplets do not hit each other during the flight

26. Jet cutter technology This is a simple technology for bead production that meets the requirement of producing monodisperse beads originating from low up to viscous fluids with a high throughput 26

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28. 28 Particle size Capture efficiency Density and bulk density Viscosity of polymeric solution Angle of repose Polymer solubility in solvents In vitro methods Morphology CHARACTERIZATION

29. Applications Microencapsulation has been employed to provide protection to the core materials against atmospheric effects, e.g., Vitamin A Palmitate. Separation of incompatible substance has been achieved by encapsulation To mask the bitter taste of drugs like Paracetamol, Nitrofurantoin etc. To reduce gastric and other gastro intestinal (G.I) tract irritations, For eg, sustained release Aspirin preparations have been reported to cause significantly less G.I. bleeding than conventional preparations . 29

30. A liquid can be converted to a pseudo-solid for easy handling and storage. eg.Eprazinone. Hygroscopic properties of core materials may be reduced by microencapsulation e.g. Sodium chloride. Carbon tetra chlorides and a number of other substances have been microencapsulated to reduce their odour and volatility To reduce volatality of liquids like peppermint oil Helps to prepare SRDF and enteric coated products, controlled release products Used to improve flow properties before compression into tablets 30

31. INJECTABLES: Smaller molecules can stay in the blood stream longer with fewer side effects Less frequent injection More sophisticated site targetting Decreased toxicity BIOLOGICS: The harsh condition in the stomach denatures most proteins and peptides hence they require some sort of depot or extended release can be done by microencapsulation. 31

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33. Recent studies 33   Hughes provided a method of sustained delivery of an active drug to a posterior part of an eye of a mammal to treat or prevent a disease or condition affecting mammals. The method is comprised of administering an effective amount of an ester prodrug of the active drug such as tazarotene (prodrug of tazarotenic acid) subconjunctivally or periocularly since a systemic administration requires high systemic concentration of the prodrug. The ester prodrug is contained in biodegradable polymeric microparticle system prepared using the o/w emulsion solvent evaporation methods.  Encapsulation of nucleotides and growth hormone using simple or double emulsification methods was achieved by Johnson et al

34. A method of encapsulating DNA retaining its ability to induce expression of its coding sequence in a microparticle for oral administration prepared using the w/o/w emulsion and using biodegradable polymers under reduced shear is produced by Jones et al Reslow et al. utilized starch to encapsulate vaccines using emulsification method. In process, an immunologically active substance (vaccine) is suspended in an aqueous starch solution with an amylopectin content exceeding 85% by weight. The starch droplets containing the vaccine are allowed to gel as the starch has capacity to gel naturally. 34

35. Brand name API Manufacturer OROS CT (osmotically active tablets) Colon specific drugs Alza corp. ReGel (oncogel) Paclitaxel Macro Med Inc. Clopigrel clopidogrel+ Aspirin Lupin pinnacle Clobitab clopidogrel+ Aspirin Lupin pinnacle Atoplus Atorvastatin Triton (calyx) 35

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37. References The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, lachman / lieberman , 4 th edition, pg no. 579-596 Microencapsulation- Processes and Applications, edited by Tan E. Vandegar , pg no. 1-20 and 57-59 Multiparticulate drug delivery, edited by Iisaac Ghebre - Sellassie , pg no. 51-109 The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, Michael Aulton and Kevin M.G.Taylor , 4 th edition, pg no. 578-581 Polymeric D rug Delivery- Particulate Drug Carriers, edited by S onke Svenson , pg no. 242-245 37

38. R eferences Microencapsulation: a vital technique in novel drug delivery system P.Venkatesan , R.Manavalan and K.Valliappan (http :// jpsr.pharmainfo.in/Documents/Volumes/Vol1Issue4/jpsr01040903.pdf ) Microencapsulation: Process, Techniques and Applications Hammad umer *1 , Hemlata Nigam2 , Asif M Tamboli2 , M. Sundara Moorthi Nainar2 (http :// www.ijrpbsonline.com/files/R017.pdf ) M icroencapsulation: a review jyothi sri.s * 1 , a.seethadevi 1 , k.suria prabha 1 , p.muthuprasanna 1 and ,p.pavitra2 (http ://ijpbs.net/vol-3/issue-1/bio/P%20-% 2058.pdf ) Microencapsulation – A Novel Approach in Drug Delivery: A Review Nitika Agnihotri , Ravinesh Mishra *, Chirag Goda , Manu Arora (file :///C:/Users/B%20A%20Sawant/Downloads/IGPS_2_1.- Nitika-Agnihotri-et-al-2012.pdf) 38

39. References  Reslow M, Bjorn S, Drustrup J, Gustafsson NO, Jonsson M, Laakso T, inventors. A controlled release, parenterally administrable microparticle preparation. EP1328258.  2008 (http ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093624 / ) Microencapsulation (https:// uqu.edu.sa/files2/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/4290121/MICROENCAPSULATION.pdf 39

40. Thankyou 40