Micropropagation technologies -SYNTHETIC SEEDS .pptx

Detailed description about synthetic seeds

1. Program: B.Sc. (Ag.), 5 th sem. Subject code : ELCT-GPB-311 , Subject name : Micropropagation Technologies Topic –Synthetic seeds Subject Teacher –Dr. Ankur Tripathi Assistant Professor, School of Agriculture

2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TYPES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS STEPS OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS PRODUCTION ENCAPSULATION ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS DISADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS LIST OF PLANT SPECIES IN WHICH ENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY IS USED TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC SEEDS EXCERSICE ON SYNTHETIC SEEDS PREPARATION LEARNING OUTCOMES REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos, shoot buds, cell aggregates or any other tissue that can be used for sowing as a seed or that possesses the ability to convert into a plant under in vitro or ex vitro conditions and that can retain this potential also after storage. • Synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating a plant propagule in a matrix which will allow it to grow into a plant. Plant propagules consist of shoot buds or somatic embryos that have been grown aseptically in tissue culture.

4. In the production of Synthetic seeds , an artificial endosperm is created within the encapsulation matrix. The encapsulation matrix is a hydrogel made of natural extracts from seaweed (agar, carageenan or alginate), plants ( arabic or tragacanth ), seed gums (guar, locust bean gum or tamarind) or microrganisms ( dextran , gellan or xanthan gum.). • These compounds will gel when mixed with or dropped into an appropriate electrolyte (copper sulphate , calcium chloride or ammonium chloride). Ionic bonds are formed to produce stable complexes. Useful adjuvants such as nutrients, plant growth regulators, pesticide and fungicide can be supplied to the plant propagule within the encapsulation matrix. Conti……

5. TYPES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS Uncoated, Desiccated Somatic Seeds: • The embryos are desiccated to contain 8-15% moisture contents Coated, Desiccated Somatic Embryos: • The somatic embryos are coated with polyoxyethylene and then desiccated. Coated, Hydrated Somatic Seeds: • Use of hydrated gels (like sodium alginate) with embryo. Uncoated, Hydrated Synthetic Seeds • Fluid drilling is done for delivery of somatic embryos

6. STEPS OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS PRODUCTION Establishment of somatic embryogenesis Maturation of somatic embryos Synchronization and simulations of somatic embryos Mass production of somatic embryos Standardization of encapsulation Standardization of artificial endosperm Mass production of synthetic seeds Green house and field planting

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9. ENCAPSULATION Encapsulation is necessary to produce and to protect synthetic seeds. the encapsulation is done by various types of hydrogels which are water soluble. the gel has a complexing agent which is used in varied concentrations.

10. Alginate hydrogel is frequently selected as a matrix for synthetic seed because of its moderate viscosity and low spinnability of solution, low toxicity for somatic embryos and quick gellation , low cost and biocompatibility characteristics.

11. ADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEEDS Easy handling and Inexpensive transport Storage life Product uniformity To avoid extinction of endangered species and seed less plants Large scale propagation Germplasm conservation Elite plant genotypes Independent of environmental conditions Permits direct field use

12. Facilitates study Hybrid production In self-pollinated crops that currently have good seed production systems, synthetic seeds will not have any practical applications, but in cross pollinating species, especially those where seed production is difficult and expensive, synthetic seeds offer many advantages and opportunities Conti……

13. Production and storage of synthetic seed is cost effective hence the production technique itself becomes costlier. Production of viable micropopagules useful in synthetic seed production is less. Anomalous and asynchronous development of somatic embryos. All the embryos cannot mature at a time hence that makes them inefficient for germination and conversion in to normal plants. Seed dormancy is considered as a problem but due to lack of dormancy and stress tolerance in somatic embryos the storage of synthetic seeds are The technology of synthetic seed is limited due to poor conversion of even apparently normally matured somatic embryos and other micropopagules into plantlets DISADVANTAGES OF SYNTHETIC SEED

14. LIST OF PLANT SPECIES IN WHICH ENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY IS USED TO PRODUCE SYNTHETIC SEEDS

15. Materials Required: Beaker Petri dish Micropipette Microtips Chemicals: Sodium alginate (4%) Calcium chloride (4%) Distilled water EXCERSICE ON SYNTHETIC SEEDS PREPARATION

16. Procedure: 1. Isolate somatic embryo under aseptic condition. 2. Transfer to sodium alginate solution and incubate for 5- 10 mins . 3. Transfer embryo from sodium alginate to calcium chloride. 4. Transfer the beads to a separate plate for storage. Conti……

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18. LEARNING OUTCOMES The students will be able to understand about synthetic seeds and their production

19. REFERENCES “Plant Cell and Tissue Culture” by S Narayanaswamy Introduction to Plant Biotechnology - HS Chawla https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230639949_Synthetic_Seeds Faisal, M., & Alatar , A. A. (Eds.). (2019). Synthetic Seeds. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-24631-0 Bhojwani S. S. and Razdan M. K. (1983). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier publications. Rihan Z. Hail, Kareem Fakhriya , El- Mahrouk E. Mohammed, and Fuller P. Michael (2017). Artificial Seeds (Principle, Aspects, and Applications). Agronomy, 7(4), 71. DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7040071. http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2000/200009-02.... https://www.biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Articl... https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603