Microprocessor

1. PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
ON ON
INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:
Aaina KatyalAaina Katyal

2. WHAT IS
MICROPOCESSOR?

3. MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,
providing computational control.providing computational control.
The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the
computercomputer. .
A microprocessor is A microprocessor is “a component that implements “a component that implements
memorymemory.”.”
Microprocessor is the core of the systemMicroprocessor is the core of the system..

4. MICROPROCESSOR IMAGESMICROPROCESSOR IMAGES

5. Operation Types in a MicroprocessorOperation Types in a Microprocessor
All of the operations of the microprocessor can be All of the operations of the microprocessor can be
classified into one of three types:classified into one of three types:
-Microprocessor Initiated OperationsMicroprocessor Initiated Operations
-Internal OperationsInternal Operations
-Peripheral Initiated OperationsPeripheral Initiated Operations

6. Microprocessor ArchitectureMicroprocessor Architecture
The Microprocessor can be programmed to perform The Microprocessor can be programmed to perform
functions on given data by writing specific instructions functions on given data by writing specific instructions
into its memory.into its memory.
The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time,
matches it with its instruction set, and performs the matches it with its instruction set, and performs the
data manipulation specified.data manipulation specified.
The result is either stored back into memory or The result is either stored back into memory or
displayed on an output device.displayed on an output device.

7. Necessary Tools For MicroprocessorNecessary Tools For Microprocessor
CPU: Central Processing UnitCPU: Central Processing Unit
I/O: Input /OutputI/O: Input /Output
Bus: Address bus & Data busBus: Address bus & Data bus
CU: Timing and Control UnitCU: Timing and Control Unit
Special And General Purpose RegisterSpecial And General Purpose Register
L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory
Bus InterfaceBus Interface

8. Block Diagram Of MicroprocessorBlock Diagram Of Microprocessor

9. TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT
C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.
The function of control unit is to generate the relevant The function of control unit is to generate the relevant
timing & control signals to all operations in the timing & control signals to all operations in the
computer.computer.
It controls the flow of the data between the processor & It controls the flow of the data between the processor &
memory & peripheralsmemory & peripherals..

10. ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT
An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that
carries out arithmetic and logic operations on carries out arithmetic and logic operations on
the operands in computer instruction words. the operands in computer instruction words.
The ALU includes storage places for input operands, The ALU includes storage places for input operands,
operands that are being added, the accumulated result operands that are being added, the accumulated result
(stored in an accumulato(stored in an accumulatorr), and shifted results.), and shifted results.
It performs arithmetic operations like addition, It performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, increment, decrement etc.subtraction, increment, decrement etc.
It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, X-OR, It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, X-OR,
Complement etc.Complement etc.

11. How ALU Works?How ALU Works?

12. L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory
L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a
computer.computer.

““Level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the Level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the
microprocessor chip itself.microprocessor chip itself.
L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a
separate chip (possibly on an expansion card) separate chip (possibly on an expansion card)
that can be accessed more quickly than the that can be accessed more quickly than the
larger "main" memory.larger "main" memory.

13. L1 & L2 Cache MemoryL1 & L2 Cache Memory

14. Special & General Purpose RegisterSpecial & General Purpose Register
General purpose registers can be used as either data or General purpose registers can be used as either data or
address register.address register.
There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E, There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E,
H, L.H, L.
Each of them is a 8-bit registers.Each of them is a 8-bit registers.
They are used to hold data and results.They are used to hold data and results.
To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers
can be used.can be used.

15. BUS INTERFACE BUS INTERFACE
The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that
interfaces with the rest of the PC. interfaces with the rest of the PC.
It deals with moving information over the processor data It deals with moving information over the processor data
bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to
and from the CPU.and from the CPU.
The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all
signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals
that go from the processor to other parts of the system.that go from the processor to other parts of the system.
DATA BUS

16. DATA BUS DATA BUS
A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from
one computer to another external driveone computer to another external drive..
The data bus carries digital information.The data bus carries digital information.
The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates
and to the outputs of several gates.and to the outputs of several gates.
This is also called bi-directional bus because information This is also called bi-directional bus because information
may flow on the bus wires in both directions. may flow on the bus wires in both directions.

17. ADDRESS BUS ADDRESS BUS
An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines
connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify
a physical address. a physical address.
The width of the address bus determines the amount of The width of the address bus determines the amount of
memory a system can address.memory a system can address.
It transfers the address of the location.It transfers the address of the location.
It is called uni-directional because it transfers address It is called uni-directional because it transfers address
from C.P.U to memory only.from C.P.U to memory only.

18. DATA BUS & ADDRESS BUSDATA BUS & ADDRESS BUS

19. Address Bus Memory Capacity ChartAddress Bus Memory Capacity Chart
Address Bus Size Maximum RAMAddress Bus Size Maximum RAM
20 bits 1MB20 bits 1MB
24 bits 16MB24 bits 16MB
32 bits 4GB32 bits 4GB
36 bits 64GB 36 bits 64GB
40 bits 1TB40 bits 1TB
44 bits 16TB44 bits 16TB

20. THANK YOUTHANK YOU