MICROWAVE AND RADAR

ADITYACHOUDHURY3 609 views 181 slides Sep 03, 2017
Slide 1
Slide 1 of 181
Slide 1
1
Slide 2
2
Slide 3
3
Slide 4
4
Slide 5
5
Slide 6
6
Slide 7
7
Slide 8
8
Slide 9
9
Slide 10
10
Slide 11
11
Slide 12
12
Slide 13
13
Slide 14
14
Slide 15
15
Slide 16
16
Slide 17
17
Slide 18
18
Slide 19
19
Slide 20
20
Slide 21
21
Slide 22
22
Slide 23
23
Slide 24
24
Slide 25
25
Slide 26
26
Slide 27
27
Slide 28
28
Slide 29
29
Slide 30
30
Slide 31
31
Slide 32
32
Slide 33
33
Slide 34
34
Slide 35
35
Slide 36
36
Slide 37
37
Slide 38
38
Slide 39
39
Slide 40
40
Slide 41
41
Slide 42
42
Slide 43
43
Slide 44
44
Slide 45
45
Slide 46
46
Slide 47
47
Slide 48
48
Slide 49
49
Slide 50
50
Slide 51
51
Slide 52
52
Slide 53
53
Slide 54
54
Slide 55
55
Slide 56
56
Slide 57
57
Slide 58
58
Slide 59
59
Slide 60
60
Slide 61
61
Slide 62
62
Slide 63
63
Slide 64
64
Slide 65
65
Slide 66
66
Slide 67
67
Slide 68
68
Slide 69
69
Slide 70
70
Slide 71
71
Slide 72
72
Slide 73
73
Slide 74
74
Slide 75
75
Slide 76
76
Slide 77
77
Slide 78
78
Slide 79
79
Slide 80
80
Slide 81
81
Slide 82
82
Slide 83
83
Slide 84
84
Slide 85
85
Slide 86
86
Slide 87
87
Slide 88
88
Slide 89
89
Slide 90
90
Slide 91
91
Slide 92
92
Slide 93
93
Slide 94
94
Slide 95
95
Slide 96
96
Slide 97
97
Slide 98
98
Slide 99
99
Slide 100
100
Slide 101
101
Slide 102
102
Slide 103
103
Slide 104
104
Slide 105
105
Slide 106
106
Slide 107
107
Slide 108
108
Slide 109
109
Slide 110
110
Slide 111
111
Slide 112
112
Slide 113
113
Slide 114
114
Slide 115
115
Slide 116
116
Slide 117
117
Slide 118
118
Slide 119
119
Slide 120
120
Slide 121
121
Slide 122
122
Slide 123
123
Slide 124
124
Slide 125
125
Slide 126
126
Slide 127
127
Slide 128
128
Slide 129
129
Slide 130
130
Slide 131
131
Slide 132
132
Slide 133
133
Slide 134
134
Slide 135
135
Slide 136
136
Slide 137
137
Slide 138
138
Slide 139
139
Slide 140
140
Slide 141
141
Slide 142
142
Slide 143
143
Slide 144
144
Slide 145
145
Slide 146
146
Slide 147
147
Slide 148
148
Slide 149
149
Slide 150
150
Slide 151
151
Slide 152
152
Slide 153
153
Slide 154
154
Slide 155
155
Slide 156
156
Slide 157
157
Slide 158
158
Slide 159
159
Slide 160
160
Slide 161
161
Slide 162
162
Slide 163
163
Slide 164
164
Slide 165
165
Slide 166
166
Slide 167
167
Slide 168
168
Slide 169
169
Slide 170
170
Slide 171
171
Slide 172
172
Slide 173
173
Slide 174
174
Slide 175
175
Slide 176
176
Slide 177
177
Slide 178
178
Slide 179
179
Slide 180
180
Slide 181
181

About This Presentation

A FULL SOLUTION FOR MRE

Size: 11.47 MB
Language: none
Added: Sep 03, 2017
Slides: 181 pages

Slide Content

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ALLYS BSU
IM ORCWAVES ADN RADAR

doC tcejbuS e : 01EC45 IA raMsk 52 :
No. keeW/srH erutceL fo 40 : axEm sruoH 30 :
T on lato. erutceL fo srH : 25 skraM maxE : 10 0


PA TR- A
TINU- 1
ORCIMWAVE TRSNAM NOISSI SENIL: ,noitcudortnI noissimsnart senil snoitauqe dna
,snoitulos erf noitcel dna noissimsnart ,stneiciffeoc gnidnats sevaw dna SW,R enil
ecnadepmi dna nile amdittecna. htimS ,trahc ecnadepmi gnihctam nisug nisgel st ,sbu
laixaoc evaworciM srotcennoc .

sruoH 7
TINU- 2
RCIMWOAEV SEDIUGEVAW ADN :STNENOPMOC tnIrcudotnoi, atcernuglar
evawg ,sediu ralucric evawg ,sediu worcimaev ,seitivac evaworcim dirbyh ,stiucric
srotalucric ,srelpuoc lanoitcerid alosi dna tsro.


sruoH 7
TINU- 3
ORCIMWAV SEDOID E,
snarT fre nortcele secived: noitcudortnI , NNUG tceffe sedoid – GsAa edoid, RWH toehr ,y
sedoM of noitarepo , ehcnalavA tisnart time secived : AERD edoid, IAPM TT ,edoid
TTIRAB ,edoid emaraP tcir ilpmafsrei rehtO :sedoid NIP ,sedoid ttohcSky rabr rei
doides.
sruoH 7
TINU- 4
worciM aev entrowk yroeht dna evissap secived. lacirtemmyS Z dna Y ,sretemarap f ro
rowten trop itlum fo noitatneserper xirtam S ,skrowteN lacorpicer ks.
6 sruoH






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 1

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




PA TR- B
TINU- 5
evaworciM ,sretpada dna srotcennoc laixaoC ,secived evissap ihs esahPf ,sret
,srotaunettAW .seet cigaM ,seeT ediugeva


sruoH 4
TINU- 6
ENIL PIRTS S: lellaraP ,senil pirtsorciM ,noitcudortnI ,senil pirts ,senil pirts ranalpoC
dedleihS pirts seniL.

sruoH 6

NUIT - 7
NA NOITCUDORTNI OT RAD:RA aBsci ,radaR Teh ismelp from of teh adaRr eqaut ,noi
o snigiro eht ,radaR fo noitacilppa ,seicneuqerf radaR ,margaid kcolb radaR f radaR.

sruoH 8
TINU- 8
ITM AR RELPPOD ESLUP DNA D:RA noitcudortnIt relppoD o M dnaTI daR ,ra yaled enil
,srellecnaC idg ITM lati nivoM ,gnissecorp g eslup ,rotceted tegrat .radaR relppoD


sruoH 7

T SKOOB TXE :
1. orciMw stiucric dna seciveD eva - nosraeP / oaiL noitacudE.
2. s radaR ot noitcudortnIy smets-M I llirreS 3 ,kinlok
dr
T ,dEMH ,2001 .
3. orciMweva gnireenignE – anrupannA ,saD risiS K saD T HM
0201 .



KOOB ECNEREFER:
1. gnireenignE evaworciM – 4002 ,e2 ,yeliW nhoJ ,razoP M divaD




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 2
itacilbuPo,n

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





HS XEDNI ETE

N.LSO OTP CI

TINU – 1 RT EVAWORCIM A SENIL NOISSIMSN
1 noitcudortnI senil noissimsnart ot eq snoitau snoitulos dna
2 eRf feoc noissimsnart dna noitcel f stneici
3 dna sevaw gnidnats SRW
4 da enil dna ecnadepmi enilecnattim
5 sbuts elgnis gnisu gnihctam ecnadepmi ,trahc htimS
dednemmoceRq snoitseu

TINU- 2: DNA SEDIUGEVAW EVAWORCIM STNENOPMOC
1 noitcudortnI sediugevaw ralugnatcer
2 sediugevaw ralucric
3 evaworcim ,seitivac evaworcim stiucric dirbyh
4 elpuoc lanoitcerid rs,
5 srotalucric dna alositsro
dednemmoceRq snoitseu
TINU– 3 ORCIMW D EVA OISED
1 NNUG ,noitcudortnI tceffe sedoid– G id sAa edo
2 RW noitarepo fo sedoM ,yroeht H
3 ed emit tisnart ehcnalavA v edoid DAER :seci
4 doid TTAPMI e edoid TTIRAB ,
5 sreifilpma cirtemaraP
6 hcS ,sedoid NIP :sedoid rehtO o sedoid reirrab yktt
dednemmoceRq snoitseu
TINU– 4 orciMw ten eva w ed evissap dna yroeht kro v seci
1 Z lacirtemmyS dna rowteN lacorpicer rof sretemarap Y ks
2 o noitatneserper xirtam S f rowten trop itlumks
3 seitreporP fo S- emarap ret
dednemmoceRq snoitseu







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 3
ON EGAP .
6 to 22
6 to 01
01 to 51
51 to 71
71 to 91
91 to 22
32
42 to 85
52 to 13
23 to 14
24 to 05
05 to 25
25 to 75
85
95 ot
95 to 36
36 to 07
07 to 27
27 to 87
87 to 38
38 to 98
09
19 to 401
29 to 49
49 to 79
89 to 301
401

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





OTP CI
secived evissap evaworciM
ixaoCa srotcennoc l etpada dna rs,
aunettAtors
ihs esahPfsret
Wevag seet cigaM ,seeT ediu .
ceriDt relpuoc lanoi
dednemmoceRq snoitseu
ST NIL PIRES
sorciM tpir senil
lellaraP senil pirts
senil pirts ranalpoC
S pirts dedleih seniL
sessoL
dednemmoceRq snoitseu
TINU- TINU-7 AN NOITCUDORTNI OT ARDRA
1 mrof elpmis ehT e radaR eht fo q noitau
2 colb radaRk gaidram
3 radaRferq seicneu
4 Oirg radaR fo sni
5 o noitacilppA f radaR
dednemmoceRq snoitseu


TINU– 8 ITM DNA ESLUP RELPPOD ARDRA
1 ot noitcudortnI relppoD radaR ITM dna
2 srellecnaC enil yaleD
3 idglati MT ssecorp Igni
4 ,rotceted tegrat gnivoM
5 esluP relppoD radaR
dednemmoceRq snoitseu









tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE
ON EGAP .
501 to 921
016 801ot
801 to 111
111 to 411
811 to 121
221 to 721
821
921 to 241
031 to 131
231 to 531
531 ot 631
731 to 931
931 141ot
241
341 to 851
641 to 941
941 to 151
151 to 351
451 to 55
551 to 751
851

951 ot

061 to 571
571 to 181
281 to 381
138 to 881
981
091









egaP 4
ON.LS
INUT – 5
1
2
3
4
5


INUT – 6
1
2
3
4
5

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

TINU- 1
IMORCWVAE T SNARIMSINO LINSE

:NOITCUDORTNI

Any riap of wseri nad srotcudnoc crargniy c stnerru ni opetisop dirnoitces
fmro artnsssimino iln.se narTsissimon niles aer esaitnesl comp stneno in an y
c/lacirtceleo cinumm atino syste.m hTey cniledu laixaoc ,selbac tow-eriw senil,
imc pirtsor senil on irpndet- tiucric -boasdr (PC)B.
ehT carahctcitsires of nartsissimon niles can be idutsed by eht eletccir nad
ma citeng fsdlei paporggnita olang eht enil. Btu ni mots arpclacit ap snoitacilp , ti si
reisae ot tsudy eht lovtsega dna ucrrestn ni hte enil etsniad.




















tnereffiD typse fo snartm noissi senil










tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 5

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01






















A tacipyl enigneenirg lborpem lovnivse the nartsimsnois of a slangi fmor a
rotareneg ot a olad. A nartsssimino lien is hte trap of hte riccuit ahtt divorpes the
tcerid knil neewteb egn rotare dna loda.
narTsssimino lisen acn eb ezilaer d ni a nuebmr of ways. Coommn exampsel
era eht llarapel-eriw line dna eht c laixao ca.elb roF si icilpmty, we sue ni most
rgaidams eht lellarap-eriw nile to rperesent iucrict ennoccsnoit, tub hte oehtr y
seilppa ot all tsepy of nartsissimon senil.
fI uoy era noly filima ra htiw wol f neuqer cy icr,stiuc you era desu ot taert lla
senil ennoccgnit eht vasuoir tiucric eletnems as perftce eriw,s htiw on egatlov pord
dna on imp ecnade asoscdetai ot them l(mudep idepmacne ucricit.)s sihT si a
elbanosaer p rudecore as gnol sa teh gnelth of hte seriw is cumh s rellam naht th e
tgnelevaw h of eht gisnla. tA any evign ti,em teh rusaemed tlovage adn ruc tner rae
eht saem fro aech olcatnoi no eht same wire.







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 6

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


















roF usfftneicily ihgh f seicneuqer eht levawnehtg si elbarapmoc tiwh eht lehtgn fo
c srotcudno ni a rtans noissim leni. ehT silang setagaporp as a awve of egatlov dna
tnerruc laogn hte enil, esuaceb it nnacot hcaegn atsnin uoenatsly at lla tacolisno .
erehTfroe, we tonnac n tcelge eht ipmedaecn p seitrepor of eht riwes.

























tnemtrapeD fo IBJS,ECE T aPge 7

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

TAUQE ENIL NOISSIMSNARTI TULOS DNA SNO I :SNO

A nartsissimon nile nac be analzyed iwtreh by soitulon of Mallewxs fleid
snoitauqe ro by irtsidbdetu ucricit oehtry whhci ovnilsev noly noe ecaps iravalbe
ni oitidda n ot the item elbairav.

egatloV dna ruCrtne sevaW ni lareneg simsnart isno lisen



















tnelaviuqE citiucr of na leetnem tcesino el(nhtg Δz) of eht rtansimsnois :enil ,L R
aer eht tsidribtued niducecnat dna rescnatsie p(er tinu nelg)ht of hte nocotcud ;r
G,C era eht di tubirtsed ticapacnaec nad coudncecnat rep( unti lhtgne) of hte
leideirtcc ebtewen hte srotcudnoc .


noitaleR beneewt intsa suoenatn v egatlo v adn ucrtner i ta any iopnt algno eht iln:e











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPge 8

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

roF cidoirep angisl,s reiruoF analyssi nac eb a deilpp dna ti si moer co tneinevn to
esu ahpssro o ftlovaeg V dna errucnt I.











nilpuoceD g eht baoev ,snoitauqe ew teg








erehw γ si laclde hte p noitagapor c natsno t, and si ni negelar coelpmx.








α si eht unetta anoit cno ,tnats β si teh sahpe co tnatsn

ehT lareneg snoitulos fo eht dnoces -o,redr raenil di laitnereff tauqeino rof ,V I era :












tnemtrapeD fo IBJS,ECE T aPge 9

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

V,+ V-, I,+ I- era nocststna (copmlxe ahpssro). ehT etrsm tnocaniign e-γz re tneserp
sevaw evartlgni ni +z d ;noitceri etrsm tnocaniign γ+ez serperetn wvaes rta gnilev ni
–z itcerid on.




tI nac eb shnwo htat the ritao of egatlov ot ucrtner si vigen b:y






hweer oZ is eht ahcr citsiretca ipmeecnad of the ,enil vigen by





ehT rrucetn I can now eb nettirw a:s





ssoLl nart sses l noissim iens :

nI selssol s rtans oissimn ,senil eht d ubirtsi tde c rotcudno renatsis ec R adn irtceleid c
c ecnatcudno G aer btoh orez. nI thsi esac teh rahcaetcritsic idepm nace si laer nad
si lauqe :ot



ehT gaporp anoit cotsnatn γ si osla imaanigry :htiw






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 01

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

nisserpxE g eht awvse in tiem-doniam









ehT icolev ty htiw ihwch a ftnor of tnatsnoc phesa slevart is dellac the esahp
icolevty up.

nI any nartsissimon ilne




nI selssol s rtans oissimn enil




erehTfroe



nI a coalaix c,elba

















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 11

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

oε – epr ivittimty of ucavum
rε – taleriev epr ivittimty ( cirtceleid natsnoc t) of irtceleidc
oμ – epremailibty of vaucum


xEa :elpm etaluclaC teh siretcarahctci sisertcnae oR of a GR-85U c laixao lbace
ihwch ahs a inren ocndotcur of suidar a4.0=06 mm and a bradedi ouret cudnoc tro
htiw suidar b.1=535 .mm ssAuem eht eidlcirtce si oplteyhlyeen whti leidertcic
c tnatsno of 62.2.
noituloS: ehT irtsidbdetu pacaictaecn and tcudniance of hte elbac nac eb
c detalucla to :eb
L = 862.0 μH/m
C = 37.39 Fp/m
oR = L / C = 4.357Ω


noitcelfeRa imsnarT dnssi:no

eRf noitcel oc-efftneici si edfdeni sa hte rtaio of a utilpm dse of erfledetc vogatle
evaw ot eht nedicnit voegatl evaw at eht ecervigni dne.
Er 0 Η2 -Η1
=
E i0 Η2 +Η1

narTsssimino oc-effictnei si edfdeni as eht raoit of tr timsnatde tlovaeg ro tnerruc
ot eht nicidtne lovtega ro tnerruc .
Et 0
Τ = =
Ei 0


A nartsissimon enil mretidetan ni sti rahcatcecitsir i cnadepm e si laclde a reporpl y
etr detanim lien. occArgnid ot eht rpielpicn of vresnocanoit of ygrene , the nedicni t
rewop sunim teh erfdetcel ewopr umst eb elauq ot eht rewop rtna ttimsde ot eht
aold.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 21
Γ =
2Η2
Η2
+Η1

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
















v(z = )0 = vi (z = )0 + v
-
(z = 0)
i(z = )0 = ii (z = 0)+i
-
(z = 0)
[vi (z = )0 - v
-
(z = ])0

vi (z = )0 + v
-
(z = 0)
vi (z = )0 - v
-
(z = 0)

tS :oitar evaw gnidna

nI a elssolss ,enil the a dutilpm e of eht f drawro o(r abc )drawk vtloage reamins
c tnatsno sa eht evaw p setagapor gnola z, noly htiw a ihsft ni eht esahp .elgna ehT
repusipmonoitis of eht frowdra evaw and ba drawkc waev userlst in a natsdnig
evaw parettn.
1+ Γ
1- Γ

• In a snidnatg evaw, ereht aer itisoposn at teh enil erehw eht ampedutil of eht
tnatluser voegatl has xamimum and nimimu.m



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 31
+
r
+
+ 1
=
Zo
v(z = )0
i(z = )0
r
r
+
= Zo
r
= ZL
+
r
1
S =
1 E (z)
E (z)
xam
=
nim

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01












ehT tlovaeg tsanidng weva raoit (VSRW) si hte oitar of hte maximum nad
nimimum ovlegat amg sedutin . ehT tsidaecn neewteb owt seccus sevi maximusm is
lauqe ot 2/λ.





VSRW si esuflu ot fdni eht xamimum lovtega edutingam on hte enil eud ot
erf noitcel fmor eht load. If Vcni si hte cniiednt egatlov on eht ola,d






:TRAHC HTIMS
Shtim trahC si a covneinetn ihpargcla mesna of tede gninimr v segatlo gnola
nartsssimino senil. tI is laitnesse ly a tolp of eht xelpmoc erf noitcel cofefictnei (Γ-l)
ta a potni wtih intup impcnadee Z(ni-l) oolkgni tnio hte dne of eht nartsmiissno
nile.






teL eht laer dna gamiianry rapts of (Γ-l) eb rΓ , iΓ evitcepser ly,and z eb eht tupni
ecnadepmi norzilamed by Zo.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 41

sevaworciM & radaR CE01 45








nI a elssolss nartsssimino ,enil hteer si on tatuneanoit and a vawe tr gnileva lao gn
eht enil lliw noly ahve a hpase ihsft. oS eht erf noitcel feocftneici (Γ-l) ta a tniop of
ecnatsid l fmor eht loda ta eht dne of eht enil si redetal ot eht loda ref noitcel
eocfftneici LΓ b:y




tI emasn eht erf noitcel eocfftneici sah emas edutingam tub only a phesa ihsft of 2
β l if ew evom a gnelth l laogn hte nile ( Γ rtatoes lcosiwkce no the Stimh rahCt
nehw gnivom waay from teh daol dna itna-lco esiwkc hwen vomign t sdrawo eht
daol).
• ehT Stimh trahC is a clreve loot fro analzyign trnasssimino senil
• ehT distuo e of hte hcart swohs lo noitac on hte enil ni wav tgnele hs
• ehT co itanibm on of etnir gnitces selcric niside hte trahc wolla su ot etacol
eht nor ezilam d iepmdaecn nad hten ot fdni the idepmaecn an rehwy e no teh
enil
• nadepmI cse, gatlov e,s ,stnerruc cte. lla eperat every lahf levawegnth
• ehT gamneduti of eht ref noitcel eocff ,tneici hte idnatsng vawe itaro S()RW
od ton ,egnahc os htey carahcetezir eht lovtega & tnerruc panretts no eht
enil
• If eht daol ecnadepmi si onr dezilam by eht c citsiretcarah ipmenadce of eht
,enil eht v segatlo, cu ,stnerr i secnadepm , e.ct all itsll evah hte saem
,seitreporp tub eht ersstlu nac eb ge zilarened ot any ilne with eht mase
onr dezilam i adepm nces



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 51

sevaworciM & radaR

Expalntiano fo smith ch:tra
sixA ecnadepmI laeR

























• ,suhT eht ftsri pets ni analyzgni a
onr dezilam daol iepmdnace no eht cahrt
• ,txeN a lcrice si darwn taht rperenests hte ref noitcel coeff tneici ro SRW .
ehT retnec of eht elcric si hte cretne of eht .trahc ehT elcric apsses guorht h
eht onrlamidez olad i cnadepm e
• Any opitn on hte lnie si fdnuo on ihts cricl.e tatoRe kcolcwies to vome
drawot eht rotareneg (away from teh )daol
• ehT ecnatsid devom on eht enil si itacidned no eht stuoied of eht ctrah ni
tgnelevaw hs

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 61
45CE01


adepmI yranigamIn ec
Ax si

























narts noissim enil si ot colaet eht

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


Tow dra
rotareneG
atsnoCn lfeR teoitcn
eoCtneiciff elcriC




Away F mor
rotareneG

















• ,tsriF acolte eht onramldezi idepmaecn no teh trahc fro LZ = 05 + j100
• nehT ward teh elcric thhguor eht ptnio
• ehT elcric sevig us eht erf noitcel feocftneici eht( rasuid of eht clcrie) whcih
nac eb daer from eht sclae ta eht bottom of mots strahc
• oslA onte htat tcaxely isoppote to eht norzilamed olad is sti damicnatte.
,suhT eht trahc nac laso eb desu ot fdni eht .ecnattimda eW esu htis fatc ni
buts ctamhgni



tnemtrapeD fo ,ECE TIBJS egaP 71

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

• woN hte nile si tamcdeh ot eht elft of hte buts suacebe eht noraml dezi
ecnadepmi adn admittaecn era lauqe ot 1
• etoN ahtt eht ptnio on eht Simth hCart rehwe hte nile si dehctam is ni hte
retnec on(r dezilam z=1) ehwre laso eht erfceltnoi ceoff tneici elcric hsa orez
suidar ro the erfelcnoit eocfftneici si orez.
• ,suhT eht laog whti the tamcgnih rpolbem is ot add na idepmanec os ahtt
eht latot i ecnadepm si teh iretcarahc scit ipmdeecna.


SMELBORP :





























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 81

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 91

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































D tnemtrape fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 02

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



OCERMMEDNED QUSETNOIS FRO UNTI 1
1. ssucsiD idfftnere typse of imsnart snois lisen usde ni co inummcitaon adn eht
f seicneuqer ta hcihw tehy aer erpfderre.
2. gnitratS from isabcs obniat eht oslunoit of eht nartsssimino enil eauqtsnoi.
3. eDfeni dna edrvie expr snoisse fro aunetta tnoi dna esahp c tnatsnos,
htgnelevaw dna evlicoty of aporpgnoita in a transissimon enil.
4. Whta si ematn by “ erlevita esahp icolev ty facrot? niatbO eht pxersesnoi for
eht emas.
5. evireD na ex isserpon fro tupni i ecnadepm of imc evawor tnarsmiisson enil.
6. Whta si erf noitcel co-efftneici? niatbO na exp noisser fro hte saem? Hwo si
ti detaler ot SRW ?
7. Whta si artnsssimino co-feficietn ? niatbo na noisserpxe fro eht asem.
8. Whta era tsagnidn awvse? woH are htey fordem? niatbO eht rpxeessino fro
WSVR.
9. Whta si ilne idepmacn?e evireD na sserpxe ino fro enil ecnadepmi at nay
tniop no the enil.
10. niatbO na epxrisseon fro enil impnadece in tesmr of erf noitcel oc-efftneici.
11. lpxEani the spets iovnlved ni clacunoital of st gnidna wave oitar
12. tahW si shtim hcart ? woh si ti c curtsno tde ?
13. ssucsiD apilpcitaosn and itreporp es of msiht chatr.
14. nialpxE how ipmenadce nac eb ocnevrdet to attimdance ugnis stimh trahc.
15. nialpxE hte spets iovnldev ni nisgle buts tamcgnih nisug shtim ahcrt










tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 12

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


INUT- 2
IMRCOWAEV AWVGEUIDSE ADN COOPMNENST


ORTNI DICUTNO
A vaweediug costsisn of a wolloh temlalci tebu of rehtie ercugnatlar or ralucric
ssorc escnoit desu to gediu etcelormangecit wvae. tceRaalugnr wvaeediug is som t
co nomm ly sued sa .ediugevaw vaweiugdse era desu ta f seicneuqer ni eht
imc evawor regna.


tA cimr evawo freeuqnseic ( evoba zHG1 to 001 HGz ) eht solsse in eht owt nile
nartsssimino ssyetm lliw eb evry gihh and ecneh ti tonnac be desu ta th eso
f seicneuqer . ecneh mi evaworc isgslan aer pr detagapo htrhguo the w sediugeva ni
redro ot miniezim teh lsesso.


seitreporP dna siretcarahc scit fo wevaugid:e

1. ehT dnocugnitc sllaw of eht ediug nocfeni teh rtceleomaitengc fsdlei nad
erehtby ugied eht leetcr citengamo evaw htruogh elpitlum ref snoitcel .
2. nehw eht wseva rtaevl dutignolilanly donw teh ,ediug teh enalp wasev era
erfetceld fmor wall to wlla t.he corpess ersstlu ni a copmotnen fo rehtie
cirtcele ro tengam ic fsdlei ni eht itceridon of noitagaporp of eht r natluset
vawe.
3. MET awvse nacnto pr etagapo htrhguo teh w ediugeva secni it uqeriser an
laixa udnoc crot fro xaial rrucetn fwol .
4. nehw eht elevawnhtg edisni hte evawgediu fidfers frmo taht stuoied hte
,ediug hte olevcity of evaw rpo oitagapn isnide eht wa diugeve sumt osla be
fidftnere fmor taht throhgu feer ecaps.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 22

sevaworciM & radaR 1 45CE0

5. if eno dne of eht ediugevaw si desolc gnisu a gnitrohs lpaet dna llaodew a
evaw ot etagaporp fmor rehto en,d neht rehte lliw eb pmoclete erf noitcel fo
eht sevaw renitlusg ni s gnidnat wasev.


ITACILPPANO OF SLLEWXAM SNOITAUQE TO TH E
UGNATCERRAL :EDIUGEVAW


teL su c redisno sevaw pr gnitagapo alogn Oz tub htiw snoitcirtser ni eht x ro/dna y
noitcerid s. ehT awve is won on logner cenessairly evsnart res.


ehT evaw eq noitau can eb wrnetti as




nI eht serpetn esac tsih cebosem




dna siimalrly fro tcele.ric fiedl.


erehT era rhtee sdnik fo noitulos bissop le







radnuoB y nocd snoiti:
eW sasuem eht ediugs ot eb repftce srotcudnoc os = 0 edisni eht sediug .
,ecneH eht c iunitnoty of tE ta a adnuobry i seilpm taht Et = 0 in eht weva ediug ta
eht adnuobry .



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 32

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

nE si ton irassecenly orez ni eht evaw iugde ta eht adnuobry sa tereh may b e
rusfeca segrahc no eht c gnitcudno sllaw ht(e noitulos nevig olebw ilpmies ahtt
ereht are usch egrahc )s


tI f swollo fmor Mawxes'll uqeanoit htat beacues = ,0 si alos orez isnied eht
rotcudnoc (teh tiem depe ecnedn of si (pxe-iTt)). ehT tnociiunty of Hn i seilpm ttah
nH = 0 ta the uobnadry.


erehT era rucrstne niddecu ni eht sediug but fro repftce c rotcudnos sehte nac be
noly rusfeca stnerruc . ,ecneH ereht si on noctiunity fro Ht. sihT is to eb tsartnoc de
htiw eht obuadnry connoitid desu fro vawes erf gnitcel fof gnitcudnoc rusfaecs
htiw fetini tcudnoc iivty.















ehT adnats rd egometry fro a ralugnatcer vawe ediug si ginev fgi 1. A evaw nac be
dediug by owt llarapel senalp fro ihwch esac ew let eht senalp ta x = ,0 a dnetxe ot
y = 4±.


ET doMes: By def ,noitini zE= 0 adn we strat fmor


sa eht evaw noitauqe in naisetraC idroocnates mrepist eht esu of eht rapesanoit fo
elbairavs.
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 42

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

MT doMes: By edfinit,noi zH = 0 dna we atsrt fmor



tI si ctsuoamry in weva iugdse to sue the ignoltanidul fdlei sthtgner as hte
erfercnee. roF eht paralell etalp evaw guedi tereh si on y pedednence os tsuj tes Y
=


ET domes
gnisU the obave fmro for eht soitulon of eht weva tauqei,no hte vawe oitauqen acn
eb r nettirwe sa







eht nimus isgsn ebign nesohc so ahtt ew teg teh licsolaotry soitulons dedeen ot f ti
eht adnuob ry dnocioitns.


woN ppaly eht obuadnry c itidnoosn ot edtermien eht reirtscsnoit on Hz.
tAx = ,0 a: yE = 0 adn H x = 0 (zE si orez eevryhwer)e


roF eht f gniwollo firGfs'hti setirw nwod all eht llewxaM itauqeons dezilaiceps ot
noitagaporp algno 0z. I lliw wreti tsuj ohtse dedeen fro eht icepsfci ksat dna
moetavit the eciohc .


eW ndee ot alerte Ey, xH ot eht refnerece Hz. H ,ecne ew esu hte y co tnenopm fo
2EM (wihch sah 2 H fsdlei dna 1 E f)dlei




ehT frits etrm si kizHx hcihw si ezro ta eht boadnury.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 52

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01








ehT ecnesba of an ibratrary atsnoc nt nopu tnie noitarg si jitsufdei lebow.
tAy = ,0 b: xE = 0 adn yH = 0 dna ew won su eeht x compnenot of M2E



sA eht cesodn etrm si pr noitropoal yH ew gte











,revewoH m = n = 0 si ton ewolla d fro hte f gniwollo raesno.
Whne m = n = ,0 zH is tsnocatn carsso eht w diugevae fro any xy plnae. Codisner
eht largetni vnoisre of daraFay's wal fro a htap taht seil ni usch a enalp nad
lcricnees eht evaw giude tub ni hte latem wllas.





sA E = 0 ni eht udnoc cgnit sllaw dna eht time ecnedneped of si nevig by xep(-iTt)
siht noitauqe iuqerrse taht . eW deen noly veataule hte tnielarg voer teh ediug sa =
0 ni eht awlsl.
roF snocttna Bz ihts gsevi azBb = 0. oS zB = 0 sa is zH. woHeve,r sa we evah
cnesoh zE = 0 siht impseil a TEM waev hcihw caonnt cocur iedisn a lloho w
diugevaw e. niddA g na rtibraary ocntsatn wuold evig a oslnoitu liek


emtrapeDtn fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 62

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01






hcihw is ont a ituloson ot hte vawe etauqino ... try i.t It slao iuqevelant ot aniddg a
noitulos whti htieer m = 0 ro n = 0 hcihw is a noitulos whti a idffetner


tuC fof rfe cneuq y
sihT irtserctnoi elasd to a nimimum avleu fro k. nI droer ot egt propanoitag kz2 >
0. tneuqesnoCly







soppuSe a > b tneh hte nimimum fuqerency si cB/a nad fro a liimtde gnare of T
ped(etnedn no a and b) siht oslnoitu (m = ,1 n = ,0 or 01ET) is eht noly eno
soplbise.
wAay fmor eht obudnaseir


hweer xzH snaem that soc k xx sah neeb peraldec by nis kxx.


We eend onatreh erlatino tebween Ey nad ietreh Hx or zH, cihwh tsum coem from
eht ehtor Mallewx euq noita 1EM(). eW vahe ot ediced whhci comptneno of 1EM
ot .esu fI ew esoohc eht z enopmoc n,t eht noitauqe vlovnies xE adn Ey,
tnir nicudog onatreh un nwonk fiedl (Ex). Ho ,revew hte x conopmetn lovnivse yE
adn Ez. As zE = ,0 siht sevig eht re deriuq realtnoi.






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 72

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01







tutitsbuSign ni the baove sevig
































sedom MT
ehT adnuobry itidnocosn era reisae ot ppaly sa ti si zE lestif taht si zeor ta eht
eiradnuob s.
euqesnoC ntl,y eht noitulos si daerily fdnuo ot eb


D tnemtrape fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 82

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


etoN ahtt hte sewolt TM dome si eud to hte fatc taht zE . 0. ehtOrwi,es nolag tiwh
zH = 0, hte ulostnoi is a ETM dome cihwh si fddibroe.n hTe liateds aer ton evign
ereh sa eht TM vawe bewteen plaralle etalps is na agissntnem prlboem.
tI nac eb wohsn htat fro ohimc essols ni hte nitcudnocg llaws eht TM edoms rae
moer unetta adet ahtn the ET domes.






tceRangluar Waveg:ediu
• teL su nocsredi a ercta ralugn vaweediug whti roiretni di oisnemns ar ea x ,b
• Wa ediugev cna pusport ET dna TM domes.
– nI ET ,sedom the leecirtc fdlei si revsnartse ot eht noitcerid of
gaporpaoitn.
– nI MT ,sedom hte maitengc fiedl taht si esrevsnart dna na rtcelei c
fdlei pmocotnen si ni teh porpatagino eridciton.
• ehT edror of eht dome erfsre ot hte fdlei ocfn noitarugi ni teh ugied, dna is
nevig by m dna n ietngre pircsbus t,s TEnm and TMnm.
– ehT m su tpircsb errocssdnop ot eht nubmer fo lahf-evaw noitairavs
of eht fdlei ni eht x ridec,noit dna
– ehT n supircsbt si the nurebm of lahf-wave itairavosn ni eht y
oitcerid n.
• A citrapural moed is oyln pusptroed vobae its otucff freneuqc.y The otucff
f neuqercy is nevig by







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 92

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ralugnatceR gevaW uide









noitacoL of sedom










� � � �
� � � � 2 µrΕr �

1 1 1
= =
µoµrΕoΕr µoΕo µrΕr

eW can eveihca a uqalevitati ednur idnatsng fo waev noitagaporp ni waveediug by
c niredisnog eht wvae to be a oprepussoitin of a iapr of ETM evaws.


teL su c redisno a TEM evaw tagaporpign in eht z ride.noitc iFgeru swohs eht
evaw f;stnor obld niles tacidniign ocntnats esahp ta hte maximum eulav of hte
fdlei ,)oE+( and ilgther enils acidnitgni cnostnat hpaes at hte nimimum vaule (-
oE).
ehT sevaw tagaporpe ta a icolevty ,uu wheer eht u tpircsbus in setacid idema
ednuobnu d by ugied wslla. In ,ria uu = c.




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 03
2
� �
2
�
2 2
� � � � �
�
+
c
+ =
� �
� �

c
µrΕr
m n
a b
n
b
�
�
m
a
fnmc =



u =
1
2 µΕ

1
=
µΕ

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




















ecniS ew wonk E = 0 no a repftce rotcudnoc , we nac ecalper eht ho latnozir enils
of zeor fdlei htiw frepetc gnitcudnoc .sllaw ,woN +u dna u- era erfledetc off eht
sllaw sa htey porpatage gnola eht gediu.


ehT cnatside seitarapng tnecajda zeor-fdlei senil ni erugiF ,)b( ro apesrgnita hte
gnitcudnoc sllaw in iFgure ,)a( si ginev sa teh di noisnem a ni Fierug ()b.
ehT ecnatsid a si deetrdenim by teh gnale Θ dna by eht tsidaecn eewtebn
evawftnor pe,ska ro hte htgnelevaw Λ. roF a ginev evaw icolev ty u,u teh freneuqcy
si f= /uuΛ.


If ew fxi hte wall apesrnoita ta a, dna ahcneg eht f neuqerc,y ew muts neht osla
chaegn eht aelgn Θ if ew rae ot aminiatn a pr gnitagapo wave. iFgeru )b( swohs
evaw fstnor fro eht u+ evaw.


ehT gdee of a +oE awev ftnor op(itn A) iwll enil up tiwh hte gdee fo a –oE f tnor
tniop( ,)B adn eht tow fstnor sumt eb Λ2/ rapat fro eht m = 1 dome.




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 13

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



















roF any avleu of m, we nac etirw by sipmle rtinogotemry
mΛ 2
Λ =
a

ehT evawgediu can sutropp rpo oitagap n sa logn sa hte waevlhtgne is sellamr htna
a lacitirc avl,eu Λ,c ahtt ocsruc ta Θ = 90°, ro

u
u
fc
Where fc si teh otucff uqerfency fro eht propa gnitag moed.


eW nac talere eht gnael Θ ot eht itarepo ng f neuqercy dna teh otucff f neuqer cy by


isnΘ =






ehT tim etCA ti atkes fro eht evawftnor ot moev fmor A to C (a dtsiaecn AlC) si
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 23
isnΘ
=
u
u
f
isnΘ
=
2a
m
2a
=
m
Λ
=
c
fc
=
f
Λ
Λ
c

sevaworciM & radaR

cnatsiD e orfm A C ot
tCA =
aWv eV tnorfe lytico

A atsnocnt sahpe iopnt sevom gnola the awll fmor A ot D. Callign siht sahpe
icolevty up, dna given teh ecnatsid lAD si

m Λ 2
ocsΘ
nehT eht tiem AtD to trleva fmor Aot D is

lDA
tDA = =
u
p











ecniS eht tisem tAD and AtC umst eb qeu,la we evah

u =
p

ehT evaW evlytico si ginev by
1 1
uu = = =
µΕ µoµrΕoΕr

ehT esahP v yticole is gnevi by

u =
p


ocsΘ = soc Θ =


ehT uorGp yticolev si gnevi b y
ehT esahp c tnatsno si gnevi by
2
Β = Βu 1-


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE
45CE01

m Λ 2
u
u
lCA
= =
u
u
lAD =
m Λ 2
ocsΘ u
p
u
u
ocsΘ



1 1
=
µoΕo µrΕr
c
µrΕr







2










egaP 33
u
u
ocsΘ
1 - nis Θ = 1 - ( f f )

uG = u ocsΘ
u
2
c
2
( ) f
fc

sevaworciM & radaR

ehT ediug nelevaw ght is nevig by
Λ =
1-


ehT itaro of eht artsnsreve electrci fdlei ot eht snartveres tengamci fdlei fro a
nitagaporp g edom at a pa ralucitr f neuqer cy is eht ugevaw ied pmieadnec.


roF a ET ,edom hte wave i nadepm ce si

Z =
mn
1 -


roF a MT ,edom teh wave i nadepm ce si


Zm
M
= Ηu



lareneG evaW heBavi:sro
Teh waev behaoivr in a wa iugevde can be etedr denim by




















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 43
45CE01



2
f
f
c
Λ
u
( )
TE
2
� �
fc
f
� �
� �
Ηu
,
f
1 -
2
� fc �
� �
.
� �
T
n

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
























)1( TM edom phesa veicolty lawasy fastre naht teh gilht spede ni the
muidem
)2( TM edom grpuo veicolty lawasy slowre naht eht thgil sdeep ni teh
muidem
)3( peDesdn on erfqneucy � sidpsreive msnart inoiss ssyetsm
)4( aporPgnoita icolev ty (veicolty of renegy artnopsr)t =
.yticolev


sedoM foporpagaoitn :
nisUg posahrs & ass gnimu waevgediu fillde htiw
 sselssol eidlecirtc metarlai a dn
 wasll fo efrepct ocndrotcu,
eht waev sniied shoudl boe…y

�
2
E + k E = 0
�
2
H + k H = 0
rehwe
nehT ppalyign no the z-co nenopm t

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE
uorgp
2
2
k = Ω
2
µΕc
�
2
Ez + k
2
Ez = 0
egaP 53
2

sevaworciM & aRrad 45CE01




+ k Ez = 0

gnivloS yb dohtem fo noitarapeS fo selbairaV :
E (x, y, z) = X (x)Y ( y)Z (z)
morf erehw ew niatbo :
''
Y
+
Y
''
Y


- k
hcihw stluser ni eht snoisserpxe :
+ k X = 0
+ k Y = 0
- Γ Z = 0


rFom raFaday dna A erepm swaL ew nac fdni eht reniamign fruo co stnenopm
∂Ez
-
∂x

z
- -
h
2
∂y
jΕΩ ∂Ez
-
h
2
∂y
Γ ∂H
h
2
∂y
erehw
h
2
= Γ

sedoM of pr tagapo ino:

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 63
z
∂
2
E
+
∂y
2
z
∂
2
E
+
∂z
2
2 ∂
2
E
∂x
2
z
z
''
X
+
X
''
Z
Z

+
2




= -k
= -k

''
Z
Z
''
X
X
- k
+
Y
2
2
=
2 2
x
2
y + Γ -k
''
X
''
Y
''
Z
2
x
2
y
2
Γ
h
2
Γ
∂H
∂y
z jΩµ
h
2
jµΩ
h
2
Ex = -
∂E ∂H
∂x
E =

=

=
z
y
H

H
Γ ∂H
h
2
∂x
z
x



y
∂E
z z
-
∂x
jΕΩ
-
h
2
2
x
2
y
2 2
= + k + k k

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

rFom eht aevob equatisno we nac dulcnoc e:
 MET (zE=Hz)0= acnt’ etagaporp .


 ET (Ez=)0 tr srevsna e e cirtcel
 nI ET ,edom hte rtceleic senil of fxul era repp ralucidne to eht asix of
eht ugevaw ied


 MT (zH0=) rtaevsnres ma ,citeng Ez stsixe
 nI MT ,edom hte gamncite senil of fxul era pepre ralucidn ot eht aixs
of eht vaweediug.
 EH hdirby sedom ni whcih lla co nenopm ts exstsi.


MT edoM :


Ez = Eo isn
�


H = 0

∂Ez
∂x
nΠ mΠx
b a
� �E isn� �
o

jΕΩ mΠ mΠx nΠy
h
2
� a a b


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 73
�
y e
- jΒz mΠ
a
�
�
nΠ
b
x
�
isn
�
� � �
� � �
z
Γ
h
2
Γ
h
2
mΠ
a
�
�
mΠx
nΠy
a b
�E soc� �
o
Γ
h
2
Γ
h
2
� � � � �
� � � � � isn
�
�
e
-Γz
�
Ex = -

Ey = -
Ex = -

Ey = -
� �E isn� �
ocs
� �
�
o
∂E
z
� � � � � � e
-Γz nΠ
y
b
jΕΩ nΠ
mΠx
h
2
� b a
� � � �
ocs
�
� � � � �
� � � � �
jΕΩ ∂E
∂y
nΠ
y
b
Hx =
z
e
-Γz
� Hx =
�
�
h
2
∂y
jΕΩ ∂Ez
h
2
∂x
H = -
y Hy = - � � � � � � isn
�
�
e
-Γz
� �E soc� �
o
� � � � �

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

 ehT m nad n erpnesert eht omde of porpaitagon nad tacidni es hte numbre of
va snoitair of eht fiedl in eht x dna y itcerid ons


MT Cutoff :

Γ =

=


 ehT otucff f neuqercy osrucc nehw

2
nehW Ωc
2
µΕ = +

2 2
� � � �


oN gaporp a,noit veerytgnih si ttae detaun

nehW
itagaporPo:n


nehW
otuCff
 ehT otucff f neuqercy is eht freqneucy bwole hcihw ttaeoitaunn ccousr nad
evoba ihwch aporpgtaino sekat lpaec. (iHgh P)ssa

fc nm =

ehT esahp c tnatsno ebcsemo
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE
nΠ
b
(kx + k )- k
mΠ
a
� �
� �
� +
2 2 2
y
2
2
� - Ω Εµ
2
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
mΠ � � �
� � �
2
neht Γ= Α+ j Β= 0 � � � �
a
nΠ
b
1
Εµ
mΠ nΠ � � � �
a b
+ ro fc =
� � � �
1
2Π
2
� � +
� �
� �
2
Γ = Α dna Β= 0
�
�
�
�
nΠ
b
� �
mΠ
a
Ω
2
µΕ <
2
nΠ
+
�
b
� � � �
a
� � �
� � � �
mΠ
2
Γ = jΒ dna Α= 0 Ω
2
Εµ >
2
� � +
� �
� �
2






egaP 83
n
b
�
�
�
�
u'
2
� �
m
a

sevaworciM & radaR

2
Β = Ω
2
Εµ- � � - �

esahP olevcity dna impeecnad
 ehT esahp vicolety is defdeni sa

Ω
up =
Β '
 cisnirtni i cnadepme of eht edom si

Ey
= -
Hx


IMCROWAEV YHBDIR ICRIUCT:S


A orcimweva iucrict si fdemro nehw veselar cimr evawo comop stnen dna
secived hcus sa imc evawor enegotarrs , imc evawor apmlif,srei elbairav
srotaunetta , ivacty sero ,srotan imc evawor ftlie,sr itcerid olan ocurelps, rotalosi s
era delpuoc ehtegotr tuohtiw any imsmatch fro reporp nartsimsnois of a
imc evawor langis.


gnirettacS irtamx :
teL su nocsredi a tow ptro rowten k hcihw perrseestn a nurebm of aprmaeetr












tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 93
fc
f
� �
� �
45CE01

2
= Β ' 1- � �
� �
2
�
mΠ nΠ
a b
� � � �
� � � �
2Π
Β


=Η
'
Λ =
up
=
f
fc
f
1-
� �
� �
2
� �
Ex
ΗTM =
H
y

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01






















llA hte vobae etsild aprmaeetrs can be serper edetn as eht raoit of etihre gatlove
ot nerruct ro cutnerr ro gatlove dnuer trecani idnoctsnoi of upnit or uotupt
strop.








tA orcimweva feuqernseic ti si i issopm ble ot emausre :
1. latot atlovge dna ucrretn as eht erqderiu eqiupmetn si not vaabalile.
2. revO a brdao dnab re,noig ti si idfftluci ot eveihca repeftc nepo dna
trohs ciucrit tidnoc inos.
3. ehT itcave edvseci sued disnie hte wto ropt n krowte hcus sa orcimweva
rewop sisnarttsro liwl dnet ot ceboem tsnuaelb rednu nepo dna s troh
icrtiuc nocdsnoiti.





tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 04

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

EVAW G EDIU EET TCNUJ ISNO:


A ediugevaw eeT is fmroed hwen eerht wvaediuges era cretniocenntde ni eht fmro
of hsilgnE a ebahplt T dna suht w iugeva de tee si 3-ropt itcnujo.n Teh ugevawied
seet aer usde to ocnnstce a cnarbh ro itceson of ugevaw ied in resise ro rapaelll
htiw eht niam evawguide nartsssimino enil ietreh fro gnittilps ro c gninibmo woper
ni a gevaw uedi ssytem .


erehT era abslacily 2 tsepy of seet naemly
.1) H- enalp eTe itcnujon
.2) E-lpaen eeT noitcnuj
A comanibtnoi of sehte owt eet ujn snoitc is caldel a hirbyd eet ro “ Mciga ”eeT.


E-enalp eires(eeT s ete:)
nA E-alpne eet is a waveediug ete ni whcih teh asix of sti edis arm si aprllael to
eht E fdlei of eht iamn ediug . if eht raenilloc smra era s irtemmyc tuoba eht edis
arm.
If eht E-enalp eet si perftcely hctamed htiw the dia of wercs srenut ta eht nujcoitn
, eht ogaidanl componstne of hte nirettacsg amtxir aer ezro cebause ehtre lliw eb
on erfelcnoit.
Whne hte wvaes rae fde tnio edis ar,m teh wasev aeppagnir at ropt 1 dna ptro 2 o f
eht aenillocr arm iwll be ni soppoiet sahpe nad ni saem ma duting e.












tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 14

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01










































H-nalpe te:e hs(utn tee)


nA H-alpen eet si a aw ediugev tee ni whhci the asix of sti edis mra si gnitnuhs eht
E fdlei ro aprlella ot the H-fdlei of eht amin gediu.




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 24

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01















If owt tupni wasev are fde otni trop 1 dna potr 2 of eht raenilloc ar,m eht tuop tu
evaw ta ropt 3 wlli eb in esahp nad itiddave .
If eht tupni si fde otni trop 3, hte wave liwl stilp uqeally iotn trop 1 dna trop 2 in
esahp dna in saem amg edutin .


gaMi rbyH ( eeT cieeT ds )
A macig eet si a co noitanibm of E-enalp and H-enalp .eet ehT hc scitsiretcara of
macig ete rae:















1. If owt sevaw of uqeal tingamude dna saem esahp are fde otni ropt 1 nad
eht 2 trop tuptuo lliw eb ezro ta potr 3 nad adevitid ap tor.4 t




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 34

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

2. If a evaw si fde otni trop 4 ti lliw eb divided lauqely ewteben trop 1 dna
trop 2 of eht nillocera asmr dna will ton aaeppr ta trop 3.
3. If a evaw si fde otni trop 3 , ti lliw rpoecud na tuoptu of lauqe
ma eduting dna opisopte esahp ta trop 1 dna oprt 2. eht tuptuo ta ropt 4 si
rezo.
4. if a evaw is fde tnio one of hte loclraeni rasm at oprt 1 and oprt 2, ti liwl
ton raeppa ni eht htoer nillocera arm ta trop 2 ro 1 beesuac eht E- mra
sesuac a hpaes leday wlihe H arm casesu a phsae ecnavda .












Hy :)stiucric ecaR taR (sgniR dirb
A hrbyid nirg snocitss of na alunnar enil of reporp celetrlaci letgnh ot tsusa ni
gnidnats evaws, ot hcihw fruo smra era nnocedetc ta prrepo tnielavrs by naems
of iresse ro lellarap jun snoitc.

















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 44

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















ehT yhbdir irng sah char scitsiretca ralimis ot esoht fo eht hdirby eet. a nehW I
evaw si def otni trop ,1 it lliw ton raeppa ta 3 trop esuaceb the ffideernec o f esahp
stfihs rof eht awvse gnilevart ni eht esiwkcolc na d colcretnuoc kwies ridetcino i s
081°. suhT eht sevaw era delecnac ta trop 3. roF teh emas r vaw eht ,nosae sedef i otn
trop ton lliw 2 emegre ta trop 4 dna os no.
Teh S irtam xrof na aedil h ir dirbyng eb nac ex sa desserp








tI dluohs be deton taht eht esahp callecnaiton srucco noly ta a edsgindeta
f neuqercy fro na aedil hybdir nirg. nI tcaula hyrbdi gnirs ereht era samll elakage
sgnilpuoc adn erehtfroe eht zore leemestn in the tamrxi era ton uqeal to orez.







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 54

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

EVAW G EDIU OCRNSRE , NEBDS DNA SIWT T:S
ehT gevawuedi rocne,r ,dneb and tsiwt rae nwohs in ferugi ,woleb ehts e
ediugevaw conopments era onrlamly desu to gnahce eht tceridion of eht ediug
hguorht na artibrary anelg.
nI redro ot nimiimze rfele snoitc fmor eht dsic eitiunitno s, ti si diserabel ot evah
eht naem lehtgn L btewnee nitnocuseiti qeula to na ddo un rebm of quaretr evaw
htgnel s. Thta ,si



hweer n = 0 ,,1 ,2 3 ,... , adn gA is hte awvleenhtg ni eht ugevaw ide. fI eht naem
htgnel L is na ddo nurebm of etrauq r levaw ne,shtg eht erftceled wavse fmor obth
sdne of eht diugevawe noitces aer coelpmtely cacne.del roF eht wa ediugev dneb,
eht nimimum darisu of erutavruc fro a samll ref noitcel si vigen by So htrowhtu as



























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 64

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

CERID TNOIAL CO RELPU S:
A noitcerid al lpuocer is a fruo-oprt ugevaw ied noitcnuj sa nwohs lebow. tI
stsisnoC of a rpiamry ediugevaw 1-2 dna a sednocary wa ediugev 3-4. hWen lla
stroP era etrminadet in iehtr siretcarahctci i cnadepme,s ereht is feer nartsissimo n
of eht sevaw tuohtiw erf ,noitcel wtebene trop 1 adn trop ,2 dna hteer si on
nartsssimino of rewop beneewt trop I dna trop 3 ro ewteben ropt 2 dna trop 4
suacebe on cilpuong estsix tebwnee ehtse owt sriap of .strop Teh eerged fo
c gnilpuo wtebene trop 1 dna 4trop dna wtebene trop 2 dna trop 3 sdneped no eht
urtscerut of eht couelpr.
ehT retcarahc iscits of a lanoitcerid c relpuo can eb sserpxe ed ni tersm of sti
gnilpuoC frotca dna its ivitceridt.y ssAumnig taht eht weva si rpo gnitagap fro m
ropt to ropt2 in eht rpiamry l,eni teh ocugnilp frotca nad hte ivitceridty rae
edfdeni,
















hweer PI = rewop input ot trop I
3P = ewopr uptuot fmor trop 3
4P = ewopr uptuot fmor trop 4







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 74

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

tI luohsd eb deton ttah ropt ,2 potr ,3 adn trop 4 are etrimndeta ni tiehr
citsiretcarahc idepm nasec. ehT ocugnilp fcatro si a aemseru of eht oitar of rewop
slevel in eht rpiamry adn ocesndary lisen. Heecn if hte ocunilpg frotca si knwon, a
f noitcar of rewop aemsurde at ropt 4 may be desu to etedrenim teh rewop intup at
trop 1 .
sihT ingisfecnaci si de elbaris fro mi evaworc woper aemsurestnem bcea esu
on ids cnabrute, ihwhc may be suaced by hte rewop rusaem estnem, srucco ni hte
amirpry leni. Teh ridecivitty is a meausre of woh lewl hte frawrod tr gnileva w eva
ni eht rpiamry awveediug uocpsel noly to a icepsfic trop of eht escadnor y
ediugevaw ilaed rideclanoit uocprel ohsuld evah nifetini tceridiivt.y nI toh re
,sdrow eht rewop ta oprt 3 tsum eb orez ebcesua trop 2 dna Atrop era repftcel y
amtehcd. autcAlly llew- dengised ceridtlanoi c srelpuo evah a itcerid vity of noly 30
ot 53 Bd.
lareveS tsepy of tceridilano srelpuoc ex,tsi usch sa a owt-eloh eridct reluoc ,
fruo-eloh noitceridal c ,relpuo reveesr-uocplign eridcitonal couelpr , dna Beeht-
eloh ceridtlanoi lpuocer eht evry co nomm ly desu two-eloh itceridolan lpuocer is
debircsed heer.





















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 84

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

OWT HELO DERICOITNAL UOCPELRS:


A owt eloh noitcerid al lpuocer htiw trilevang evaw itagaporp ng ni ti si rtsulliadet .
eht gnicaps eewteb n the sretnec o fowt lohes is




A f noitcar fo eht evaw renegy tneeder otni ptro 1 sessap hguorht the seloh dna si
detaidar otni eht cesoadnry ediug as eh ohlse atc sa tols a annetns. ehT frawrod
sevaw ni eht adnoces ry ediug era ni emas pahes , gerasseldr of eht eloh ecaps dna
aer ddaed at ropt .4 the awkcabrd wasev in teh ocesnadry diuge are tuo of esahp
adn era ecnacldel ni optr 3.


UCRIC AOTLRS AND OSILOTAR:S
htoB mi vaworce icruclsrota nad alositsro rae non cerpirocla trnasminoiss deecivs
taht esu eht prrepoty fo daraFay toranoit ni teh fetirre etamr.lai A non corpiceral
esahp ihsfter sisnocts of niht bals of fetirre decalp ni a atcernralug wa ediugev ta a
tniop rehwe eht cd maciteng fdlei of hte tnedicni evaw dome si ralucricly
eziralopd. ehWn a ipeec of frereti si affdetce by a cd tengamic fdlei hte fer etir
stibihxe daraFay orttai.no tI seod os ebcsuae eht fetirre si nilnonera iretam al dna
sti epraembility si an asym cirtem terosn.


RCIMO EVAW ICR ALUC TSRO:
A evaworcim icrtalucor si a lumttropi wavegdiue noitcnuj ni wcihh eht vawe nac
fwol noly from the tnh trop to hte n( + t)Ih oprt ni one dioitcern Atlhhguo there is
on noitcirtser no hte nbmuer of opr,st eht fruo-trop imcworave icrcrotalu si eht
mots co .nomm enO tepy of fruo-oprt rcimoevaw icruclrota is a c itanibmo on of
owt 3-dB edis eloh dir lanoitce co srelpu dna a alugnatcer r vawegdiue htiw two onn
corpiceral phsae ihsfetrs.



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 94

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01















































ehT itarepo ng cnirpilpe of a t lacipy orcimwvae rotalucric can eb analdezy htiw
eht dia of giF hsown evoba caE.h of eht owt 3-Bd c srelpuo in eht talucricor
tnirecudos a hpaes hsift of ,°09 dna eahc of eht wto sahpe ihsfsret cudorpes a

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 05

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

niatrec a tnuom of ahpse cegnah ni a niatrec diercnoit sa tacidnied. nehW a evaw si
tnedicni ot trop eht,1 weva si tilps otni owt comp stneno by uocprel I. ehT evaw ni
hte rpiamry ediug rraisev ta trop 2 htiw a evitaler sahpe' egnahc of .°081 hTe
dnoces evaw p agaportse orhtuhg hte wto co srelpu and hte ocesdnary diuge nad
sevirra ta trop 2 htiw a r evitale esahp ihsft of .°081 ecniS the owt wseva nihcaerg
trop 2 era ni hp,esa teh rewop rtanssimsoin si deniatbo from port 1
,revewoH eht evaw p setagapor htrhguo hte rpiamry diuge, ahpse ihsf,ret dna
c relpuo 2 adn arsevir ta oprt 4 tiwh a sahpe egnahc of .°072 ehT evaw evartsl
hguorht uocprel 1 nad eht adnocesry gu,edi dna it sevirra ta oprt 4 htiw a esahp
ihsft of .°09 ecniS eht owt vawes re gnihca ptro 4 aer tuo of hpaes by ,°081 hte
rewop rtanssimsnoi fmor ropt 1 to ropt 4 si orez. nI ge,laren the idff laitnere
oitagaporpn nocstnats ni hte wto tceridoisn of tagaporpino in a vawediuge
c gniniatno fetirre phsae ihsfsret dluohs be



hweer m and n era any ,sregetni nic gnidul ezros. A limisar analyssi shswo taht a
evaw dicnietn ot ptro 2 e segrem at trop 3 nad os no. As a tluser, eht ecneuqes o f
rewop fwol si sedingatde sa 1 ~ 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 ~ 1.
aMny tpyes of cimroweva otalucric rs era ni ues dotay. Hvewoe,r hteri selpicnirp
of noitarepo reniam hte saem. .A fruo-trop ricc rotalu si co tcurtsn ed by hte esu
of owt amgci seet adn a esahp ihsfret. ehT phaes ihsfret pr secudo a pesah
ihsft of °081.












tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 15
ot oprt 2.

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01






















A repftcely dehctam , lo ,sselss nad cernon iorpcla fruo-oprt talucric or hsa na S
amtxir of hte fmro






gnisU eht itreporp es of S rapaetemrs eht S-matxir si







RCIMO EVAW OSIL :SROTA


nA losiarot is a nonr lacorpice trnasimsoisn civede ttah is sued to talosie eno
co tnenopm from erfle snoitc of rehto conopmestn ni eht rtans noissim enil. nA edi la
rotalosi co telpmely a sbrosb the poewr for pragapotnoi in noe noitcerid dna


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 25

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

sedivorp ssollsse artn noissims ni eht ppooetis idr .noitce hTus eht otalosir is
lausuly laceld linui.en
srotalosI are renegally desu ot ivorpm e hte f neuqercy ilibatsty of aworcim v e
,srotareneg hcus as klystsnor and gamnrteo,sn ni hwihc hte ref noitcel fmor eht
daol affstce eht gnitareneg f neuqerc.y nI such ,sesac eht rotalosi pldeca eewtebn
eht areneg tro nad aold rpevestn teh erfdetcel pwoer fmor eht unctamhde daol from
gninruter ot teh genera.rot sA a userl,t the rotalosi amisniatn teh f neuqerc y
ilibats ty of eht negeratro.
srotalosI can eb ocntsrdetcu ni many ways. They nac eb edam by etrmignitan
strop 3 dna 4 of a fruo-oprt riccrotalu tiwh ehctam d sdaol. nO hte rehto h ,dna
srotalosi nac eb dame by in gnitres a fetirre dor gnola eht asix of a ralugnatcer
ediugevaw as ohswn bwole.
ehT rotalosi heer si a aFrdaay-toranoit osilat.ro stI itarepong cnirpilpe nac
eb ialpxe nde as follows . hTe upnit rsisetevi cdra si in hte y-z pl,ena dna hte uptuo t
evitsiser acrd si dilpscade °54 htiw erstcep to eht pniut .drac Teh cd itengam c
f,dlei hcihw si apilped dutignolilanly to eht ferreti ,dor setator eht evaw nalpe of
oitaziralop n by 4°5. hTe seerged of noitator dednep on eht elnhtg and idaetemr of
eht dor dna no eht apdeilp ed ngamecit f.dlei nA tupni TEOI domitnan edom i s
tnedicni ot eht elft edn of hte rotalosi . ecniS the OIET edom evaw si pe idneprcluar
ot eht tupni vitsisere c,dra hte evaw ssapes hguorht eht fetirre dor uohtiwt
a oitaunett n. hTe vawe ni eht fetirre rdo seitcon si rotadet c iwkcolse by 54° nad si
onrlam ot the ptuout re evitsis drac. sA a ersult of tora,noit eht awve sevirra ta eht
uptuot.











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 35

vaworciM se & radaR 45CE01



















dne tuohtiw ettanitauon at .lla nO eht rtnocra,y a erfdetcel evaw fmor eht ou tupt
dne si siralimly orttaed esiwkcolc 45° by teh fetirre .dor ,revewoH ecnis hte
erfdetcel evaw is arapllel ot hte upnit sisertive ca,dr the vawe si teherby osbar deb
by eht pniut .drac ehT tipycla repfamronce of eseht losiasrot si tuoba 1- Bd
noitresni lsso in f drawro nartsminoiss adn baotu 02- to 03-dB alositino ni veresre
a oitaunett n.





















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE gaPe 45

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

DEDNEMMOCER TINU NO SNOITSEUQ– 2


1. ssucsiD the oiravus rpo seitrep dna c retcarah istsci of sediugevaw .
2. wohS taht ugevaw ide astc sa a ihgh ssap fetlir
3. evireD rpxee snoiss fro otucff vawe htgnel dna otucff f neuqer cy fro TM
sevaw orpp gnitaga htrohgu natcer gralu vawge sediu.
4. evireD rpxee snoiss fro ediug vawelhtgne , hpaes dna group olevcity for MT
sevaw ni RWG
5. warD eht fdlei ettaprsn fro eht nimodatn TM adn TE omdse ni ercatnralug
ediugevaw s.
6. ssucsiD the oiravus typse of sesol irrucco ng in ralugnatcer vaweugides.
7. niatbO na epxrisseon fro taunetta ino ni oc-xaial senil.
8. evireD na e isserpx on fro f neuqercy of allicso tnoi fro a r ralugnatce and
lyci lacirdn tanoser o.r
9. tsiL eht ap oitacilp ns of ivacty sero srotan .
10. warD a taen rgaidam of H-enalp eTe dna xeplani sti repoanoit nad edrevi
eht S rtamix.
11. warD a taen rgaidam of E-nalpe eeT dna xeplani sti poeranoit nad derevi
eht S rtamix.
12. warD a taen rgaidam of MaigceTe adn lpxeani sti itarepo on dna devire eht
S xirtam .
13. nialpxE hte 2 lohe ride lanoitc courelp tiwh skhcte.
14. nialpxE hte itarepoon fo a 3 trop c rotalucri
15. nialpxE hte ikrowng of fadaray toratnoi sioaltro.









tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 55

sevaworciM & radaR 1 45CE0



tinU-3

M ORCIWVAE DDOI SE

TRSNAFRE ECELTNOR DECIVES


ORTNI DTCUI:NO
ehT ailppcatino of owt-etrlanim se udnocim tcro civedes ta imcworaev f seicneuqer
sah neeb nicaerdes sugae gnirud teh tsap desedac. ehT CW, vaeareg, dna kaep
rewop otuptus of htsee eciveds ta hgiher imc evawor f icneuqeres are cumh graler
naht esoht botniaalbe wiht eht tseb pwoer rta rotsisn. ehT ocnomm craha citsiretc of
lla vitcae owt-teraniml dilos-tatse civedes is thrie tageniev serinatsce. ehT aerl trap
of rieht depmianec is ne evitag revo a egnar fo f icneuqer es. nI a evitisop r cnatsise e
eht rucrnet htoruhg the natsiserce nad eht v egatlo rcaoss it are in esahp. hTe
egatlov pord ssorca a tisopive cnatsisere is evitisop dna a ewopr fo 1(2 R) si
detapissid ni eht resistance.
nI a agenevit serinatsc,e revewoh, hte cnerrut dna egatlov aer out of esahp
yb 081°. hTe ovlateg dpor ssorca a vitagen e re ecnatsis si evitagen, and a rewop of
(-I!R) si egnredeta by teh rewop sppuly ascosideta htiw teh netagiev r ecnatsise . nI
opevitis r natsise cse abbros. pwore (pvissae d ,)secive w aerehs tagenive sisertacnes
negtaree woper (tcaive civedes). In this hcatper eht snarteferrd elecnort
edvseci(TED)s era analyezd.
ehT dfifnereces neewteb rcimoevaw isnarttssro dna snartfderre elec nort
civedes (TDE)s are fdnuamelatn. isnarTsrots o etarep iwth ehtier cnujtnois ro gaet,s
tub DETs aer bklu edcives vahign on ju noitcns ro setag. The mairojty of
rotsisnarts era fcirbaadet fmor eletnemal mesi cudnoctro,s hcus sa nocilis or
egrinamum, rehweas 1Dts aer fcirbaated fmor coopmudn se dnocimu ,srotc usch as


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 65

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

illagum arsdinee (A.rs)i,dnium hpsopedih (lPn), or acdimum etllediru (CdeT) .
rTansistors etarepo
sA "awrm" elertcosn wesoh renegy si ton umch retaerg htan eht htremal renegy
0.Ve620 ta room tepmeraerut) of nortcele s in teh semiocn rotcud s.


NNUG EFTCEF IDOSED – GasA oidde


nnuG efftce era maned after .J B. nnuG ohw si 3691 revocsided a cidoirep
f noitautcul of tnerruc gnissap htrhguo the n- type illagum sraendie . wneh eht
deilppa ovlegat ecxeedde a niatrec crlaciti vlaeu.


lkcohSey in 5914 usg detseg ahtt hte two t lanimre engevita reisstaecn civede s
gnisu semic cudno tsro hda gatnavda es revo tra srotsisn ta hgih feuqerncsei.


nI 1691 , Rldiey and Wasnikt de debircs a wen htemod fro atboignin tageni ev
fidf laitnere ombility in cimeso otcudnrs. ehT elpicnirp ovnildev si ot taeh reirracs
ni a thgil ssam , low moilibty , ihgreh energy sbu dnab whne htey ahve a gihh
rutarepmet e.


laniFly orKerem tatsed taht eht nigiro of eht evitagen idff laitnere moilibty is
ldiRey taWksni liHsum’s nahcem sim of nortcele snartfre otni the llavesy ahtt
rucco ni ocnudcoitn basdn.


nnuG ffeect:


ehT lebow ferugi sohws eht gaidram of a uinform n-type GsAa oidde tiwh ohimc
stcatnoc at eht dne usrf.seca Gnnu atsted thta “ bAove soem irctilac gatlove ,
dnopserrocign to na elcirtce fdlei of 0002 to 0004 /stloVc,m hte cutnerr ni ever y
cepsinem becaem a flu gnitautc f noitcnu of ti.em

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 75

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


























nnuG Disedo
elgniS eipce of sAaG or pnI adn co sniatn no j snoitcnu


stibihxE n evitage diff laitnere sisertecna


itacilppA o:sn
wol-esion llaco socallitsro for imxsre (2 to 140 )zHG.
woL-opewr nartsmiettrs adn ediw dnab tubanle secruos


ounitnoCus-evaw (CW) woper slevel of pu ot revesal derdnuh imll sttaw nac be
deniatbo in eht X-, uK-, dna Ka-ba.sdn A woper otuptu of 30 Wm nac be
deveihca from commerlaicly liavaaelb ivedces ta 49 zHG .


rehgiH porew nac be veihcaed by combignin revesal civedes ni a rewop
conibmer.
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 85

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


nnuG icsolsrotal ebihxit evry wol cd-ot-RF eficifency of 1 ot %4.


nnuG osla evocsid rde ttah hte htresdloh leetcric fdlei iliE deirav wiht eht htgnel
dna tepy fo lairetam . He depoleved na baleoraet apaccvitie eborp fro gnittolp the
cirtcele fdlei birtsiduiton nihtiw a psecimen of n-tepy aGAs of htgnel L = 012 JLllI
dna ssorc-cestlanoi arae 5.3 x 01-3 c2m wtih a wol-fdlei tsiseraecn of 61 .n
tnerruC i ilibatsntsei oc derruc ta cepsimen ovlsegat obave 95 ,V whihc menas ahtt
eht ohserhtld fdlei si






YELDIR AWT SNIK DNA HIMUSL HTE :YRO


aMny e tanalpxisno haev neeb fofreed fro eht nnuG eff.tce nI 4691 orKemre [ ]6
detseggus taht uGn'n s oitavresbons erew in c etelpmo gareetnem iwth eht ldiRey-
aWtsnik-Hislum R()HW oehtry.


fiDf aitnere l tageN iev cnatsiseR e:


ehT f nemadnu tla nocctpe of eht ldiRey-Watsnik-sliHum (R)HW toehry is eht
fidfe laitner evitagen rsenatsice evedldepo in a klub dilos-etats III-V nuopmoc d
nehw rehtie a gatlove o(r cirtcele f)dlei ro a c tnerru si apdeilp ot the etr slanim fo
eht sa.elpm ehTre era owt sedom of evitagen -sisertecna vedice:s egatlov-
c dellortno adn rrucetn dellortnoc sedoM .







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 95

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

















nI eht ovlegat-ocnlortlde edom teh rrucetn deisnty nac eb umlulavite,d aerehw s in
eht tnerruc-noctdellor moed eht egatlov nac eb mu ulavit1e.d ehT amjro efftce fo
eht ecnaraeppa of a fidfe laitner evitagen-seritsaecn noiger ni hte crurtne isnedt y
fdlei evruc si ot redner eht elpmas tcelerlacily tsnua.elb sA a lusert, hte laitinil y
ho enegom osu saelpm cebosem irtcele claly heter oenegous ni na tattpme ot hcaer
tilibats y. nI the atlovge- llortnoced n evitage-r natsisece moed hgih-fdlei doniams
era fmroed, apesrnitag owt low-fdlei oigerns. ehT iretnfasec rapesagnit olw nad
hgih-fdlei doniams eil gnola iuqe itnetop al;s tsuh htey rae ni alpnes pe ralucidnepr
ot eht errucnt ridtceino .
















desserpxE htamemaitclaly, eht ne evitag ressitance of eht saelpm at a ralucitrap

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 06

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

noiger si






If na cirtcele fdlei oE (ro tlovage oV) si apilped ot hte sa ,elpm fro xeamp,el eht
tnerruc isnedty si01 genetared. sA eht aeilppd fdlei ro( )egatlov si in desaerc ot 1E
ro( V2,) eht tnerruc denisty si rcededesa ot 21. Whne eht fdlei ro( vlot)ega si cedr~
ot .£ ro( VI,) eht rucrtne isnedty si ercniased ot ,1 . These hpenomena of eht
egatlov rtnocolled genaevit retsisaecn era shonw ni giF. 7-2-3(a). Siimlral,y fro eht
c tnerru tnocrdello omd,e eht tagenive-sisertanec orpfeli si sa hsonw beolw.























OWT VAELLY MOLED TH :YROE
orKerem presopod a n evitage mass cimrowaev ailpmfrei ni 1859 []Ol dna 1599
[]II. gnidroccA ot eht renegy dnab oehtry of hte n -tepy Ga,sA a hgih-bomiilt y
rewol llavey si apesradet by na enregy of 63.0 Ve fmor a wol-miliboty pup re
yellav

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 16

vaworciM se & radaR 45CE01





























nortcelE ednseitis in the rewol dna reppu valleys reniam teh saem nudre na
irbiliuqEum co noitidn . nehW eht deilppa leecirtc fdlei si rewol naht hte irtcelec
fdlei of eht rewol valley (E < Ee,) no rtcele nos lliw snartfre ot the uprep valley.


Whne eht apdeilp leectcir fiedl si rehgih thna ttah of hte rewol lavley dna ewolr
naht taht of eht pupre vllaey ( eE< E < Eu,)) le snortce liwl nigeb to
snartfre ot eht reppu valley .


nehw eht ilppaed tceleric field si rehgih naht ttah of eht reppu valley uE( < E,) all
snortcele will snartfer to eht reppu llavey.






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 26

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

Whne a usfftneicily hgih fdlei E si deilppa ot eht cepsi,nem snortcele era
a areleccetd dna rieht fefevitce epmetrrutae sesir vobae hte ittalce epmetrarute
osla rcniesaes. uhTs leenortc isnedty/I dna era htob f snoitcnu of leetcrci fdlei E.




















SEDOM FO OPREAOITN OF UGNN DI :EDO


A nnug didoe nac oepreta ni fruo :sedom


1. nnuG socilnoital dome
2. elbats apmlif noitaci moed
3. ASL licsolnoita edom
4. saiB iucrict llicsoatnoi moed


nnuG os itallicon omde: sihT moed si edfnied ni eht gerino rehwe teh tcudorp fo
f neuqercy pitlum ldei by tgnelh si atuob 107 cs/m adn hte orpudtc of gnipod
mueilpitld by tgnelh si retaerg htan 10/21c2m.nI htis gerino eht deviec si utsnabel
esuaceb of eht ccilcy for noitam of ehtier eht cacu italum on larey ro eht hgih f dlei
doiamn.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 36

sevaworciM & radaR E01 45C

Whne hte civede si opdetare si a italervely hihg Q acvity and puoclde preporly to
eht ,daol the doamin I dehcneuq or deladey befero gnitaelcun .



























elbatS.2 a ifilpm coitan edom: hTis dom esi defdeni ni eht noiger wheer eht
p tcudor of f neuqer cy times htgnel si obaut 107 slmc dna eht orpdtcu of gnipod
semit gnelth si ebteew n0l
11
dna O1
12
2mc/
.3. ASL o tallicsino moed: sihT edom si defdeni ni eht gerino hweer the prtcudo of
f neuqercy tisem elnhtg si evoba 01
7
slmc adn teh touqneit of gnipod d dedivi by
f neuqercy is eewtebn 2 x 01
4
dna 2 x 10
5
.
4. saiB-citiucr ollicsanoit omde: hTis omde srucco only wneh tereh si iethre
nnuG or LSA osllicat.noi nad it si lausuly ta hte oigern rehwe the orpduct fo
f neuqercy tisem elnhtg si oot samll ot paprae in hte ferugi. nehW a bukl edoid si
desaib ot th lohserd. hte egareva rrucetn dusednly spord as nuGn icsolnoital gebisn.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 46

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ehT pord ni rrucetn ta eht dlohserht nac dael ot csosnoitalli ni eht bisa tiucric ahtt
era t lacipyly 1 zHk to 100 zHM .







































deyaleD doniam medo 601( cs/m < Lf < 170 cm/)s. ehWn eht artntis tmie si
nesohC so taht hte domani si elloccdet ihwle E < htE sa shnwo in giF. 7-3-,)b(4 a



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 56

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

wen doamin nacnto fmro litnu teh fdlei sires evoba rhtedlohs iagan. nI siht esac,
eht tallicso ino irepod is retaerg naht eht artnist time-taht i,s oT > T,. sihT ledadey
moed si laso dellac hniidetib edom. ehT effneicicy of siht edom is baotu %02.
dehcneuQ d niamo omde (fL > 2 X 701 c)s/m.
If eht saib fdlei spord woleb eht iniatsusng fdlei sE gnirud eht evitagen lahf-clcye
sa ohswn ht,e domani c sespallo ebfero ti sehcaer eht ona.ed ehWn eht saib f dlei
sgniws kcab abevo htrdlohse a, enw doniam si detaelcun dna eht prsseco staeper .
erehTfero eht itallicsoosn rucco ta eht freneuqcy of eht noseratn tiucric rehtar naht
ta eht artntis-mite f neuqerc,y tI sah eben fdnuo taht the oserntna f neuqer cy of hte
tiucric si lareves emits eht trtisna-tiem frneuqec,y isnec eno elopid seod ton vahe
hguone tiem ot reujdast dna abrosb eht vatloge of eht rehto selopid . laciteroehT ly,
eht effneicicy of uqencdeh domain llicsoatsro nac rhcae 13%


ASL MOED
Whne eht f neuqercy si evry ,hgih teh do sniam od ton vahe usfftneici mite ot form
Wheli eht fdlei si above dlohserht . sA a retlus, tsom of eht doamisn are niatniam ed
nI eht tageniev nocdcutecna etats dugnir a large frnoitca of hte atlovge cycel. ynA
ccAu talumino of tcelersno raen hte dohtac e has tiem ot c espallo lihwe eht langis si
woleB rhtedlohs. suhT eht ASL edom si .eht simptsel moed of poetarino.


ALAVANEHC TRANTIS TIME D CIVE E:S


DAER DI :EDO
daeR edoid saw eht ftsri soporp ed nalavaceh edoid. ehT cisab arepotgni elpicnirp s
of TTAPMI idoed acn eb isaely srednu tdoo by ftsri u atsredn ngnid the oitarepo n of
daer edoid.
ehT isabc daer doide stsisnoc of fruo laeyrs naemly n+ p I p+ layers. hTe sulp
tpircsrepus refsre ot vrey hhgi odpgni elvels adn ’i‘ tonedes nirtnisci layeA.r egral



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 66

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

esrever saib si eilppad acssor edoid . eht ehcnalava lpitlum ioitacn srucco ni eht
niht ”p“ gerino hwihc is osla cellad eht ihgh fdlei noiger or nalava che noiger .































ehT elohs tareneged dugnir eht a hcnalave orpcsse irdft htrguoh eht nitcisnir region
elihw vomign wotasdr +p atnocct. Teh oigern wtebene +n p itcnujon adn eht i-p+
noitcnuj is onkwn sa spaec egrahc ergoin.
Whne siht edoid si rveesre ibades dna alpced edisni na tcudni iev imc evawor caivty
imc evawor icsolnoitals aer decudorp eud ot eht re tnanos noitca of hte viticapac e
ecnadepmi of eht doide dna civaty cudnitecna. ehT cd bias porew si cvnoedetr int o
imcr evawo rewop by ttah daer idoed licsoltaor.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 76

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

vAa ehcnal lpitlumitacino cocsru nehw the apdeilp reverse saib lovtega si aergt re
neht eht dkaerbonw vgatloe os taht eht psaec ahcreg noiger txeedns fmor +np
noitcnuj thhguor the p dna I reoign,s ot the i to +p nujctino.


TTAPMI OIDDE:
ttapml doides era amnuf derutca gnivah idfftnere fsmro suhc sa n+,+pip nin+p+,
+nn+p rbautp ujnoitcn dna +p i n+ dedoi cnofugir.noita hTe amterlai esud f ro
maunfaerutc of eseht mosed era eireht eGrmainu,m S ,nocili Glalium nesrAide
)sAaG( ro Iidnum ohPsedihp nI( P).
tuO of eseht slairetam , tsehgih fefneicic,y hirehg poegnitar feuqercny dna woler
esion si deniatbo iwth .sAaG tuB eht egatnavdasid htiw aGAs si lpmocex
fbar noitaci ssecorp nad nehce ihgreh ctso. ehT ferugi woleb shosw a esrever
desaib +n ip +p edoid htiw cirtcele fdlei ,noitairav gnipod cnocentnoitar evruss
ecnatsid lpo,t hte rcimoweva atlovge niwsg and eht nerruc t vaitairon .


CINIRPPEL FO EPORAIT:NO
Whne a everres saib v egatlo eecxedgni eht bera nwodk v egatlo si a ,deilpp a hi hg
e cirtcel fdlei sraeppa ssorca eht +n p tcnuji.no sihT ihgh fdlei isnetnity iapmrts
fusftneici renegy ot the ecnelav ortcele ns ot esiar hteesmlsev otni the udnoccito n
nabd. sihT luserts vaahcnale pitlum l noitaci of eloh- nortcele iaprs. htiW usi elbat
gnipod profeli ,ngised it si sopselbi to maek elcirtce fiedl ot have a vrey prahs aepk
ni eht esolc inicivty of eht noitcnuj reuslgnit in tcapmi" nalava che itacilpitlum o"n.
hTsi si a umuclevita ssecorp itluser ng ni dipar esaercni of racrrei isnedt.y
tneverp eht dedoi from ,gninrub a c tnatsno ibas cruose si udes ot maniatni arevage
tnerruc ta asfe litim ,01 ehT idode rrucnet si irtnocbdetu by the udnoccito n
snortcele ihwch mvoe ot eht +n noiger nad eht detaicossa ohles hcihw irdf t
hguorht
eht aetsdy feild adn .c.a f.dlei· ehT doide gniw~s tnio nad uot of lavaa ehcn
noitidnocs dnuer hte inf ecneul of taht everrse saib aetsdy fleid nad eht a.c. fleid.

tnemtrapeD fo BJS,ECE TI egaP 86
oT

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

uDe ot eht irdft emit fo seloh 'gnieb s,llam acreirrs irdft ot hte dne atnoccst ebfero
eht .c.a tlovaeg iwsngs eht edoid tuo of hte ehcnalava Deu ot b gnidliu pu fo
oitallicson,s eht ac.. fdlei sekat renegy from teh ilppaed saib dil the oitallicsons ta
imcvawore f eicneuqers era sustdenia acssor teh edoid. euD ot htis .c.a f,dlei eht
eloh tnerruc sworg exp laitnenoly to a amixmum adn iagan cedasy ex laitnenop ly ot
eZor.
gniruD htis eloh drifgnit pr ,sseco a tsnocant nortcele rrucetn si indecud ni hte
etxelanr riCcuti ihwch strats f gniwol ehwn eloh tnerruc aercehs sti kaep nad
eunitnocs fro lahf ccyle oCrers nidnopg to n evitage sniwg of eht a.c. atlovge as
nwohs ni ferugi suhT a 081 seerged hPaes sihft neewteb eht xeretnla tnerruc dna
ac.. worcimaev tlovage sedivorp a vitagen e Re cnatsis e fro iatsusnde o snoitallics .


ehT rotanoser si uusally tuden ot siht ferqneucy os taht eht IMAPTI edoids
edivorp a Hhgi porew c suounitno evaw (C)W adn deslup cimroweva slangis .











tacilppA isno fo PMIATT doiDes
)i( esUd ni teh flani opwre gatse of losid etats worcim aev trnasrettims f ro
co cinummanoit upropse.
)ii( desU in eht artsnrettim o fVT stsyem.
)iii( desU ni DFMT/DM stsyesm.
)vi( desU as a rcimowaev ecruos in alarobtory fro rusaem etnem uprposes.





tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 96

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 07

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

APARTTT IDOD:E
nociliS is usually uesd fro eht maunfrutcae of TAPARTT doides dna have a
nocf noitarugi of p+ n n+ sa ohswn ehT. p-N jnucnoit is r esreve aibsed benoyd ht e
nwodkaerb erg,noi os ttah hte tnerruc nedsity si regral. sihT rcedesaes hte eleccirt
fdlei ni eht ecaps egrahc noiger adn saercnies eht reirrac tisnart ti.em uDe ot siht,
eht f neuqercy of repoanoit steg derewol to ssel naht 01 GH.z tuB the fefneicic y
steg rcniesaed eud to low rewop di itapisson.
edisnI a oc-axlai osern,rota eht TRPAATT diedo si onrlamly monutde ta a niopt
erehw xamimum RF egatlov swgni si iatbon.de hWen eht nibmoc ed cd saib dna
FR tlovaeg cxeeesd br nwodkae egatlov, avalehcna ccousr nad a plasam of lohse
adn snortcele are negedetar hcihw gste partpe.d nehW eht enretxal tiucric rucrnet
f,swol eht atlovge sires dna hte pparted alpsma steg r desaele orpdgnicu rucrent
eslup orcass eht dirft .ecaps ehT tlato artntis emit si the sum of eht irdft emit and
eht leday rtniodecud by teh esaeler of eht deppart alps.am euD to siht gnoler
tisnart ti,em hte repoanitg f neuqercy is limtide ot 10 zHG. aceBuse hte ucrr tne
eslup si detaicossa wiht wol ,egatlov eht rewop itapissidon si wol gnitluser in
rehgih effneicicy.
ehT navdasidtsega of APARTTT era hgih nesio ferugi dna reneganoit of gnorts
ahr scinom eud ot stroh noitarud of eht rrucetn eslup.
APARTTT edoid fsdni a noitacilpp ni S-abnd deslup narts srettim fro deslup rraa y
radar stsyesm.














tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 17

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





























ehT cirtcele fdlei si exp desser sa





TIRAB T OIDDE ( Barrrei itcejni on artnstim tiem vedisec :)
TTIRAB secived era an ivorpm ed srevino of TTAPMI civedes. MIPTTA cived se
lpmeoy icapmt inoiztaino hcetneuqis cihwh is oot onisy. cneHe ni odrre ot eveihca
wol esion f ,serugi imptca zinoianoit si a dediov ni B IRRATT .secived hTe
miironty i noitcejn is dedivorp by cnuph- hguorht of eht etnirmeetaid geri no
oitelped(n oigern). Teh secorps is lacisab ly of ewolr sione ahtn ipmatc azinoitoin
lbisnopsere fro crruetn itcejnion in na IPMTTA. ehT nitageve r natsisece is
deniatbo on nuoccat of eht irdft of eht tcejnied seloh ot ht ellocetcor edn of eht
p- airetam l.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 27

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


ehT rtsnoc unoitc of a B TTIRA edvcie nocstsiign of timet,re ab,es
etnir etaidem ro irdft or detelped gerino dna oc rotcell. nA e laitness erriuqetnem fro
eht ABRTTI decive is hteerfero ahtt eht ietnr taidem e irdft regino be eeritnl y
detelped ot esuac pnuhc htrhguo ot eht ettimer-esab cnujtnoi iwttuoh nisuacg
hcnalavae brewodka n of eht esab- rotcelloc junnoitc.





















ehT aprcitisa sdluoh be tpek sa wol sa pbissole. ehT laviuqe etn cricuti sdneped o n
eht type of noitaluspacne dna mo gnitnu amek. roF amny ap oitacilp n,s ehtre luohsd
eb a egral cnaticapace ,noitairav small vaule of nimimum pacactiaecn dna eiress
ecnatsiser Rs' tarepOoin si onrlamly litimed ot f0l/ [52 zHG fro iS dna 09 GHz fro
sAaG]. qerFunecy of noitarepo beyodn (f )01/ sdael ot esaercni ni ,R esaerced in
fefneicicy and aercnies ni esion.








tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 37

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
































ARAPME CIRT AMP EIFIL R:S


ehT rapa cirtem ailpmfier si na ilpmafrei isung a ecived esohw caertecna si vaeird
ot ecudorp ailpmfitacion. rotcaraV diedo si teh mots ediwly desu caitev leetnem ni
a rapa cirtem ailpmfrei. tI si a wol esion ailpmfeir esuaceb on tsisernaec si devlovni
ni eht ilpmafgniy orpc.sse erehT lliw eb on ehtrlam ,esion sa eht evitca leenemt
desu devlovni si eratciev c(a )eviticap . Amplif noitaci si niatboed if eht aercecnat si
deirav rtceleolacinly ni soem derpeetrnimed f noihsa .
euD ot eht adatnavge of wol ionse apmlifcia,noit rapartemic ilpmafsrei rae
evisnetxely esud ni stsyesm usch sa gnol ragne sradar, lletasite grdnuo atstsnoi,
oidar ,sepocselet itraiflaic ,setilletas imcrwoeva dnuorg commuincnoita ,snoitats
oidar ortsamony etc.
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 47

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


isaBc raPa cirtem mA reifilp
A tnevnocilano ailpmfrei sesu a avriaelb seristecna dna a d.c. ewopr sppuly. oF r a
rapa cirtem ailpmf,rei a elbairav tcaeraecn dna na ca rewop ppusly rae dedeen.
Pu gnipm langis at f neuqercy fp dna a small edutilpma langis at f neuqer cy fs era
deilppa is atlumnsuoely ot hte ivedce (varaotcr). ehT pump cruose suilppse enregy
ot hte angisl a(t eht isglan f neuqer c)y itluser ng ni ailpmf noitaci. hTis ruccos at ht e
evitca civede erehw the c eviticapa renatcace vseira ta eht uppm frqeunecy.























ehT egatlov carsso hte rotcarav si ercniades by teh pupmign angisl ta eahc angisl
egatlov peka as wohsn evoba .e.i, renegy si atnek fmor eht uppm osuecr dna adedd
ot eht langis ta eht silang fuqerenc.y Wiht na tupni tiucric dna loda detcennoc,
ilpmaf noitaci luserts.
enO trop nno-gedeneetar ailpmfrei si hte mtso co nomm ly usde parartemi c
ailpmfeir. nOly htree seicneuqerf era ovnilved - eht ,pmup eht singal dna eht reldi


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 57

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

f eicneuqers. If pump f neuqercy si f'p hte angisl f neuqercy is f's hten ldier
f neuqercy is fj = fp - f's
If fi = f's neht ti si llaced tarenegeD e ailpmfeir dna
if fi si ton lauqe ot f's neht ti si non-degenreate ailpmfrei.
















sL sC ~ denut tiucric at ngisal fuqerency fs
jL jC ~ utnde cricuti ta reldi f neuqercy fj (pupm f neuqercy tenud tiucric is ont
,)nwohs
ehT uottup can be atkne ta ireld f neuqercy fr iaGn si p lbissoe iwth ihts tpye of
ailpmfeir. esuaceB teh pupm uosrec sevig omre renegy





nI non- enegedreta tpye, lausuly fj > fs gnitluser ni .niag ehT ldire cirtiuc eprtims
renegy ot eb katen fmor the pupm so.ecru Tsih renegy si cotrevned otni angisl
f neuqercy dna ireld f neuqer cy erengy dna ampilfdei uptuot nac be niatboed at
rehtie f neuqer cy.






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 67

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

LNAM EY – ROEW R TALE I :SNO


roF eht tedertanimino fo xamimum gani of eht para cirtem ailpmf,rei a tes of rewop
itavresnocon italerosn nwonk sa lnaM" ey-Ro"ew italerosn era queti esuflu.














owt nisu ladios langiss fp dna fs adeilpp aorcss a ssollsse tiem avryign non-li raen
c ecnaticapa jC )t(. tA teh tuptuo of siht avryign apacc ,ecnati ahrmoscin of eht owt
f seicneuqer fp dna fs rae detareneg .
esehT ahrcinom s are etarapesd suign band-pass ftliesr nivahg evry anrorw
tdiwdnab h.
ehT rewop at htees ha cinomr fre seicneuq is detapissid in eht erspeevitc tsiseri ev
daols.


rFom eht law of snocernoitav of energ,y we haev













tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 77

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ehT vobae italerosn are dellac lnaM" ey-Ro"ew powre nocstavreino tauqeisno .
Whne hTe ewopr si su deilpp by eht tow nege ,srotar hten Pmn si po .evitis nI htsi
c,esa rewop will fwol otni eht non-laenir acp .ecnatica If ti si eht otreh wa,y ehtn
Pnm si negavite.













sA an xeapml,e let su disnocre eht caes wehn eht prewo uptuot fwol si lalewod at
eht sum f neuqer cy fp + fs nol,y whti lla teh reamignin ahrcinoms ebign nepo
c etiucri d. htiW eht abevo sert itcuro,sn the eititnauqs ‘'m nad ‘n' nac atke no
seulav -0,1 dna serptceively.






ehT opsrew P0dna1 01P era cisnoderde p ,evitiso rehwesa 11P si disnoceerd
vitagene. :. hTe wopre niag defdeni sa hte rewop uptuot fmor teh non-lienra
roticapac edlderevi to eht daol ta sum freeuqcny to taht prewo erceidev by ti ta a
f neuqercy fs si vigen by










tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 87

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

suhT eht rewop iagn si eht raoit of ptuout ot pniut f neuqerc.y sihT tpye of
rapa cirtem ecived is dellac S"um-f neuqercy rapa cirtem alpmif"rei ro pu"-
c trevnoer".
nO hte ehtor dnah, if hte angisl f neuqercy si fp + fs dna uottup f neuqer cy is fs'
neht







sihT tepy of rapartemic ecived will onw eb llaced ap"ra cirtem down-evnocrte "r
adn eht powre niag ebcsemo woper aunettaiton.


NIP IDOED AND ITS LPPAITACI:NO


ehT IPN oidde is a p-t,epy irtnin,cis n-tpye idoed csnoignits of a rranow laeyr of p-
type seimc tcudnoor and a orranw larey of n-type seimc tcudnoo,r whti a ihtcke r
noiger of irtnincis or evry gilhtly n-epodd se udnocim crot iretam al iwdnasc deh
neewteb htem.


nociliS si teh secimo rotcudn onramlly used esuaceb of sti woper nildnahg
ilibapacty dna ti offsre hgih evitsiserly fro the cisnirtni oigern. ,tuB won-a-dasy
illaGum nesrAied G(a)sA si aosl gnieb desu. lateM lasrey era attacdeh fro tcatnoc
soprupes. Ist niam acilppa snoit era ni rcimowaev ihctiws ng dna domunoital.











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 97

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


NIP idoed cats as a moer or sels nidroary edoid at f seicneuqer uotp obaut 010
HMz. tA hhgi f neuqer c,sei ti saeces ot reitcfy dna neht cats sa a viraaelb atsiser nec
htiw na uqeitnelav tiucric dna a retsisaecn-tlovaeg c tcaraheriscits nI. 'hte
e tnelaviuq c ,tiucri Land C reserpetn eht pakcaeg udnicnatce dna capa ecnatic p p
levitcepser y. R is hte klub seimccudnotro layre dna c tcatno retsisa.ecn R. adn C .
tneserper eht cepsertive noitcnuj atsisernec dna ticapacaecn of eht cisnirtni larey .
Whne hte saib si vaired no hte IPN edoid, its cimrwoaev resinatsce .R hcaegns
fmor a tipycla eulav of 6 K rednu J
evitagen saib to hrepasp 5 Q ehwn eht ibas si evitisop T.h,su if eht edoid si
modetnu assorc a 05 Q oc-laixa l,eni ti lliw nto ingisftnacily ldao htis enil whne ti
si kcab-iba,des so taht eht rewop fwol wlli not eb tnierferde iwt.h H ,revewo if hte
edoid si now f drawro ,desaib sti reisecnats rdspo ingisftnacily ot 5Q, os taht oms t
of eht rewop si erfdetcel dna drahly any is tnars ;dettim teh edoid is gnitca sa a
ctiwsh.















ILPPA C OITA N FO NIP IDODE AS ISNELG POEL S CTIW H:


A NIP edoid can be desu ni rehtie a eiress ro a stnuh nocf noitarugi ot fmro a
elgnis-elop, isnelg-rhtow RF tiwsch. These cistiucr are hsonw htiw saib entrowks
olebw.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 08

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


nI eht seires nocf noitarugi eht hctiws si NO nehw leht edoid si f drawro desaiB dna
FFO nehw ti si resreve .desaib ,tuB ni shtnu nocf noitarugi of fordraw gnisaib hte
doide stuc"-ffo' hte oissimsnart n nad rsrevee nisaibg hte doide serusne
nartsssimino fmor niptu ot ptuou.t ehT DC skcolb sdluoh hvae a evry olw
ecnadepmi at RF oeprgnita f neuqercy nad RF ekohc in rotcuds hsodlu evah ver y
hgih FR i nadepm ce.




















laedIl,y a hctiws shoudl haev zore snieitron ssol ni eht NO tatse dna nif etini
a noitaunett ni eht OFF .etats Recitsila siwtcgnih eleme,stn of co,esru lusert ni
soem snieitron ssol fro eht ON etats adn fetini noitaunetta fro eht OFF tatse eud t o
non-orez f drawro ibas r ecnatsise .
Siraliml,y fro esrever bsai tnuhs acp rotica si nto nifetini & non-orez noitresni loss
tlusers. aceBues of eht grale brodkaewn voegatl (005= lovt)s compdera ot na
anidrory ,edoid NIP diedo nac be ibades at hihg tagenive gerino so ttah grale .ac.
,langis uspreipmodes on c.d. nnacot ekam the ivedce f drawro saibe.d




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 18

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

roFwdra :saiB hWen eht NIP oidde si f drawro iba,des eht icapactsro C dna C .
tsomla evaheb sa onep stiucric os taht eht equilavetn ctiucri can now be siilpmfdei
erehw Rf si eht total f drawro sisertecna of eht NIP edoid nevig by















.. ehT doide idepmacne dZ of eht NIP idoed si nevig by






esreveR :saib nehW eht NIP edoid si vereesr ,desaib eht capacitance of eht
cisnirtni layer .C becsemo ingisftnaci and rR lliw eb eht uqeivtnela esrever
ecnatsiser dna eht ismpilfdei tnelaviuqe ccriiut for esrever desaib IPN edoid can eb
c detcurtsno as hsonw.
ehT edoid i nadepm ce dZ of eht NIP oidde unred everres b,sai si tehn nevig by


esreveR :saib nehW eht NIP edoid si vereesr ,desaib eht capacitance of eht
cisnirtni layer .C becsemo ingisfacitn and rR lliw eb eht uqeivtnela esrever
ecnatsiser dna eht ismpilfdei tnelaviuqe ciucrit for esrever desaib IPN edoid can eb
c detcurtsno ;
ehT edoid i nadepm ce dZ of eht NIP oidde unred everres b,sai si tehn nevig by




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 28

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


















NIP OIDDE SA TDPS S :HCTIW


elgniS-elop doelbu htrwo )TDPS( noitca acn eb deniatbo by isung a riap fo NIP
sedoid htieer ni ireses nocf noitarugi ro ni stnuh nocf noitarugi as nwohs nI. t eh
seires nocfrugi oitan of ferugi ,)a(92.3 ehwn DI si frowdra desaib adn zD srevere
,desaib c tcenno ino si dehsilbatse tebwnee RF tupni dna tuptuo I dna on tuptuo ta
TUPTUO II.


Whne eht ibagnis condnoiti si reevrdes (D( reesrev ibades adn zD of drawr esaibd),
c noitcenno si batselsihde neewteb FR niptu adn tuptuo II.
















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 38

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


nI eht tnuhs nocf noitarugi nehw 3D si f drawro ,desaib ti ebcosem stroh detiucric
gniworht an nepo circtiu ta FR intup enil ju noitcn eud to IA( )4 sec.noit 4D i s
esrever desaib os htat ti cebosem onep ctiucri hgih( i nadepm ce )etats nad
c noitcenno si lbatseishde wtebene FR tupni dna tuptuo .II nehW 3D si esrever
desaib nad 4D fawrord saibe,d nnocetcino is ilbatseshed ebtneew RF upnit nad
tuptuo I.


OHCS TYKT BRRAIRE IDO:ED


ttohcSky breirra diedo si a ihposs detacit vsreino of eht tniop-nocttca nocilis cryslat
,edoid whniere teh emtla-se nocimdrotcu jcnutnoi os formed si a usrfeca rehtar tahn
a tniop contatc.
ehT navdatega of ohcsttky doide revo tniop octcatn crtsyal oidde si hte leinimatino
of ironim ty acrreir fwol ni eht resreve-saibed noitidnoc of eht ido.ed euD ot ihts
lei oitanim n of seloh, tereh is on leday eud to lohe-leecnort cerobminoitan (cihwh
si tneserp ni cnujnoit d )sedoi dna ecneh eht oeprnoita si f.retsa esuaceB of regral
tcatnoc raea of itcerfyign atnocct coapmred to cratsyl edoid, hte f drawro sisertcnae
si ewolr sa aosl esion. Nesio fserugi sa low as d3B vahe neeb atboiden tiwh sehte
doides. tsuJ ekil crtsyal edoids, hte ohcsttky sedoid are laso sued in itcetedon nad
niximg.














tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 48

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



















ehT curtsnoctnoi of ttohcsky oidde si sullittared ni ferugi (03.3a.) hTe doide
snocstsi of +n nocilis srtsbuaet puon hcihw a niht larey of nocilis of 2 ot 3 orcim n
ssenkciht is ixatipeally .nworg hTen a niht i gnitalusn layer of iliscno edixoid i s
nworg lamrehtl.y After gninepo a wodniw t hguorh maiksng corpe,ss a melat-
se udnocim crot ujitcnon si fdemro by opedsignit melat revo iSO
2. ttohcsky edoid
hcihw si tsomla iditnecal htiw ahtt of crsytla dedoi.





















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 58

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


DEDNEMMOCER QUTSEOINS NO TINU- 3

1. tahW si “ nnuG ceffEt?” htiw a taen margaid exnialp eht curtsnoc itanol desliat
d NNUG fo iedo.
2. Exnialp eht tnereffid sedom fo noitarepo fo nuGn edoid csolialtro.
3. Exnialp RWH yroeht rof refsnarT nortcele ivedecs.
4. nialpxE eht owt yellav oehtry ledom .
5. tahW era sedom fo noitarepo fo nnuG ,edoid exnialp.
6. htiW taen margaid exnialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo DAER diedo.
7. htiW taen margaid exnialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo TTAPMI oidde.
8. htiW taen margaid exnialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna oprenoita fo TTAPART diedo.
9. htiW taen margaid nialpxe eht noitcurtsnoc dna noitarepo fo ABRTTI oidde.
10. htiW taen margaid exnialp eht noitcurtsnoc dna op noitare fo YKTTOHCS
reirrab edoid.
11. nialpxE eht noitarepo fo a cisab cirtemarap reifilpma htiw erauqs evaw
gnipmup .
12. tahW era YELNAM –REWO snoitaler ? woH era yeht lufesu ni srednutandign
rtemarap ic sreifilpma .

























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 68

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



TINU – 4

EVAWORCIM N OWTERK TH YROE AND SSAP EVI VEDIECS

NOITCUDORTNI

A orcimweva netkrow stsisnoc of gnilpuoc of avrsuoi orcimweva comp tnenos nad
secived cush sa nettau,srota esahp ihsfte,sr ampilfie,sr otanoserrs et,.c ot uosrecs
hguorht narts noissim lisen ro sediugevaw . Co noitcenn of owt ro more rcimovawe
secived dna copmonents ot a gnisle tniop userlst ni a cimr evawo jcnutnoi.
nI a wol f neuqer cy ent,krow eht intup dna uottup lbairaves era tlovgae dna ucrnert
hcihw acn eb reetald ni etrsm of idepm naec Z-rapa ,sretem ro attimdaecn Y-
rapatemsre ro hrbyid h-rapa sretem ro ABDC rapatemesr. hTees alert spihsnoi fro a
owt-trop nekrowt of fugire 1.4 nac eb perrsenedet by


























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 78

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
















esehT rapa ,sretem ,Z h,Y dna ADeB rapma srete can eb eisaly me derusa ta low
f seicneuqer rednu ohsrt ro nepo tiucric nocidsnoit dna can eb sued fro analyznig
eht tiucric .
ehT ph lacisy gnelth of eht deeciv ro eht enil ta imcorwvae f ,seicneuqer is
corapmalbe ot ro umch egralr ahtn eht vawe .htgnel euD to hti,s the gatlove nad
tnerruc era idfftluci ot rusaem e sa aosl the evoba nemtdenoi praa .sretem Teh
snosaer fro siht aer lsitde sa olebw.
)a( iuqEptnem is ton a lbaliave to saemure hte latot voegatl and atotl tnerruc ta any
opnit.
)b( revO a diwe narge of f ,seicneuqer ohsrt dna nepo stiucric are fidftluci ot
ilaerze.
)c( evitcA secived suhc sa rewop tsisnarto,sr lennut sedoid cte, lliw mocebe
elbatsnu unred ohsrt ro nepo tiucric tidnocisno .
erehTf,ero a wen repr noitatnese si deened ot revoocem sehte lborpesm at
imc evawor f icneuqere.s ehT lacigol iravablse era vartegnil awevs rehtar naht
segatlov dna c tnerrus dna eseht vairaelbs rae ladeleb sa "cSa gnirett ro S-
rapa sretem ". esehT aprmaesret fro a owt trop krowten era rperetnesed sa nwohs in
ferugi 2.4 .





tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 88

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01











esehT S-praaetemrs can eb perretnesed ni an noitauqe form reladet to eht rtavenilg
sevaw
a2a,1 dna b1 2b htruog h








MMYS E CIRT AL Z DNA Y MRTAISEC ROF RERPIC OLAC WTEN OKR


nI a lacorpicer tenwor,k eht noitcnuj aidem era cha deziretcar by sralac lacirtcele
sretemarap naemly basetulo epr ilibaem ty I..l dna osbaletu eprvittimity E . In usch
a ,krowten eht idepmaecn dna hte adttimacne ecirtam s becaem symmet.lacir Thsi
reporpty nac eb prvoed by disnocegnir na N-trop entowrk. eLt jE dna Hi eb hte
vitcepsere irtcelec nad tengam ic fdlei tniesniseit at eht i
ht
potr and tel teh ott la
egatlov oV = 0 ta lap lorst fro n = ,0 2,1 .... extpec ta h1ipotr.
ralimiS ly if E. dna H. aer deredisnoc fro eht i
ht
trop htiw V = 0 ta othre opr,st ehtn
icorpicer morf ty hteorme .


S- RTAMIX REERPS TATNE INO OF MU OPITLRT ENTOWR:K


teL su won c redisno a j noitcnu of "n" nurebm of ralugnatcer vaweugised sa ohsnw
ni ferugi 4.4. nI siht ,esac lla 'a" "s eserper nt eht tnedicni sevaw ta re evitceps trops


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 98

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

dna lla "s'b" eht erflected waevs fmor teh mi evaworc ju noitcn comign tuo of hte
evitcepser p.stro
nI htis sace osla, auqetsnoi (4.)81 and 4(.)91 era litsl ilavd wrehe S.. dna .S have
eht f gniwollo aemngnis:
=iiS ettacS rgni eocfftneici pserroc ognidn to the tupni porew alppied at
JI eht h1iptro dna tuoptu rewop cognim otu of j
th
trop dna
jjS = rettacSign eocfftneici pserroc ognidn to teh rewop papdeil ta teh i
th
oprt " . and
tuptuo nekat otu of troph1i lestif. sihT ocefftneici si a mesauer of tnuoma of
msi hctam neewteb the i
th
trop dna eht itcnujno.

















sA an xeaelpm tel us c redisno a tow-optr entkrow sa shnwo ni fugire 5:4.















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 09

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ehT leraoitnpihs. bewtene eht icnidtne dna refdetcel sevaw ni etrsm of gnirettacs
coeffstneici nac eb irwtnet sa













































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 19

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 29

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

EPORPR SEIT FO S-MRTAIX
nI lareneg the rettacs nig rapaemrets aer copmlxe ititnauq es haivng the f gniwollo
:seitreporP
reporPty )1( : ehWn nay 1Zh trop is eprfetcly maehctd ot teh jutcni,no ehtn ereht
era on erf noitcels fmor taht p.tro Thsu S .=. .O If lla eht trops era repftcel y
amt,dehc thne hte eladign idaanogl II leemetns lliw lla eb orez.
reporPty )2( : Smmyetcir reporPty of S-tamri:x- If a orcimweva ujnnoitc sitasf sei
icorpicerty nocdnoiti dna if hteer are on vitcae ,secived neht S para sretem era
elauq ot hteri ocrerspognidn nartssesop.

































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 39

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

reporPty (3:)- tinUary reporpty fro a lssoless j :noitcnu-
.sihT reporp ty ssetat thta fro any l sselsso netw,kro eht sum of eht stcudorp of hcae
etrm of anyoen row ro anyoen locumn of eht [JS tamrxi tiwh sti coelpmx
etagujnoc is inuty.
oorPf:- morF teh nirpcelpi of esnocrnoitav of reneg,y if eht noitcnuj si sselssol ,
neht eht rewop tupni muts eb lauqe ot opwre .tuptuo Teh edicnint adn erf detcel
sevaw era erldeta ot the tnedicni and erfledetc tlovages by










Whne eht noitcnuj si l ,sselsso neht on laer poewr nac eb dereviled ot eht krowten.
,suhT if eht iretcarahc scit i cnadepm es of lla eht strop aer dielacitn adn ssaudem ot
eb inuty p(erftcely noraml,)dezi the arevaeg prewo eviled rde ot jucntnoi si rezo.






















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 49

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 59

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


sihT orprepty of noitauqe )87.4( on []S amrtxi si sotemisem dellac "REZO
RPOPETRY", nI rowd,s noitauqe 7.4(7) tatses taht eht tcudorp of any oclunm fo
[]S htiw eht pmoclxe cgujnoaet of taht locunm sevig inut,y hwiel eq noitau )87.4(
setats taht eht dorpuct of any locunm of []S htiw eht co xelpm c etagujno of a
fidftnere locunm gives orez.


treporP y )4( :- PHASE-FIHST ORPPRETY
Coelpmx S-raparetems of a rowtenk era edfdeni tiwh cepsert ot the itisoposn of
eht trop ro erfecnere lpane.s roF a wto-oprt krowten htiw urpnimed erf ecnere
senalp 1 dna 2 sa hsonw ni ferugi ,6.4 eht S-rapameetrs evah edfetini co xelpm
seulav .



















Whne the erf ecnere plsena 1 nad 2 are ihsftde tuowdra to I' and 2' by rtcelei lac
esahp ihsf,st







tnemtrapeD fo S,ECE TIBJ egaP 69

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

sihT eporprty si vadil fro any nurebm of strop .
.. roF n"" nubmer of ,strop










ehT evoba reporp ty si cdella eht "HPAES SHITF ORPPTREY" ilppacelba ot a ihsft
of erf ecnere senalp .


APMOC R NOSI EBT NEEW []S, []Z DNA []Y TAMR :SECI


We onkw taht i adepm nec ro ad cnattime rtamix for na N-ropt tenwork perrneset lal
eht tiucric siretcarahc itsc of eht ecived ta any nevig freneuqcy. iLke eht pmieecnad
ro adattimnec irtamx fro na N-oprt wtenor,k eht [S] xirtam laso sedivorp q
cotelpme pircsedtnoi fo eht tenwrok as sene ta sti N po.str elihW the []Z dna [ ]Y
amtsecir etaler eht tatol gatloves nad rucrestn ta eht strop, hte []S amtxir taleres hte
egatlov awevs icnidetn no hte ropts ot htoes refdetcel fmor eht ropts .
rFom qeunoita (,)25.4 eht rettacs ign maxirt []S si leradet to eht imp ecnade tamrix
]Z[ by


nI a isalimr way, hte r ihsnoitalep tebween [S] dna eht adttimanec [Y] acn slao eb
erpxessed as









tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 79

sevaworciM & aRrad 45CE01

rahc ehTatcecitsirs co nomm tebwnee ,]S[ []Z dna []Y :


)i( eht nurebm of leemestn ni lla teseh tamrecis era saem.
)ii( fro acorpicerl ent ,skrow all hte 3 amtrisec [,]S [Z] dna []Y are smmye cirt
ecirtam s.
)iii( hTe vdaa segatn of gnirettacs tamrxi []S revo []Z adn []Y can eb siltde as
:woleb


)1( gnisU rcimovawe aemsruetnem etcinhq,seu freneuqc,y VS,RW rewop nad
esahp of evaworcim sislang nac eb isaely me .derusa usaeM retnem fo RWSV is
gnihton tub rusaem metne of ,)a/b( ewopr si emaruseemnt of a2lalnd usaem ernemt
of esahp si rusaem emetn of hcuS.2b a tcerid oen-ot-noe italeroihsnp seod not xeits
htiw []Z ro []Y rapamesret.


ehT)2( opwre italerosn of sselssol rcimoevaw stiucric nad eciveds can be idaerly
dekcehC by gnisu nuiatry reporpty of []S amt.xir uSch a iuqck ckceh si not
elbaliava wiht []Z or []Y secirtam .


)3( hTe esac of []Z and []Y secirtam , eht vosegatl and rucrestn rae fnucsnoit of
co xelpm i cnadepm es adn adattimnsec pserectevily. ehWn eht erfcneree senalp rae
,degnahc hteer si hcagne ni tobh ingamtude dna esahp of eht mip secnade and
ad ecnattims. ,tuB ni the sace of []S ,xirtam the egnahc ni erfcneree enalp gnahc se
noly eht phesa of eht sc gniretta para sretem .











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 89

sevaworciM & daRra 45CE01


SNOITSEUQ DEDNEMMOCER TINU ROF – 4

1. Exnialp eht alertnoi btewnee tnedicni adn r detcelfe wseva ni etrsm fo
gnirettacs rapaemtres ofr a two trop tenwkro. oslA exnialp hpylacis
acifingis nec fo s-rapaemtsre.
2. hcihW pr eitrepo s era co nomm in ,S Z dna Y amtecirs?
3. Two issimsnart on niles fo arahc c citsiret mi secnadep jZ and 2Z aer
denioj ta enalp .'PP xEsserp s - rapamesret ni etrsm of iepmdnacse
4. etatS nad exnialp eht seitreporp fo S-para sretem
5. Exnialp S- tamrix r tatneserpe ino fo iumtlitrop tenwkro.
6. tahW era teh davtnaaseg fo S rapatemesr orev Z and y rapaemters ?
































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 99

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


INUT -5
IMRCOWAEV PSASIVE EDVICES

OC-AXIAL ACB ,SEL ENNOC C SROT DNA ADATPESR


laixaoC Cselba rciMoevaw comptnenos and secived era retniconnedetc sui gn
eseht oc-axlai calbes fo elbatius tgnelh dna orepadet at worcimaev f seicneuqer . In
siht noitces tel su nocsredi soem arpclacit asepcst of eseht oc-laixa calbe.s MET
moed is gaporpadet htrhguo hte oc-aixal enil dna eht oetur coudnctor sediug ehtes
slangis ni teh eleidctric ecaps wtebene lestif adn ennir co rotcudn .
ehT tuoer c otcudno r alos stca sa a ihsedl ot prevetn eht exnretal signsla ot etnirfere
htiw hte lanretni sngia.l tI osla stneverp eht ietnrlan langis elaegak. ehT co-aixal
selbac uslauly psessos rahcaetcriscit idepmaecn of rehtie 50 ohsm ro 75 ohms
desaB no the curtstrue of ,gnidleihs coaixal selbac are alcsisfdei inot eerht sabi c
epyts.
)i( elbixelF oc-laixa C:elba erugiF 1.5 wohss eht rutcurtse of fleelbix-tepy of oc-
laixa elbac tsisnoc ing fo wol ssol dilos ro fmao tepy oplyethylene cirtceleid .
rtcelEoamgciten shleidgni si predivod fro uotre lgnise diarb ro odbule diarb of eht
f elbixel elbac sa ohsw,n by usgni ttinked melat eriw .hsem ehT ecntre tcudnocor
lausuly ocnstsis of umlit dnarts wier.














tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 001

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


)ii( Seim-igird oc-ixaal elbac: rugiFe .52 hsosw hte ssorc- anoitces l weiv of seim-
digir oc-laixa .elbac Sime girid oc-laixa baclse ekam esu of niht retuo tcudnocor
maed of reppoc dna a gnorts renni ocncudtro osla edam of pocp.re hTe noiger
neewteb eht nnier and retuo nocdrotcu ocntasni a dilos leideirtcc. sehTe lbaces
nac tneb fro ocnevninet gnituor and era ont sa flbixele as eht ftsri tpye.
















()lli digiR co-laixa cab:el erugiF 5.3 ohsws teh erutcurts of a digir oc-laixa lbace
c nitsisnog of renni nad retuo c cudno tro iwth ari sa d cirtcelei . oT usptrop hte nnie r
cudnocrot ta eht cetnre tceleidrci ecapsrs are cudortnied ta ergluar slavretni sa
wohsn. Teh cihtkssen of eseht cirtceleid apscsre si amde slaml os thta htey do ont
ecudorp isginfictna ids itiunitnoces ot eht awve gaporp aiton.















tnemtrapeD fo E TIBJS,EC egaP 101

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

oC-aixal acbsel nac eb desu otpu worcimaev -egnar of fre seicneuq . eByodn these
f seicneuqer itaunettaon cebosem evry ralge ecnis( itaunettaon sesaercni iwht
f neuqerc)y whcih makse oc-laixa caselb uns elbatiu at hihger fqeru .seicne emoS
itsiretcarahc cs of natsddra laixaoc cselba wtih rieht oidar ediug (GR) adn evinurlas
)U( nuebmrs gnola iwth otcudnoc r enni(r adn )retuo dime snoisn .

oCaxlai Connceotrs adn Adatpres:
tcennocretnIino ebtwene oc-aixal caselb and vaworcim e compenonst si ihcae dev
htiw eht pleh of leihsdde tsaadnrd nocnrotces. ehT egareva cricumferecne of eht
oc-laixa lbace, fro mar hgih f neuqercy poernoita tsum eb liimted ot tuoba o en
tgnelevaw h. hTis qerurietnem si a IV assecen ry ot ecuder orppagatnoi ta rehgih
mosed dna osla ot lemietani citarre erflenoitc ocefficstnei RWSV( cleso ot inut)y,
langis itrotsid on dna rewop sessol. lareveS tsepy of oc-laixa c srotcenno haev eebn
depoleved adn soem of htem era de debircs eblwo.



)a( CPA 3.5 (Amphneol noisicerP ennoC crot - 5.3 )mm
PH ttelweH( - akcaPrd) lanigiroly levedoped siht ,rotcennoc tub it si won gnieb
maunf derutca by Amp loneh. sihT cennoctro nac etarepo pu ot a f neuqercy of 43
zHG dna sah a evry lwo egatlov tsaidnng vawe oitar V(S .)RW hTsi nnocetcor
edivorps ataeper bel co noitcenn s nad sah 05 Q tcarahceitsirc ipmedecna. hTe amel
ro felame of AMS rotcennoc nac eb cennoc tde ot eht etisoppo tpye of CPA 5.3
c otcennor.


)b( CPA -7 (Amponehl Pr noisice c tcennoor -7 )mm
sihT co otcennr aws laso levedodep by HP but iorpmvde altre by Am .lonehp sihT
rotcennoc p edivors reepaelbat co oitcennns dna sued fro evry cacetaru 05 oh m
emaruseemnt papcilatisno. hTis co otcenn r prdivoes a uocpgnil emcinahsm uohtiwt



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 201

ciM sevawor & radaR 45CE01

amle ro felame tsidicntnoi ,.e.i( )sselxes anidts VSRW si txereemly l,wo ssel naht
20.1 ni eht rf neuqecy regna otpu 18 zHG.


)c( CNB (Batenoy aNvy C tcennoo)r
sihT cennoctro saw depoleved udrgni Wodlr aWr II dna esud fro atilimr y
a oitacilpp ns. tI sah c citsiretcarah i adepm nce 05 ot 57 Q dna is detcennoc t o
f elbixel oc-aixal clbae htiw diaretems tpuo 536.0 c.m tI is etxenevisly sued ni
tsomla lla eceltinorc gnirusaem uqepistnem uotp 1 GzH of f .seicneuqer CNB ac n
eb desu veen puot 4 GzH f neuqercy dna beyodn taht ti
strats aidartgni tceleroma citeng enregy.


)d( AMS (buS-Mtainiuer A t)epy
sihT tepy of tcennocor si osla dellac OMS rotcennoc sa ti is maunfrutcaed b y
Oinm-epSctra nIc. SAM ocn rotcens era udes on copmotnens for cimrovawe
metsyss. ehT d avdasintega htiw eseht ocnenctsro si taht ta hgih frqeu seicne ergaret
naht 42 G,zH ti nitdorusec ehgihr oedrromdse dna ecneh nto desu aboev 42 zHG.






















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 301

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 401

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

)e( CMS (buS-Mtainiuer C-tpye)
sihT rotcennoc is amnuf derutca by aeSlrtceo oCrropanoit and sti siez si msa rell
naht AMS nnocect.ro tI is a 05 Q c rotcenno taht stcennoc f elbixel calbes otpu a
idaretem of 713.0 cm adn desu upot a freeuqcny of 7 HGz.
0( CNT (T dedaerh aNvy C tcennoo)r
sihT cennoctro si na mivorped srevino of BNC ni eht esnes that ti si t dedaerh. hTis
gnidaerht prevstne rdainoita ta hgih f cneuqerise os taht ti nac be sued otpu uobat
21 zHG neuqerf cy.
)g( Tepy-N (Tepy-Navy) c rotcenno
tI si a 05 Q ro 57 Q rotcennoc hagniv a evry wol eulav of RWSV ssel htan 20.1 .
sihT aws evedldepo dgniru Wodlr War II adn netxesevily desu as a rcimovawe
emaruseemnt ennocctor pu ot a f neuqer cy of 18 GzH.


:SROTAUNETTA
nI redro ot lortnoc porew slevel ni a rcimwoeva ssytem by plaitraly a gnibrosb eht
nartsettimd orcimwvae ,langis ttaeunasrot era lpmeodey. tsiseR iev fmlis tceleid(rci
ssalg lsab aoctde wiht )gadauqa era sued in teh isedgn of tobh fdexi adn lbairave
a rotaunett s.
A oc-laixa fdexi ttaenrotau sesu teh eleidctrci solsy maetrlai inisde eht ertnec
rotcudnoc of eht oc-axlai enil ot abrosb some of eht certne rotcudnoc mi vaworce
prewo agaporptgni htrhguo ti ide cirtcel dor sediced hte auomnt of noitaunetta
ecudortni d. Teh rcimoevaw rewop ab debros by teh solsy lairetam is detapissid as
aeht.











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 501

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



































nI wavediuge,s eht ide cirtcel lsab taoced iwth gadauda si lpaced at eht rtnece fo
eht iugevaw de lellarap ot eht maximum E-fdlei fro animod nt OIET moed. cudnI de
tnerruc no hte solsy m laireta eud ot icnoimng imc evawor ,langis erstlus in po rew
oitapissidn, daelign to itaunettaon of eht sig.lan ehT irtceleidc lsab si tapered at
htob sdne puto a nelght of erom naht hlaf htgnelevaw to uderce ref snoitcel sa
nwohs in ferugi 7.5. The irtceleid c bals may be edam elbavom agnol teh tdaerbh of
eht evawgediu by usp gnitrop it tiwh wto dleieirtcc rosd esptaraed by an dod
muelpitl of retrauq guied nelevaw ght dna pre lucidnep ar to cirtcele ifdle. nehW eht
bals si ta eht nect,er tneh eht unettaanoit si maximum (cnise hte eleirtcc fdlei si
artnecnoc etd ta eht cnetre fro ETIO )edom and nehw ti is vomed otwsdra eno sied-

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 601

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

,llaw eht unetta anoit gseo no cedrisaeng ehtreby co illortn ng eht imc evawor woper
gninroc uot of eht ehtor trop.

























erugiF .58 wohss a fpal ttaetaunor ihwch is osla a ravialbe ttaenu.rota A seim-
ralucric fpal edam of solsy eleidctcir si made ot dnecsed iotn eht lo lanidutign olst
tuc ta eht certne of eht pot wall of erc alugnatr ugevawi.ed Whne eht flap si
co etelpm ly ouedist hte ,tols neht eht unettaatino si orez dna nehw ti si co etelpm l y
,edisni eht unetta anoit si maximum. A maximum diercnoit of 09 Bd noitaunetta is
lbissope tiwh ihts ttae rotaun whti a VSRW of .50.1 hTe leidetcric bals cna be
rprepoly epahsd occargnid to vnocecneine to teg a aenilr tairavino of unettaaoitn
nihtiw eht htped of snienoitr.
A noisicerp tepy ravialbe taunetta or isnocsst of a ralugnatcer ot cricralu tisnart ino
,)TeR( a eceip of cricural gevaw uedi (C)W adn a cricural-ot-ercatnralug nartsoitin
)TRC( as hsonw in ferugi 9.5. iseRsevit crads R , naRd R era pcaled disnie sehte
snoitces sa nwohs . hTe ertnec icrraluc oitcesn gniniatnoc eht reitsisve drac bR nac

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 701

sevaworciM & radaR 5CE01 4

eb esicerply tatored by 6300 htiw epserct ot eht owt fdexi evitsiser .sdrac hTe
udnicde c tnerru no hte evitsiser drac R eud to eht tnedicni langis is detapissid as
taeh cudorpign nettauatnoi of eht narts dettim slangi. ET moed ni CRT si trevnoc ed
tnio ET ni ralucric awveediug. ehT tsiseriev sdrac R adn R a tpek idneprep cluar t o
eht cirtcele fdlei of OIET edom so taht it dseo ton basbro eht enreg.y tuB an y
co tnenopm lellarap ot ist enalp lliw be idaerly osbar.deb He,ecn rupe ET edom is
edeticx ni ciralucr wvaediuge tcesino. II


If eht re evitsis drac ni eht ceertn noitces si kept ta na elgna 8 evitaler ot eht E-fdlei
noitcerid of eht llET ,edom eht conopmetn E c8so lellarap ot eht acrd teg brosbade
elihw eht copmotnen E nis 8 si nartsdettim uohtiwt ttaenu .noita Tsih co enopm nt
flanily comes tuo as E θ2nis as hsonw ni fugire 01.5.





























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 801

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

















SAHPE SHFITER:S
A evaworcim esahp shifret si a owt trop vedice hcihw prodsecu a v elbaira ihsft in
esahp of eht icnonimg cimr evawo si.lang A sselssol ide cirtcel lsab nehw ecalpd
edisni hte re lugnatc ar ediugevaw udorpces a esahp ihsft.


SAHP NOISICERPE RETFIHS
ehT atorry tepy of erpcnoisi esahp shifret si nwohs ni ferugi 21.5 hwich stsisnoc of
a ralucric wa diugev e c gniniatno a lssoless ide cirtcel talpe of htgnel 2l cdella h"alf-
evaw esct"noi, a seitcon of tceralugnar-ot-riccluar nartsoitin ciatnonign a lselssos
cirtceleid alpte of htgnel ,l cadell "q retrau-weva escnoit", detneiro ta na aelgn of
°54 to hte daorber lawl of hte atcernralug wav ediuge and a ralucric -to- lugnatcer ar
noitisnart again atnocignin a sselssol diceletcir etalp of emas nelght 1 trauq(er
evaw oitcesn) etneirod at na elgna 45.° ehT tnedicni ETIO edom bceosem ETll
moed ni c ralucri waveediug stceino. Teh lahf-evaw tcesino rpoudces a hpase ihsft
lauqe ot eciwt that prodecud by eht qutraer weva noitces . The ideelccirt setalp rae
derepat ta boht dnes ot ecuder erf snoitcel due to itnocsid niuty.







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 901

vaworciM se & radaR 45CE01




















Whne OIET edom si gaporpadet t hguorh the tupni ratcenralug wa ediugev of hte
tcera ralugn ot alucricr tr ,noitisna neht ti si detrevnoc otni llET in eht ricclura
ediugevaw setcino. Let ;E eb eht xamimum cirtcele fdlei htgnerts of siht edom
hcihw si r evlosed otni co nenopm t,s IE pallarel ot eht petal nad 2E pepre ralucidn to
lE as swohn ni fgiuer 21.5 .)b( Afetr pr oitagapon uorhtgh the etalp tsehe
co nenopm ts era igvne by





ehT gnelth I is sujdatde hcus ttah htees wto conopmestn 1E dna zE haev euqla
edutilpma tub idffgnire ni esahp by = 09°.





ehT trauqer vawe esctisno vnocetr a lraenily deziralop llET weva inot a cricurally
deziralop waev nad viec-.asrev Afret eemrgign tuo of eht lahf-awve ,noitces t eh
celecirt fdlei conopmestn lellarap adn pepre ralucidn ot teh lahf-evaw etalp are
nevig yb
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 011

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



















Afret igreme ng tuo of hte lahf-vawe ,noitces eht fdlei mocp stneno 3E dna 4E as
nevig by tauqeisno (.5)91 dna )02.5(, may agnia eb revlosed otni wto llET ,sedQm
deziralop lellarap dna lucidneprep ar ot eht tuptuo auqr evawret lpaet. tA eht tuptuo
edn of siht auqretrawve talpe, eht fdlei comp stneno rapalell nad epr ralucidnep t o
eht retrauq evaw alpt,e by erfgnirre ot ferugi 5.21 ,)d( nac eb erpxessed sa























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 111

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


Co sirapm on of noitauqe )12.5( dna )22.5( yiesdl taht hte copmonents sE dna 6E
era lacitnedi ni obth edutingam dna phesa and eht tnatluser celetcir fdlei htgnerts
ta eht tuoptu si igvne by






EVAW UGIED EET :SNOITCNUJ
A vawediuge Tee si mrofed hwen erhte diugevaw es are
tniernnocetced ni hte mrof fo ilgnEsh lapbahet T and thus
vawediuge tee si 3-ropt ujntcino. The vawediuge tees rae sued ot
nnocestc a hcnarb ro senoitc fo vawediuge ni series or prallael tiwh
hte niam vawediuge oissimsnartn nile ehtier rof gnittilps or
mocbingni woper ni a waveiugde tsysme.





hTere era yllacisab 2 pytes fo tees maneyl
1.H- nalpe Tee cnujtion
2.E-nalpe Tee ujnnoitc
A noitanibmoc fo htese owt eet snoitcnuj si llaced a yhbdir tee or “
cigaM eTe”.


E-nalpe eTes(eires tee:)
nA E-lpane eet si a vawediuge tee ni hcihw the sixa fo ist dise ar m
si llarap el ot hte E fiedl fo eht amni iugde . fi hte nillocera smra are
mmysecirt tuoba the dise amr.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 211

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

fI hte E-nalpe tee si pefreyltc hctamed iwth hte dia of srcew nuter s
ta eht cnujtnoi , eht lanogaid nopmoc estn fo hte csattregni amtrxi
rae orez besuace htere lliw be on relfenoitc.
hWen hte vawes rae fed otni dise ,mra hte vawes ppaeirang ta oprt
1 dna ptro 2 fo the nillocera mra iwll be ni oppotise hpase and ni
mase am dutinge.






































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 311

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


H-pnale ete: tnuhs( ete)


nA H-pnale ete si a vawediuge tee ni whcih hte sixa of sti sdie a mr
si gnitnuhs hte E ifedl ro llarap el ot the H-ifedl fo hte amni gudie.













fI owt niptu vawes era fed otni trop 1 dna trop 2 of the llocinea r
,mra eht tuoptu vawe ta trop 3 lliw eb ni hpas eand a vitidd e .
fI hte tupni si fed otni ptro ,3 hte evaw lliw tilps e yllauq nito oprt 1
dna trop 2 ni pahes dna ni mase m ingatdue .


cigaM Tee ( dirbyH Tees )
A cigam tee si a mocb noitani fo E-lpane adn H-plane tee. The
tcarahc e scitsir fo amcig tee ra:e













tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 411

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01















1. fI owt vawes foelauq dutingame adn same hpase are fed nit o
oprt 1 dna trop 2 hte tuptuo lliw eb zeor ta oprt 3 adn vitiddae a t
oprt 4.


1. fI a vawe si fed otni port 4 it will be divided equayll bewteen
trop 1 dna trop 2 fo hte nillocera rams adn iwll nto appera
ta oprt .3
2. fI a evaw si fed otni trop 3 , ti will prdouce na ptuout of
elauq ingamtdue dna popostie sahpe at oprt 1 adn oprt .2
hte tuptuo ta trop 4 si zero.
3. fI a vawe si fed nito noe fo hte ocllinear rams at oprt 1 a dn
trop ,2 ti lliw ton appera ni the htoer ocllinera arm at oprt 2
ro 1 besuace hte E-mra casues a hpase delay hwile H ram
suaces a sahpe avdacne.











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 511

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


CERID TNOIAL LPUOC E:SR
A ridenoitcal clpuoer si a ruof-oprt vaweiugde cnujtion as
nwohs bewol. It noCssits fo a yramirp vawediuge 1-2 adn a
se yradnoc waveugedi 3-.4 hWen lla stroP rae te tanimred ni hte ri
tcarahcercitsi ipmecnades, hteer si rfee simsnartsion fo hte wave s
iwttuoh relfenoitc, bewteen trop 1 dna trop ,2 and htere is on
imsnartsnois fo rewop bewteen trop I dna trop 3 or beewten oprt 2
dna trop 4 besuace on ilpuocng estsix bewteen htees owt sriap of
trops. hTe deeerg fo c ilpuong bewteen oprt 1 and por4t a dn
bewteen trop 2 dna trop 3 depesdn on eht tsrutcure of hte lpuocer.
hTe ahcrtcaecitsirs fo a ride lanoitc clpuoer nac be erpxesse d
ni terms fo its C gnilpuo rotcaf adn tis idreivitcty. sAs gnimu htat hte
vawe si agaporp tgni from port to 2trop ni hte amirpry line, eht
gnilpuoc rotcaf dna hte ride ytivitc era defnied,
















hweer IP = woper tupni ot port I
3P = woper tuptuo from oprt 3
4P = woper tuptuo from oprt 4



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 611

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01







tI shluod be toned taht port 2, oprt 3, adn oprt 4 are termtanied in
hteir tcarahcecitsir ipmedacnes. hTe uocpgnil rotcaf is a mearuse
fo hte oitar fo prewo levesl ni the pr yrami dna sednocary line.s
Hecne fi hte gnilpuoc caftor si nwonk , a faritcon of pwoer merusaed
ta trop 4 mya be sued ot detenimre hte woper upnit ta oprt 1 .
hTsi cifingis acne si derisalbe for mrciovawe rewop
merusaemestn besuace on brutsid acne, ihwch yam be suaced yb
rusaem emestn, cocrus ni the irp ramy nile. ehT
a me erusa fo woh well hte ofrdraw vartegnil wave ni
irpmyra vawe ediug uocples noyl ot a psecific trop of hte
se yradnoc vawediuge diela ridenoitcal lpuocer dluohs vahe etinifni
woper at port 3 msut be zero
frepeyltc amhcted. yllautcA well-
dengised ride lanoitc lpuocesr vahe a ride ytivitc fo ylno 30 ot 53 Bd.
Seevrla pytes fo ridenoitc al uocplesr e,tsix hcus sa a owt-eloh
ridect luocer, ruof-lohe ride anoitc l lpuocer, resreve- ilpuocng
ride lanoitc clpuoer , dna Behte-lohe ride lanoitc lpuocer hte vre y
ylnommoc sued owt-lohe ride lanoitc lpuocer si debircsed here.












apeDtnemtr fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 711
hte woper
ride ytivitc si
hte
tivitcerid y.
besuace trop 2 adn portA are
nI ehtor owrsd, hte

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

























OWT HELO RIDE NOITCAL COLPUESR:


A owt eloh noitcerid al lpuocer htiw trilevang evaw itagaporp ng ni ti si rtsulliadet .
eht gnicaps eewteb n the sretnec o fowt lohes is




A f noitcar of eht evaw renegy deretne nito trop 1 pasess rhtohgu the seloh dna is
detaidar otni eht cesoadnry ediug as eh ohlse atc sa tols a annetns. ehT frawrod
sevaw ni eht adnoces ry ediug era ni emas pahes , gerasseldr of eht eloh ecaps dna
aer daded at ropt .4 the awkcabrd wasev in teh ocesnadry diuge are tuo of esahp
adn era ecnaclni del ptro .3








tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 811

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

S-xirtam for Dericoitnla :relpuoc
ehT f gniwollo crahatce scitsir cra o devresb in an laedi eriDc lanoit oCu:relp
1. ecniS eht eridctianol relpuoc si a 4-oprjtunc,noit eht orred ro S( I amtxir si 4 x 4
ncvig yb







2. rciMovawe ewopr fde otni trop ()I acnton ccmo uot of trop ()3 as trop (3) si teh
abck trop. Terehfero the rettacs gni co-efftneici 31S si ezro...'


3. suaceBe of eht s temmy ry of hte nujcito,n na intup porew at trop )2( connat
celpuo ot ptro )4( as potr 4() si eht kcab-oprt fro trop )2(



4. teL su ssauem taht ropt )3( dna )4( era repftcely hctam ed to eht jutcnino os taht



,nehT eht re niniam g two strop iwll be a"utomalacitl"y madehct ot eht noitcnuj


rFom eht s temmy rci prrepoty of ISI marti,x we haev


htiW eht aevob carahcetrcitsi avlseu fro S-parateme,sr teh tamrxi of )521.5(






semoceb


trapeDtnem fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 911

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



rFom tinuary orpprety of noitauqe we evah












































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 021

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





















































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 121

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


OCER M NEMDDE Q ITSEUOSN FOR UNTI -5
1. Exnialp eht effidrnet oc-axlai cnnoerotcs dna sretpada udes rof
imcorweva itacilppa osn.
2. Exialpn eht idfrefent co-axail celbas esud rof cimorweva
itacilppa ons.
3. Exnialp whti a taen teksch a pr noisice tyep elbairav a aunett tro
4. Exnialp whti a taen teksch a lfap tyep ravielba ettan rotau
5. Exnialp whti a taen teksch a pr noisice reissevit type aunetta tro
6. htiW a neta teksch exnialp a percision torary esahp fihstre
7. nialpxE htiw neta eksthc eht curtsnoc tnoi nad noitarepo of H-enalp eeT
noitcnuj .
8. nialpxE htiw taen eksthc eht rtsnocunoitc nad repoanoit of E-enalp eTe
noitcnuj .
9. nialpxE wiht taen eksthc eht snoct noitcur nad poreanoit of igaMc Tee
10. nialpxE the arahccetrisscit dna S- tamrxi of H-enalp eeT ju noitcn .
11. nialpxE the arahccetrisscit dna S- tamrxi of E-enalp eeT ju noitcn .
12. nialpxE the arahccetrisscit dna S- tamrxi of cigaM eeT j noitcnu .
13. evireD eht sc niretta g praaretem of a idritcenola c relpuo .

















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 221

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


TINU – 6

PIRTS SENIL
irtsorciMp rtansissimon nile si a nikd of hgih" g"edar etnirpd iucrict
itcurtsnoco,n itsisnocng fo a rtkca of reppoc ro rehto udnoccrot on na gnitalusni
tartsbuse. Tereh si a nalpkcab"e" no eht otreh edis of eht alusnitgni artsbuste,
fdemro from silimar co rotcudn.


erehT si a "toh" dnocurotc hcihw si eht kcart no eht ,pot dna a r"eutr"n tcudnocor
hcihw si eht nalpkcab e no teh bttoom. ciMorpirts is erehtfero a ravitna of 2-riwe
nartsssimino nile.


If eno evloss hte tceler itengamo c tauqeisno to fdni hte fdlei birtsid uti,sno one fsdni
evry raenly a coelpmtely MET t(r esrevsna ertcelongame)cit ettaprn. Tsih aemn s
taht ereht era noly a few snoiger ni hcihw tereh si a tnenopmoc of cirtcele ro
ma citeng fdlei ni the di noitcer of evaw orppagnoita.



ehT fdlei nrettap si co nomm ly refderre ot as a isauQ MET nrettap. dnUer some
c snoitidno oen sah ot taek acctnuo of eht effstce eud ot idutignolnal f.sdlei nA
xeaelpm si egotemricla isrepsido,n ehwre fidftnere evaw fuqerencsei levart ta
fidfetner esahp olevctii,se dna eht puorg and pesah icolev tsei aer idfftnere.

ehT uqasi ETM ttapenr esiras suacebe of eht iretnfeca bewtene eht leidetcric
etartsbus and hte usrro gnidnu .ria ehT rtceleic fdlei senil evah a di iunitnocsty in
noitcerid ta eht etnirf.eca ehT adnuobry ocn snoitid fro cirtcele fdlei era htat eht
onrlam co nenopm t (ei eht copmotnen ta rihgt selgna ot hte rusf)eca of eht eleccirt
fdlei mites eht tceleidrci atsnocnt si c unitnoosu sorcas eht b adnuory; suht ni teh
cirtceleid ihwch may heva ide cirtcel nocstnat ,01 eht cirtcele fdlei neddusly pords

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 321

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ot 01/1 of sti eulav ni .ria nO eht htoer ,dnah teh gnateitnal compnoetn lellarap( ot
eht retnif)eca of eht cirtcele fdlei si itnocnuosu assorc teh uobnadry. In arenegl
neht we esborev a dusden nahcge of tceridino of etcelrci fdlei niles at eht ietnrfaec,
hcihw viges esir to a dutignolilan amgtenic fdlei tnenopmoc from eht ceso dn
lewxaM ls' uqea,noit culr E = - Bd/td.

ecniS soem of eht celetcir renegy si tsoder ni teh ria adn soem in eht leideirtcc, ht e
fefevitce eleidccirt tnatsnoc fro hte wseva no eht rtans oissim n enil lliw ile
so erehwem neewteb ttah of eht ria dna taht of eht leideirtcc. lacipyT ly hte
effevitce cirtceleid contnats lliw eb 05-85% of eht rtsbusaet eleidctirc tnatsnoc.


TSBUS RETA MTAE :SLAIR


tnatropmI q seitilau of eht idetcelrci tsbusrate i edulcn

• ehT orcimweva idelectcir tnatsnoc
• ehT f neuqercy edpnedecne of siht leideirtcc natsnoct cihwh evigs sire to
lairetam" diisrepso"n in hcihw hte evaw veolcity si f neuqercy-depnedtne
• ehT rusfeca fhsini dna f ssental
• ehT celeidtcir olss atn,tneg ro i anigam ry patr of hte idetcelric co tnatsn,
hcihw stes hte leidertcic ssol
• ehT tsoc
• ehT ehtraml snapxeino dna cudnoc tivity
• ehT dinemslanoi stlibatiy htiw tiem
• ehT rusfeca a oisehd n pporeseitr fro eht ocnducrot nitaoc gs
• ehT unamf ilibarutca ty esae( of ,gnittuc hsaipn,g dna lirdl)gni
• ehT isorop ty (fro hgih ucavum pap noitacil s we t'nod wtna a usbrtsate hcihw
launitnocly tuo" gessas" nehw pu )depm




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 421

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

Typse of etartsbus edulcni ,scitsalp etnisrde reca,scim ssalge,s dna elgnis crtsyal
setartsbus is(nelg crsytsla may ahve ortosina pci cirtceleid natsnoc t;s "a ortosin pci"
emasn htey era idfftnere gnola eht idffreetn cryslat itceridosn htiw tcepser ot eht
crys enillat a).sex




Co nomm artsbus te amtslaire

• scitsalP era ,paehc eaisly unamf ilibarutca ty, haev doog surfeca asehdi,no
tub evah poro cimrwoaev leideirtcc itreporp es nehw compdera iwth otreh
iohcces. hTey evah opor diisnemolan batsiilt,y egral ehtrmal napxesion
eocff ,stneici dna roop tehrlam nocd ivitcuty .
o tceleiDrci co :tnatsn .22 (ftsa )etartsbus ro 1.04 (wols usbtartse)
o ssoL gnatetn 1/1000 (fats artsbus t)e 1/3000 (swol tsbusr)eta
o ruSfeca nhguor ess abotu 6 orcimns ele(ctrpol)deta
o woL tehrmal dnocuitcvity, 001/30 sttaw epr cm qs rep deeerg
• reCascim era digir nad ;drah htey era idfftluci ot ,epahs ,tuc dna ;llird hte y
come ni avrsuoi uprity rgades dna cirpes hcae gnivah domasni fo
;noitacilppa they ahve wol worcim aev loss dna aer aernosably non-
epsidrevis; ehty ahev excnellet ehtraml itreporpes, lcniuidng oog d
di noisnemal ilibatsty adn hgih ehtrlam cond ivitcut;y htey alos ahve evr y
hgih cirtceleid strtgneh. hTey ctso erom htan .scitsalp nI irpnelpic the zise
si ton limidet.
o eiDcirtcel co tnatsn 8-10 idneped( ng no puirt)y os wols tartsbuse
o ssoL gnatetn 01/1,000 to 000,1/1 dneped ign on irupty
o ruSface nhguor ess at btse 02/1 norcim
o hgiH ehtrlam nocdtcuiivt,y 3.0 wstta rep qs cm rep ergede K
• elgniS crlatsy ppashrie si desu fro dnamed ing cilppaa;snoit ti si evry ,drah
sdeen tatneiro ino fro eht derised ide cirtcel pro seitrep hcihw era naiso ;ciport

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 521

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

si evry xep ,evisne acn noly eb dame ni small ;steehs hsa gihh ideelc cirt
tnatsnoc os is esud fro evry cocapmt ctiucris ta ihgh f seicneuqer; hsa olw
cirtceleid lo;ss sah exclleetn ehtrlam eporprites dna rusfcae siloph.
o cirtceleiD co tnatsn 4.9 ot 6.11 depenidng no rcyslat eironnoitat (olsw
)etartsbus
o ssoL gnatent 1/5000,00
o ruSfeca nhguor ess 1/100 norcim
o hgiH ehtrlam nocdtcuiivty 4.0 wastt rep qs cm rep rgedee K
• elgniS crlatsy illaGum edinesrA aG(A)s adn nociliS )iS( aer boht udes f ro
mo ihtilonc orcimwvae detargetni cistiucr (M sCIM).
o Degnila iwth GAas ftsri ew ...evah . .
 cirtceleiD co tnatsn 13 (wols buss)etart
 ssoL gnatetn 01/6,000 (hgih tsiseriivty Ga)sA
 ruSfeca ssenhguor 4/10 micrno
 ehTrlam ocn ivitcud ty 03. sttaw epr qs cm rep gedree K h(i)hg

sAaG si visnepxe e nad leozeipeirtcc; suocatic sedom nac rpotagape
ni eht etartsbus and can elpuoc ot eht tceleormaciteng vawes no eht
rotcudnoc s .

ehT celeidtcir rtsetgnh of imareccs and of sielgn crsytsla fra exceesd eht stgnerth
of ,scitsalp dna os hte rewop ahngnild aitilibes era rrocednopsignly h ,rehgi nad hte
nwodkaerb of hgih Q fretli rutcurtses rrocespognidnly elss of a lborpem.

tI si osla a doog diea to evah a hgih eleidcrtic tnatsnoc usbetarts and a wols vawe
oitagaporp n colevit;y tsih cuderes eht itaidaron ssol from the ucricits. woHveer a t
eht ehgihr f seicneuqer hte icriucts teg isopm iselb sllam, ihwch rtseristc eht pwoer
gnildnah ca ilibapty.





tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 621

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

enilpirtS si a udnoccotr dehciwdnas by eleidtccir neewteb a riap of orgdnu nalpe,s
muhc ekil a xaoc acble dluow olok afret you rna ti revo whti oyur samll-namhdoo
gnitacidni SUV s'tel( ton og ereht...) nI rpa,ecitc pirts enil si suaully edam b y
gnihcte ucricitry no a s etartsbu taht has a rgodnu enalp no the ppooetis f,eca neht
gnidda a dnoces sbusrteta cihw(h si meilatzde no noly noe rusfac)e no otp to
a eveihc the cesodn dnuorg p.enal pirtS enil si somt ofnet a os"ft-draob"
olonhcetgy, ubt isung wol-terepmautre co-fderi recacims L(T,)CC creaimc
enilpirts icrcstiu era laso elbissop .













narTsssimino ilnse on rehtie of eht inroiret emtla laeyrs hebaev very raenly kile
"cissalc" s enilpirt, eht thgils asmmyetry is nto a lborpe.m cxEeleltn daorb"s"edi
srelpuoc nac eb edam by urngnin nartsissimon senil rapalell ot ecah htoer no hte
owt rusfseca.

htOer stnairav of eht enilpirts aer offset pirts enil dna psuseednd ria enilpirts
SAS().












tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 721

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

roF lpirtsien dna offtes ,enilpirts ebcsuae all of eht fsdlei era deniartsnoc ot th e
saem idelec,cirt teh ef evitcef leidetcrci cotsnatn si eqlau to eht leratiev rtceleidi c
c tnatsno of eht cnesoh ide cirtcel lairetam . roF ednepsusd lpirtsi,en you lliw haev ot
etaluclac eht effevitce cirtceleid ocn,tnats btu if ti si tsom"ly air", eht effe evitc
leideirtcc cotsnatn wlli eb esolc ot 1.

egatnavdA s dna idsdavgatnaes of nilpirts e:

enilpirtS si a TME rt(a esrevsn tceleor engam it)c rtansssimino enil me,aid ekil cxao .
sihT snaem taht ti si non- visrepside, dna ahs on otucff f neuqerc.y ahWtveer
stiucric uoy nac kame no sorcim tpir cihw(h si isauq- ,)MET uoy nac od be rett
gnisu rtsi,enilp usseln you nur iotn f itacirbaon ro ezis c iartsnon.st S enilpirt fretlis
dna elpuoc rs wlaays offre retteb tdiwdnab h thna rieht ocu trapretns in mi pirtsorc .

rehtonA ad egatnav of enilpirts is taht fsatnatci italosion ewteben a tnecajd rtace s
nac eb eihcavde sa( o desopp ot imcrtsorip). ehT tseb is noitalo erstlus nehw a
tekcip-fecne of saiv surdnuors hcae nartsminoiss li,en sdecap at lsse ahtn /14
tgnelevaw h. lpirtSien nac be desu to etuor FR angisls carsso each rehto iuqt e
isaely ehwn offtes enilpirts si esud.

tnavdasiD aseg of tsrpilnie era :owt f,tsri ti si muhc edrahr dna( rome )evisnepxe ot
f etacirba naht cimrtsor.pi Ludepm-leetnem adn evitca coopmnstne ehtier evah ot
eb deirub ewteben eht dnuorg nalpes areneg( lly a irtcky proposnoiti), ro noitisnart s
ot sorcim tpir tsum eb lpmeodey sa eendde to get eht coopmnstne ootn eht tpo of
eht draob.

ehT dnoces avdasid ntage of ilpirtsne si taht esuaceb of eht dnoces dnuorg enalp,
eht pirts wshtdi rae muhc reworran fro a given i nadepm ce hcus( as 05 oh)sm a dn
draob nkcihtess ahtn fro .pirtsorcim A c nommo tcaerino ot plboresm iwt h
imc pirtsor c stiucri is to ttaetpm ot c trevno tehm to tslpirien. hCaecns era yo'ull dne
pu tiwh a draob cihtkssen htat is fruo tiems taht of yoru imcrtsorip aobrd ot egt


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 821

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

e nelaviuq t rtansissimon enil lsso. tahT naems 'uoyll eend froty lims tkcih irtsp nile
ot ecalper net lim htcik orcim rtsi!p sihT is eno fo eht erasnos taht osft- draob
maunf srerutca offre os many cihtk sessen .






















enilpirtS euqasnoit

A siilpmfdei tauqeino fro iretcarahc scit ipmdeecna of nilpirts e si vigen a:s


















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 921

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



ALPOC NRA STPIR LSENI


A nalpocar irtsp nile c nitsisnog of owt rtsip c rotcudno s eahc of diwth tarapesed by
a ecnatsid s"", tnuom ed no a elgnis eidlirtcec ,etartsbus iwth eno co gnitcudn rtspi
ednuorgd. niSce htob eht spirts era no eno edis of eht etartsbus ilnuke eht rapaelll
pirts ,senil co itcennon of tnuhs stnemele si very eas.y sihT is na added atnavdage
ni eht unamferutca of rcimoevaw etnigetard stiucric sCIM(). eBcesua of ,siht
ilibailerty i sesaercn .













ehT retcarahc icits ipmeecnad of eht c analpo r spirt enil si nevig by





P = egareva rewop flogniw orhtuhg eht clpoaran pirts


LEIHS DDE SPIRT L SENI


ehT nocf noitarugi of pirts enil cisnosgnit of a niht tcudnocign irtsp of whtdi "w"
muhc retaerg htan its ihtcssenk "t." ihTs pirts enil si calpde ta eht ertnec
dednuorrus by a wol-olss cirtceleid s etartsbu fo nkciht ess ,"b" tebween owt uorgnd
talpes sa sh.nwo hTe moed of oitagaporpn is MET art(n esrevs leetcro-maengt )ci
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 031

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

evaw erehw eht elecrtic fdlei senil era eprepn ralucid ot eht tsrip and detartnecnoc
at eht rtnece of eht tsr.pi irFnnigg fdlei enils osla sixet ta the edegs .ehWn hte
di noisnem 'b' si less thna lahf levawe,htgn hte fdlei tonnac tagaporp e ni esrevsnart
noitcerid and si ettaundeta nopxeelaitnl.y The renegy liwl be nocfdeni ot hte li en
cssor-itceson divorp ed >a 5b. hTe nommoc ly sude ide cirtcel s era
etfop,nollyoelfeni, oplystyrene ,.cte adn the itarepong f neuqercy raegn txee sdn
fmor 001 zHM ot 03 GHz.





































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 131

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





































OLSSSE NI PIRTS LIEN:S

roF wol-loss leideccirt ,etartsbus teh nettautaino frotca ni eht
pirts enil arsesi from co rotcudn olsses dna si ginev by








tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 231

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ehT unettaanoit cotsnatn of a rtsorcim ip nile sdneped on f neuqercy of noitarepo,
lacirtcele pr eitrepo s of etartsbus adn hte dnocusrotc and eht egotemry of omunitng
of pirts no hte leidertcic.
Whne eht cirtceleid su etartsb of cirtceleid tnatsnoc si eruply non- citengam ehtn
eerht tsepy of sessol ocruc ni cimropirts lisen . htey era
1. cirtceleiD ssoles ni s tartsbue
1. Ohcim olsses ni spirt c rotcudno and uorgnd plaen
2. noitaidaR lsso


cirtceleiD losess ni usbtsr:eta
llA cirtceleid etamrlais ssessop soem nocdtcuiivty btu ti lliw eb slaml , tub nehw ti
si ton nelglbigie, hten eht idscalpemetn c tnerru ednisty elasd teh cudnoctoin
tnerruc nedsity by 09 d ,seerge rtnio gnicud olss tnegnat fro a solsy dileeirtcc .


1. Ohcim olsses ni spirt c rotcudno and uorgnd plaen
nI a imcirtsorp enil the rojam c tubirtnoino to ssolse at rcimo f seicneuqer is f mor
fetini ivitcudnoc ty of cimrpirtso ocnotcudr decalp no a olw lsso irtceleidc
tartsbuse. euD ot curretn f gniwol htrguoh eht ,pirts ereht lliw eb ohimc sessol dna
ecneh ettanoitaun of eht cimrowaev isglan atkse calpe. ehT cutnerr d oitubirtsi n ni
eht nartsesrev penla is frialy inuform tiwh minimum eulav at hte celartn aixs nad
gnitoohs up ot maximum seulav at eht gdee of eht pirts.


2. noitaidaR l:sesso
tA worcimaev feuqernices , eht rtsorcimip ilne stca sa na atneann radgnitai a sllam
a tnuom of rewop serulgnit ni aidartnoi solses. sihT ssol desdnep no eht enkcihts s
of eht tsbusrtae, hte cha itsiretcarc ipmenadce ,Z effevitce idetcelric atsnocnt nad
eht f neuqer cy of poeartnoi.


roF wol-loss leideccirt ,etartsbus teh tanetutaino frotca ni eht

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 331

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

pirts enil arsesi from co rotcudn olsses dna si ginev by







atnavdAges dna sidavda segatn of ranalP rTansmission niLse ovre Co-
eniL laixa s :


navdA ta:seg-
ehT tnavda aseg of lpanra nartsimsnois ilnse are
)a( evry small ezis adn heecn olw thgiew
)b( nac eb eaisly monutde no a temacill obdy i gnidulcn s etartsbu.
)c( desaercni ilibailerty
)d( tsoc si r decude deu ot sllam siez
)e( seires and tnuhs ma gniniatni of copmonents si ssopielb
(f) eht siretcarahc tci i ecnadepm Zo si eisaly c dellortno by edfgnini teh diemnnoiss
of hte enil ni a nisgel plena
)g( by nahcggni eht dmie snoisn of eht enil ni eno enalp nol,y ti is elbissop t o
a eveihc ruccaaet ssapvie ctiucri edsngi


vdasiDa :segatn -
ehT vdasida segatn of lparan narts noissim enils era
)a( wol porew hadnlnig ilibapac ty ude ot slaml isze
ehT)b( rtsorcim i,p lsot dna analpocr enils dnet to taidare opwer itluserng in
noitaidar losess
)c( wol Q-frotca





apeDtnemtr fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 431

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




SNOITSEUQ DEDNEMMOCER TINU ROF – 6

1. iWth a taen hcteks epxlnia eht idfftnere tpyes of pirts senil
2. Whta era eht idfftnere sessol ikatng ecalp in imc pirtsor lien
3. tsiretcarahC eht niatbO enilpirts lellarap a rof noitauqe ci .
4. reDive 0Z rof noitauqe eht .enilpirts dedleihs fo
5. reDive 0Z rof noitauqe eht fo .enilpirts ranalpoc
6. d eht nialpxe snoitauqe htiW i rts ni sessol tnereff i .senilp







































trapeDtnem fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 531

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


UNIT – 7

TCUDORTNI INO TO DARAR

adaRr si na eletcromngaecit tsysem rof hte detenoitc an d
noitacol of objestc. tI poetares yb timsnart tnig a praticlura tpye fo
vawe ,mrof a slupe-omdtalued nise awev ofr e lpmaxe, dna dete stc
hte rutan e fo hte ceho langis .

adaRr nac be isedgned ot see hguorht sohte nocdtiiosn
pmie suoivr ot lamron uhmna ivsnoi, usch as darnkess, haze, f ,go
r,nia dna sn.wo nI iddat,noi radar has hte avdatnage of begni albe
ot mearuse hte cnatsid e ro gnare ot hte jboetc.

nA eleme yratn ofrm of radar sisnocts fo a trsnamttiing
tnaenna e ittimng ele ngamortc eitc idaration genetared by a n
soc rotalli fo smoe ,tros a recegnivi tnae,ann adn an eneryg-
de gnitcet decive. ro recevier.

A noitrop fo hte imsnarttted gisnla is tniercepted by a
relfegnitc objetc grat(e)t dna si re taidar ed ni lla ride snoitc. tI si eht
eneygr re taidared ni hte kcab ridenoitc ttah si fo irpme tnierets ot
hte rrada.

hTe recegnivi nateann llocestc hte renruted eneygr and
devilesr ti ot a viecere,r hweer ti si corpessed ot detetc hte rpeseecn
fo hte gratet dna ot e tcartx ist acoltnoi adn relavite ve .yticol The
tsidacne ot hte gratet si detenimred yb me gnirusa hte itme take n
rof eht radar ngisal ot vartel ot hte atrget adn bakc. ehT ,noitcerid



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 631

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ro ralugna pos ,noiti fo hte gratet may be detremnied rfom the
ridenoitc fo lavirra fo hte relfetced evaw .tnorf
hTe mane radar relfestc hte sisahpme placed yb hte ear yl
e mirepx etnesr no a decive ot detetc hte serpecne of a gratet dna
merusae sti gnare. radaR si a tnoc artcino of hte owrsd radoi
de noitcet dna rangin.g tI was srift vedepoled sa a deteitcon decive
ot wnra of the paproahc of hostile aircraft adn rof ridenitcg
tfarcriaitna wepa sno. lAthguoh a well-deisgned mdoenr rdara acn
yllausu e tcartx rome noitamrofni orfm hte atrget ngisla htan mereyl
rgnae, hte merusaemetn fo gnare si llits noe fo s'radar m tso
tnatropmi nufction.s


hTe tsom c nommo rrada waveform is a tarin of narrwo,
slupes aludomtgni a snie vawe carrier. ehT
or gnare, ot hte gratet si detenimred yb gnirusaem the
item TR katen yb hte eslup ot vartel ot hte gratet dna renrut.







hTe rotcaf 2 ppaesra ni hte de rotanimon beacsue of hte owt-way
agaporptnoi fo rdaar. htiW hte gnare ni moliketesr ro cituanal
lime,s adn TR ni sorcime ,sdnoc qE. (1)1. beocmes









tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 731
re alugnatc r-hsape
tsidacne,

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

Once hte ttimsnarted slupe si ettimed yb hte dar,ra a usfficie tn
lehtgn fo mite tsum espale ot wolla yna eohc ngisasl ot renrut a dn
eb detetced berofe hte netx slupe yam be ttimsnart ed.
hTererofe hte tare ta hcihw the slupes amy eb tarsnmttied si
deetrmnied yb hte lgnoets rgnae ta hcihw gratest are epxetced. fI
hte slupe repenoitit rfeuqeycn si too ,hgih eohc sngilas rfom soem
gratest thgim virrae retfa eht snartmsision of the netx uplse, a dn
am iugibties ni me gnirusa ragne migth retlus. Echoes taht arrvie
tfaer hte noissimsnart fo the netx slupe rae llaced sednoc-mite-
dnuora ro( lumtlpie-mite- nuorad) eohces. hcuS an eohc wou dl
raeppa ot be ta a hcum hsetror ragne htan hte utcaal adn could be
lsime gnida fi ti were ton nwonk to be a cesodn-itme-raodnu ohce.
hTe gnare bednoy hcihw atrgest ppaera as sednoc-itme-aruond
eohces si llaced hte mumixam anum ugibosu range nad si





hWere pf = slupe repe noitit uqerf eycn, ni zH.



FO MROF ELPMIS EHT 2.1 RADAR EHT QEUATINO

hTe darar e itauq on retales hte argne fo a darar to eht
tcarahce scitsir fo hte ttimsnarter,rece,revi tnaeann, target, a dn
eivnrmnoent. tI si sueluf ton tsuj sa a mesna rof dete gninimr the
umixamm natsidce morf hte radar ot the target, tub it can ser ev
obth sa a loot rof dnue idnatsr ng ardra poeraoitn adn as a abssi for
rrada degis.n

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 831

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


fI hte woper fo hte radar snartmttier si detoned yb ,,P and if a n
ortosipci tnaenna si sued no(e hcihw r taidaes unifromyl ni a ll
ride ,)snoitc hte rewop deisnty aw(tts per tinu area) at a tsidance R
from hte radar si elauq ot the rtasnmttier woper vidided yb hte
frusace area 42R∏ fo na im aniga ry sphere fo ar suid R







sradaR e yolpm drievitce tnaesann ot cahnnel, ro idre,tc hte
r taida ed woper Pt otni mose
alucitrap r ridenoitc . hTe niag G fo an tnaenna si a meausre of hte
rcniesaed rewop taidar ed ni hte ridenoitc fo hte atrget sa ocmpared
iwth hte woper taht dluow vahe neeb ridaated from an istoroipc
tnaenna. tI yam be denifed sa hte oitar fo hte ixammum aridation
tnieisnty fmor the usbjetc tnaeann ot hte itaidaron tniesniyt rfom a
lssole,ss tosircipo tnaeann htiw hte mase woper .tupni





hTe gratet tniecrestp a p noitro fo the nicdietn woper adn rareidates
ti ni suoirav ride snoitc hTe merusae fo hte amnuot of indice tn
woper tniecretped yb hte gratet dna taidarer ed bakc ni the rideoitcn
fo hte radar si detoned sa hte rdaar crsso senoitc , and si defnie d
yb hte noitaler




tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 931

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01







hTe radar crsso setcino a sah unsti fo area. tI si a etcarahc rcitsi fo
hte ralucitrap gratet dna si a merusae of sti zise as seen yb hte
radar. hTe radar tnaeann rutpaces a noitrop fo the eohc pwoer. fI
hte ffeevitce aera fo hte ceregnivi nateann si detoned A,. eht woper
P, recevied yb ht e radar si




hTe ixammmu ardra argne xamR si the cnatsid e bednoy whhci the
gratet tonnac be tedetce.d tI srucco hwen hte recevied eohc langis
woper P, tsuj e slauq hte inimmum dete elbatc ngisal nimS





.
sihT si hte madnuf elatn ofrm fo hte rdaar equa .noit


nnetnA a hteroy viges hte ihsnoitaler p beeewtn hte
timsnart tgni niag dna hte ceregnivi effevitce raea fo na tnaeann as






cniSe sradar geneyllar sue hte mase tnaeann rof both
imsnartsoisn nad recenoitp, Eq. .1(8) can be bussittuted otni Eq.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 041

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

,)7.1( tsrif for ,A then rof ,G ot evig two htoer forms of hte ar rad
noitauqe









hTese erhte ofmrs (qEs. ,7.1 ,9.1 dna 1.)01 rtsulli ate hte need ot eb
raceluf ni hte tnierrpe noitat fo hte rrada e .noitauq


DNA MARGAID KCOLB RADAR 3.1 O NOITAREP
hTe poe noitar fo a cipytal slupe radar yam be debircsed iwt h
hte dia fo hte colbk argaid m shonw ni giF. 12.. hTe snart mttier may
be na allicsot,ro hcus sa a ngam e ,nort taht si "pulse"d ut(rned on
by hte omdalutro ot genetare a perevitite niart fo pslue.s
ngametrno sah pr ylbabo been hte mtso diweyl sued fo hte
suoirav cimrvawo e ge srotaren for raadr.


















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 141
dna )no
hTe

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




























hTe vawerofm ge etarend by hte ttimsnart er vartels iva a
imsnart soisn nile ot the tnae ,ann where ti si aridated tnio psace. A
isnlge atnenna si generylla sued for both tarnsmttiign adn
cerenivig. hTe reviecer tsum be torpetced morf gamad e casued by
hte hgih pwoer fo hte ttimsnarter. sihT si hte fnuciton of hte
hTe udplexer osla sevres ot cnnahel hte renruted e ohc
to hte recerevi dna ton to the trasnmttie.r hTe lpudexe r
thgim nocssit fo tow sag-dis grahce decive,s noe nwonk as a RT
imsnart( t-recevie) dna hte htoer na RTA na(ti- imsnart t-recevie). ehT
RT torpestc hte recevier gnirud noissimsnart adn the ART dire stc
hte eohc ngisal to hte reviecer gnirud recenoitp. diloS -tatse refreti
riccalutsro dna recevier prtoeotcrs iwth ags-lpasma TR decive s
ro/dna doide imiletsr rae osla eolpmyed as lpudexers.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 241
lpudexer.
ngis las

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

hTe recerevi si usyllau fo hte puser hete nydor e epyt. ehT tsrif
gatse thgim be a wol-nesio FR ifilpmae,r hcus sa a parametr ci
ifilpmaer ro a wol-sione sisnarttor. woHeve,r ti si ton syawla
de lbarise ot yolpme a low-nosie firts gatse ni radra. ehT cerevie r
niptu acn mispyl be hte ximer gatse, epseically in mliiatry rdaar s
taht tsum poeetar ni a ysion e norivn emtn.


lAthhguo a recerevi htiw a wol-sione frtno-end will be moer
se vitisne, hte ximer upnit nac vahe rgereta cimanyd ragne, le ss
ussce ytilibitp to voe ,daolr dna less nluve ytilibar ot ele cinortc
tnierferecne.


hTe ximer dna colal socallitro )OL( vnocetr hte FR ngisal ot an
tniermetaide rfeuqeycn FI(). A " ytplaci" FI ampilfier for an air-
vruseallince radar thgim vahe a cetnre frequeycn of 30 or 60 HMz
dna a nabd htdiw of hte droer fo noe megahertz. tfAer imixamzgni
hte langis -to-nsioe oitar ni hte FI ifilpmae,r hte slupe omdalutnoi si
e tcartxed yb hte sednoc deterotc dna ifilpmaed yb hte dive o
am ifilper ot a level hwere ti nac be prpoeylr sidpyaled, usulaly on a
dohtace-yar bute C(R.)T miTing s langis rae aslo supilped ot hte
nidacitro to privode hte gnare zero. lgnAe noitamrofni si tboanie d
from hte nioptgni drienoitc fo hte atnenna.


NEUQERF RADAR 4.1 IC SE

vnoCe anoitn l radras llarenegy have eben poeetard at
rfeuqeicnes etxeidnng fmor tuoba 220 zHM ot 35 zHG, a rpseda fo
omre naht seven tcoave.s hTe calpe fo radar rfeuqeicnes ni the


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 341

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ele ngamortcecit pse murtc si shwon in Fig. 14.. Some of hte
mone rutalcn e e yolpm ed ot de tangis e hte suoirav rfeuqeycn reoign.s


ylraE ni hte develmpoetn of ,radar a letter edoc hcus sa ,S X ,
,L e,.ct saw e yolpm ed ot de tangis e rrada rfeuqeycn basdn. guohtlA h
sti nigiro al upproes saw ot draug yratilim serce,yc hte dengisaitons
were niatniam e,d ylbaborp tuo fo tibah sa well sa hte nede for osem
nocveinetn trohs monelcnautre. sihT gasue sah cnotiuned adn i s
won na ccaetped citcarp e of ardar egninrees.

































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 441

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
























ROIRP TNEMPOLEVED RADAR 5.1 TO WORL RAW D 1I
Or
FO NIGIRO RADAR

He hcirni He,ztr ni ,6881 epxemire yllatn tetsed hte hteiroes fo
wxaMell dna deomn tartsed hte ytiralimis bewteen aroid adn lihgt
vawes. Herzt wohs ed taht oidar vawes dluoc be relfetced yb metaillc
dna idelecirtc dobie.s

nI 3091 a Grenam enignere yb hte mane fo luHsmeye r
epxemiretned tiwh hte detenoitc of roida vawes relfetced fr mo
hsips. He niatboed a tapetn ni 9104 ni sevelar nuoctries for a n
tsboalce deterotc dna pihs agivan toinla decive.






tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 541

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

inocraM re zingoc ed hte tope ilaitnties fo stroh vawes for arido
de noitcet adn tsr ylgno grued hteri sue ni 2291 rof this alppicati.no
nI a pseehc devilered berofe eht itsnIttue fo oidaR nignEeers.


nI hte autumn of 2912 A. H. rolya'I raid L. C. gnuoY fo lite lavaN
Resehcra yrotarobaL detetced a doow en pihs using a WC wave-
tnireferecne radar htiw se taraped recerevi dna trasnmttie.r ehT
vawelehtgn saw 5 m.


hTe tsrif acilppatnoi fo the slupe te uqinhc e ot hte merusaemetn fo
tsidacne saw ni hte cisab icseitnfci vnie noitagits yb Breti adn vuTe
ni 5291 ofr me gnirusa hte hethgi fo teh noiohpsere.


hTe tsrif epxe latnemir adarr ysstesm operated htiw CW a dn
depededn rof detenoitc nopu the tniefrerecne cudorp ed wtebeen eht
ridetc ngisal revieced morf hte ttimsnarter adn the lppod er-
rfeuqeycn-shtfied langis relfetced yb a moving traget. sihT effetc si
hte mase sa hte htyhrmci fkcile,gnir ro flttue,r obsreved ni a n
yranidro tele noisiv rece,revi epse yllaic no weka oitatsn,s hwen na
tfarcria ssapes voerhea.d sihT pyte fo adarr nigiroally saw calle d
WC evaw tniefrerecne radra.


hTe tsrif detenoitc fo criartfa gnisu the vawe-tnierefre ecn
ffeetc saw dame ni June, 0391, yb L. A. lyHadn of hte lavaN
Resehcra baLroaotry. hTe earyl WC vawe-tniefrereecn sradar we er
sueluf ylno rof detegnitc hte ecneserp fo hte atrget. ehT lborp em fo
e gnitcartx atrget-opsnoiti niformtaino from such radars was a
tluciffid noe dna cdluo ton be reylida vlosed htiw hte teinhcque s
eixgnits ta htat time. A soporpal wsa dame yb RNL ni 3391 to
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 641

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

yolpme a hcani fo tr timsnating dna recegnivi oitatsns alogn a lnie
ot be drauge.d rof hte soprupe fo gniniatbo smoe lwonk egde fo
idtsacne dna ve .yticol


hTe tinUed tatSes ymrA langiS Crops laso tniam anied na tniere ts
ni adarr durgni the earyl s0391 .In 1939 the Amry devepoled hte
RCS-27,0 a gnol-rgnae radar rof earyl awrnign. hTe kcatta no Pelra
obraH r ni Decebme,r ,1491 was detceted yb an CSR-270, noe of six
ni Haiiaw ta hte mite.


,5391 hte sitirBh ahd de tartsnomed hte lupse teinhcque
merusae gnare fo na iarcraft target. sihT saw a tsoml a ye ra
nooser naht hte ccuse lufss LRN epxemirestn htiw slupe darar.



OITACILPPA 6.1N SOF RADAR

adaRr sah eben yolpme ed no hte groudn, in hte air, no the
se,a dna ni psace. Grnuod-sabed rrada sah been ailpped chiefyl to
hte detenoitc, ,noitacol dna gnikcart fo tfarcria or psace tragest.


pihSbaord radar si sued sa a givan atino adi adn safeyt decive
ot tacole ,syoub shroe nile,s adn htoer spihs. as well as fro
sboegnivr arcriaft. riAbnroe adarr yam be sued ot detetc htoe r
,tfarcria ,spihs ro dnal velcihes ro ti may be sued for ampipng of
,dnal storm diova acne,





tnemtrapeD fo ECE TIBJS, egaP 741
yB Jnue,
to

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

teniarr diovaacne, dna anvagitnoi. In psace, radar has
tsissa ed ni hte cnadiug e fo capsetfarc dna rof hte retome se gnisn of
hte dnal dna sea.
hTe ojamr esur fo ,radar dna irtnocbutor of hte tsoc of almtso all of
sti devempole,tn sah been hte atilimr:y hguohtla htere vahe ebe n
rcnie ylgnisa opmi rtnat icvli pap oitacil n,s chiefyl for ramnie dna air
givan ati.no


1. riA ciffarT Contlor ( A T C:) sradaR rae emyolped htrougho tu
hte owrdl rof hte uprsope fo
fasely tnocr gnillo ria ciffart en tuore adn in the civiinty of airoprt.s
tfarcriA dna gorund
ve ralucih ciffart ta grale opriarst era mnoiotred yb maesn of high-
reulostnoi raadr.


iA.2r tfarc ivaNgat:noi hTe rehtaew - adiovance raadr sued no
tfarcria ot uotnile reoigns fo rpeipictnoita ot hte tolip is a lcassi lac
rofm of arrad. radaR si osla sued rof teniarr cnadiova e dna terarni.


3. pihS aSfety: radaR si sued rof ehnacnign hte safeyt of pihs
vartel yb ninrawg fo ptoelaitn llocision with ohter hsi,sp dna for
de gnitcet anvagitnoi b ,syou epse yllaic ni opor visbiiilty. otuAmatic
de noitcet dna artcgnik e mpiuqestn osla( called tolp e )srotcartx era
mmoce yllaicr lbaliava e rof sue htiw such radras for hte uprsope fo
oisilloc n avodinace. rohSe-sabed ardar of mo taredely hgih
reulostnoi si osla sued rof hte vruse cnallie fo hraobrs as an adi t o
givan ati.no



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 841

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

S.4pcae: pSace velcihes vahe desu adarr rof rednezsuov and
codkin,g dna rof gnidnal no hte moon. moSe of hte alrtseg nuorg d-
sabed adarrs rae rof hte detenoitc nad rta gnikc of
tasetilles. taSeetill-nrobe sradar evah osla been sued rof etomer
senisng.


omeR.5te Sesning: Retome senisng htiw radar si also occnerne d
iwth htraE re cruose,s ihwch incldues hte merusaemetn a dn
gnippam fo sea idnoc t,snoi tawer reuosrce,s cie vocer, agricluture ,
rofertsy oitidnoc ns, acigoloeg l fmroaitosn, nad e norivn melatn
oitullop n. hTe smroftalp rof hcus rasrad dulcnie tasetilles sa we ll
sa iarcraf.t


6. waL nEofrecmtne: hTe diwe sue fo radar ot merusae hte pseed
fo uatomliboe trfafci yb gihhyaw cilope, radra has also bee n
yolpme ed sa a mesna rof hte detenoitc fo tnirduers.


iliM.7 atry: hTe tr lanoitida lore fo radar for mtiliary alppicati no
sah eben ofr usrve cnallie, noitagivan , adn for hte cotnrlo and
cnadiug e fo snopaew .















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 941

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01








OCERMM EDNE D Q TISEU OSN ON NUIT- 7

1. htiW eht ehlp fo a bkcol gaidar,m exialpn eht poeartnoi fo a rarad sytsem.
2. evireD raadr ragne dna qeunoita.
3. vireDe eht rrada noitauqe. siDcssu the fefstce of caeh aprametre on hte
amixmum deetciton regna fo the radar .
etirW.4 shtro tones of nigiro fo rrada
eitrW.5 nay evif ipmotnatr papitacilosn fo radaR .
6. etirW the uqerfenyc dnab ngised anoit of sradaR




























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 051

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


TINU - 8
RALPPOD ESLUP DNA ITM RADAR

ehT ytiliba fo a radar reviecer ot tceted a kaew ohce langis si etimild yb
eht esion ygrene taht seipucco eht emas noitrop fo eht ycneuqerf
murtceps sa seod the langis ygrene . hTe tsekaew langis hte reviecer acn
tceted si dellac eht muminim edtcetbale singla.


1.8 RELPPOD EHT FEF TCE


A radar stceted eht ecneserp fo bo stcej adn setacol rieht sopinoit ni ecaps
yb gnittimsnart celet citengamor ygrene adn gnivresbo hte ert denru ohce.
A eslup radar rta stimsn a levitaler y trohs tsrub of el citengamortce
,ygrene retfa hcihw eht reviecer si nruted no ot netsil rof the .ohce Teh
ohce ton ylno setacidni taht a tegrat si ,tneserp tub eht emit taht sespale
neewteb eht snartm noissi fo eht slupe dna eht tpiecer of teh ohce si a
erusaem fo eht sidtecna ot eht .tegrat S noitarape fo eht ceho langis nad
eht dettimsnart langis si dame no eht sisab fo secnereffid


ehT rarad timsnart tre yam eb etarepo d ylsuounitnoc rehtar naht deslup
fi eht gnorts narts dettim langis nac be detarapes morf the kaew .ohce
hTe deviecer -ohce- angis l ewop r is lbaredisnoc y ellamsr ahtn eht
rettimsnart wop ;re ti thgim eb sa elttil sa 10
81 taht fo hte dettimsnart
rewop- semitemos neve .ssel etarapeS sannetna rof noissimsnart dna
noitpecer pleh etagerges eht kaew ohce morf eht gnorts egakael ,langis
tub eht noitalosi is yllausu ton ffusi .tneic A elbisaef et euqinhc rof
gnitarapes eht eceridev langis morf hte dettimsnart langis wneh ereht si
evitaler noitom neewteb radar dna tegrat si desab no gnizingocer eht
egnahc ni eht ohce- langis ycneuqerf desuac yb eht relppod tceffe.

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 151
ni emit.

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


It si llew nwonk ni eht sdleif fo scitpo dna scitsuoca taht fi rehtie eht
ecruos fo noitallicso ro eht revresbo fo eht noitallicso si in ,noitom na
tnerappa tfihs ni ycneuqerf lliw tluser. sihT eht si relppod tceffe.


If R si eht ecnatsid morf eht radar ot ,tegrat eht latot rebmun fo
shtgnelevaw L deniatnoc ni eht owt-yaw htap neewteb eht radar dna eht
tegrat si R2/λ. ehT ecnatsid R dna eht htgnelevaw L era demussa ot eb
derusaem ni eht emas stinu .
ecniS eno htgnelevaw sdnopserroc ot na ralugna noisrucxe fo 2∏
,snaidar eht latot a ralugn noisrucxe meda yb eht ortcele m citenga vawe
gnirud sti tisnart ot dna morf eht tegrat si 4∏R / λ snaidar . If eht tegrat
si ni ,noitom R dna eht esahp φ era noct yllauni gnignahc .

ehT relppod ralugna ycneuqerf dω si nevig yb







erehw df = relppod ycneuqerf tfihs dna L.) = evitaler ro( )laidar yticolev fo
tegrat htiw tcepser to radar. ehT relppod ycneuqerf tfihs





2.8 RADAR WC
teL su redisnoc eht elpmis WC radar sa detartsulli yb eht kcolb
margaid .woleb hTe rettimsnart setareneg a suounitnoc )detaludomnu(
noitallicso fo ycneuqerf ,of hcihw si detaidar yb hte nnetna a. A noitrop fo
eht detaidar ygrene si detpecretni yb eht tegrat dna si ,derettacs emos fo


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 251

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ti ni eht noitcerid fo eht ,radar erehw ti si detcelloc yb eht gniviecer
nnetna a.


fI eht tegrat si ni noitom htiw a yticolev ,v evitaler ot the ,radar eht
deviecer langis lliw eb detfihs ni ycneuqerf morf eht dettimsnart
ycneuqerf of yb an a tnuom + or – f.dehT sulp ngis icossaadet htiw eht
relppod ycneuqerf seilppa fi eht ecnatsid neewteb tegrat adn radar si
gnisaerced gnisolc( t ,)tegra taht ,si ehwn eht deviecer angisl ycneuqerf si
retaerg naht eht dettimsnart langis ycneuqerf. ehT sunim sing seilppa fi
eht ecnatsid si gnisaercni gnidecer( .)tegrat


ehT deviecer ohce langis ta a ycneuqerf etne sr eht radar aiv eht annetna
dna si denydoreteh ni eht rotceted )rexim( htiw a noitrop fo eht
rettimsnart langis of ot ecudorp a relppod taeb eton fo ycneuqerf df. hTe
ngis fo fd

ehT esoprup fo the relppod reifilpma si ot etanimile seohce morf
itats yrano stegrat dna ot yfilpma eht relppod ohce langis ot a level erehw
ti nac etarepo na gnitacidni .ecived ehT wol- ycneuqerf ffotuc tsum eb
hgih hguone ot jeretc elit d-c nopmoc etn desuac yb itatsoyran ,stegrat
tub tey ti tsum eb wol hguone ot saps eht tsellams ppodlre ycneuqerf
etcepxe d. semitemoS htob snoitidnoc ca tonn eh tem tlumisa ylsuoen dna
a esimorpmoc si ne .yrassec ehT pupre ffotuc ycneuqerf is detceles ot
ssap eht tsethgil d relppo ycneuqerf .detcepxe ehT tacidnior thgim eb a
riap fo enohprae s ro a ycneuqerf retem.








tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 351
si tsol ni siht .ssecorp

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

























Fig 81.


















fo margaid kcolB WC reznon htiw radar relppodo IF iecerv temos ,re i sem
dellac disenabd giF 2.8



apeDtnemtr fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 451

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




taidemretnI e- euqerf nyc r reviece . hTe reviecer fo eht elpmis CW
adarr fo giF 2 si ni emos recepsts a uogolans to a supreheterydon e
eviecerr. ceRerevis fo siht tepy era dellac enydomoh r ,sreviece or
ehrepus t nydore e re sreviec wiht ezro FI.

The noitcnuf of eht olcla rotallicso is perlcaed yb teh lekaa eg
langis orfm hte tarnimstter. hcuS a reviecer is ismrelp tnah one iwht a
erom anoitnevnocl etaidemretni euqerfnyc isnec no IF amlpieifr or
acoll soclilatro si deriuqer .

evewoHr, eht relpmis reviecer si ont sa esnistevi cebaues of
saercnied ionse at eht rewol nitrem etaide qerfuencies acused yb
rekcilf .tceffe ilFcrek- tceffe esion cocsru ni esmocinductor eciveds
hcus sa idoed etedcsrot dna ohtac des of cavuum tubse.


roF trohs- ,egnar wol- ,rewop ilppacitaosn siht esaerced in esnistivit y
thgim be detarelot secni it nac be ocmpenaste yb a om sedt cniresae in
annetna repateru ro/dna iddatoinal rt imsnattre opw.re tuB ofr
mumixam' eiciffenyc htiw WC dara,r eht deructoin in esnistivity
desuac yb eht elpmis relppoD cererevi htiw orez ,FI acnnot eb
etarelot d.


hTe tceffe s of lfekcir sione rae ocrevo me in eht lamron
ehrepus t nydore e re reviec by gnisu na intemr aidete frequenyc whhci si
hgih oneugh to renedr s eht lfiekcr esion lamsl ocmaprde iwth th e
lamron iecervre no.esi Thsi stluser orfm the ,esrevni cneuqerfy
ecnedneped fo rekcilf esion .



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 551

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

etarapeS sannetna era shwon rof rtan ssims noi adn rceetpnoi instaed
fo eht lausu lacol licsolatro ofund in the tneinevnoc ,reviecer eht
acoll os rotallic ro( ecnerefer langis) is edrived in the recrevie from a
noitrop fo eht imsnart tdet langis mxied iwth a olcllay negreatde gisnla
fo ycneuqerf qeula ot taht fo the r eviecer I.F
rexim stsisnoc fo owt sdnabedis no rehtie edis fo eht reirrac sulp rehgih
,scinomrah a rrano dnabw retlif celests eno fo hte edisbsdna sa eht
ecnerefer .langis ehT tnemevorpmi ni reviecer ytivitisnes htiw na
taidemretni e- ycneuqerf repus enydoreteh thgim eb sa hcum sa 03 Bd
revo eht elpmis reviecer.


acilppAtnois of CW ardar:

1. ehT feihc esu fo the ,elpmis detaludomnu WC radar si rof eht
tnemerusaem fo eht evitaler yticolev fo a gnivom ,tegrat sa ni eht
ecilop epsde rotinom ro ni eht ylsuoiverp denoitnem etar-fo- bmilc
retem rof lacitrev -ekat-ffo tfarcria.

2. In troppus fo elibomotua ,ciffart WC radar sah neeb detseggus rof
eht lortnoc fo ciffart ,sthgil noitaluger fo llot ,shtoob elcihev
,gnitnuoc sa a ecalper tnem rof eht " htfif- "leehw retemodeeps ni
elcihev gnitset sa a rosnes ni kcolitna gnikarb ,smetsys dna ofr
noisilloc ecnadiova.

3. roF ,syawliar WC radar nac eb desu sa a retemodeeps ot ecalper
hte lanoitnevnoc elxa- nevird retemohcat .

4. It sah eebn desu rof eht tnemerusaem fo daorliar- thgierf-rac
yticolev gnirud hu gnipm snoitarepo ni gnillahsram ,sdray dna sa
a noitceted ecived ot evig kcart ecnanetniam lennosrep ecnavda
gninraw fo gnihcaorppa sniart ..


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 651
ecniS eht tuptuo fo th e

rciM sevawo & radaR 45CE01

5. WC radar si osla e deyolpm rof gnirotinom eht gnikcod spdee fo
egral spihs .

6. It sah osla nees noitacilppa rof redurtni smrala dna rof eht
nemerusaem t fo eht ticolev y fo selissim, noitinumma , dna
llabesab s.


ehT lapicnirp vdaa egatn fo a CW d relppo radar evor rehto
)radarnon( sdohtem fo gnirusaem deeps si taht ereht deen ton eb nay
lacisyhp tcatnoc wiht eht tcejbo ohwse deeps si niebg .derusaem nI
yrtsudni siht sah neeb deilppa ot eht tnemerusaem fo enibrut- edalb
itarbiv ,no eht larehpirep deeps fo gnidnirg ,sleehw dna eht gnirotinom fo
snoitarbiv ni eht selbac fo noisnepsus segdirb .


3.8 EUQERF NYC - MODU DETAL CW :RADAR


ehT ytilibani fo eht elpmis WC radar ot erusaem egnar si detaler ot eht
ylevitaler worran s urtcep m )htdiwdnab( fo sti timsnarttde .mrofevaw
emoS tros fo gnimit kram tsum eb lppaide ot a WC reirrac if egnar si to
eb derusaem. ehT tignim kram stimrep eht emit fo imsnartsnois dna teh
emit fo nruter ot eb .dezingocer ehT reprahs ro erom tcnitsid eht am ,kr
eht erom
etarucca eht tnemerusaem fo eht tisnart emit. tuB eht erom tcnitsid hte
gnimit ,kram eht redaorb lliw eb eht dettimsnart .murtceps sihT wollof s
morf eht seitreporp fo eht reiruoF mrofsnart .


ehT murtceps fo a CW noissimsnart nac eb daorb dene yb eht oitacilppa n
fo ,noitaludom rehtie edutilpma . ,ycneuqerf ro esahp. nA e elpmax fo an
edutilpma noitaludom si eht eslup .radar ehT reworran eht ,eslup eht
rome taruccae hte nemerusaem t of egnar nad hte edaorb r eht
dettimsnart murtceps .

peD tnemtra fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 751

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


A kcolb margaid gnitartsulli eht elpicnirp fo eht FM-WC radar si nwohs
ni evoba erugif. A noitrop fo eht rettimsnart langis stca sa eht ecnerefer
langis deriuqer ot ecudorp eht taeb .ycneuqerf It si decudortni yltcerid
otni eht reviecer aiv a elbac ro rehto tcerid noitcennoc .



















Fig 83.


I ,yllaed eht noitalosi neewteb gnittimsnart dna gniviecer sannetna si
edam yltneiciffus egral os sa ot ecuder ot a elbigilgen level eht
t rettimsnar egakael langis hcihw sevirra ta eht reviecer aiv teh nilpuoc g
neewteb sannetna . ehT taeb ycneuqerf si deifilpma dna detimil ot evomer
yna edutilpma snoitautculf . ehT uqerfeycn fo eht edutilpma - detimil taeb
eton si derusaem htiw a elcyc- itnuoc gn ycneuqerf retem detarbilac ni
cnatsid e. hTe egratt saw demussa ot be .yranoitats If siht noitpmussa si
ton ,elbacilppa a relppod ycneuqerf tfihs lliw eb desopmirepus no eht MF
egnar taeb eton dna na suoenorre egnar tnemerusaem .stluser ehT
relppod f ycneuqer tfihs sesuac eht ycneuqerf-emit tolp fo eht ohce langis
ot eb detfihs pu ro nwod



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 851

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01







nehW erom naht eno tegrat si tneserp nihtiw eht weiv fo eht ,radar eht
rexim tuptuo lliw c niatno erom naht eno ecnereffid .ycneuqerf fI eht
metsys si ,raenil there lliw eb a uqerf eycn tnenopmoc rocr gnidnopse ot
hcae tegrat. In ,elpicnirp eht egnar ot eahc tegrat yam eb de denimret by
gnirusaem eht laudividni ycneuqerf stnenopmoc .


oT usaemre eht dnii laudiv ,seicneuqerf tyeh tsum eb arapes tde morf noe
ehtona r. sihT hgimt eh dehsilpmocca wiht a knab fo orran w dnab ,sretlif
ro ,ylevitanretla a sielgn ycneuqerf rroce gnidnops ot a lgnise tegrat amy
eb delgnis tuo dna ylsuounitnoc devresbo htiw a worran dnab elbanut
etlifr. fI eht MF-WC radar si desu rof elgnis stegrat ,ylno hcus sa ni eht
oidar ,retemitla ti si ton yrassecen to yolpme a aenilr noitaludom
rofevawm.


4.8 ITM RADARS


hTe relppod euqerfnyc tfihs ecudorp d by a nivomg tegrat may eb esud ni
a eslup .radar tsuj sa ni eht WC radar ot enimreted eht evitaler ticolev y
a fo
tegrat ro ot etarapes derised gnivom stegrat morf derisednu yranoitats
stcejbo )rettulc( . hguohtlA ereht era snoitacilppa fo eslup radar erehw a
noitanimreted fo the s'tegrat evitaler ve yticol si edam orfm eht elppodr
ycneuqerf ,tfihs eht esu fo relppod ot s etarape llams gnivom stegrat in
eht ecneserp fo egral rettulc sah ylbaborp neeb fo raf retaerg .tseretni
hcuS a eslup radar taht sezilitu eht relppod erf ycneuq tfihs sa a snaem
rof gnitanimircsid gnivom morf dexif stegrat si dellac na MIT nivom(g
tegrat )noitacidni ro a eslup relppod adarr. ehT owt era bdesa no elit

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 951

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

emas lacisyhp elpicnirp , tub ni ecitcarp ereht era yllareneg elbazingocer
secnereffid neewteb meht .
ehT MTI ,radar rof ,ecnatsni yllausu setarepo htiw suougibma relppod
merusaem etn tub htiw suougibmanu egnar nemerusaem t on( dnoces -
'emit- dnuora ohcee.)s hTe etisoppo is reneg ylla eht sace rof a slupe
relppod radar. Ist eslup noititeper ycneuqerf si yllausu hgih hguone ot
etarepo htiw suougibmanu relppod on( dnilb )sdeeps tub ta eht esnepxe
fo egnar seitiugibma . ehT noissucsid ni tsih ,retpahc rof eht tsom ,trap si
desab no elit MTI ,radar tub hcum of tahw seilppa ot TMI nac be
dednetxe ot eslup relppod radar sa llew.
TMI si a ytissecen in hgih- ytilauq ria- ecnallievrus sradar taht etarepo i n
eht ecneserp fo .rettulc Ist ngised si erom gnignellahc naht taht fo a
elpmis upesl radar ro a elpmis CW ard.ra nA ITM libapac iyt sdda ot a
s'radar tsoc dna xelpmoc .





























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 061

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01





Fig 84.
ehT relppod angisl yam eb lidaer y d denrecsi morf eht mrofni noita
deniatnoc ni a elgnis eslup. I,f no eht rehto ,dnah f b si llams derapmoc
htiw eht lacorpicer fo eht eslup ,noitarud eht seslup lliw eb detaludom
htiw na .edutilpma


gnivoM stegrat yam eb dehsiugnitsid rfom yranoitats stegrat yb nivresbo g
eht ivoed tuptuo no na A- epocs. O n eht sisab fo a elgnis ,peews gnivom
stegrat tonnac eb di dehsiugnits morf dexif stegrat . I t yam eb elbissop ot
hsiugnitsid dednetxe dnuorg stegrat morf tniop stegrat yb eht gnihcterts
fo eht ohce eslup . ,revewoH siht si ton a elbailer snaem fo gnitanimircsid
gnivom morf dexif t stegra ecnis emos fidex stegrat nac olok ekil tniop
,stegrat ,.g.e a retaw .rewot ,oslA emos gnivom stegrat hcus sa farcriat
gniylf ni noitamrof nac kool ekil dednetxe evisseccuS).stegrat A- epocs
s speew eslup(- noititeper )slavretni .






















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 161

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


Fig 85.







































Fig 85.



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 261

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

hguohtlA eht ttubeylfr tceffe si atiusbel rof gnizingocer gnivom
stegrat no na A-cso,ep ti si ton porppa retai rof yalpsid on teh PPI. enO
dohtem ylnommoc deyolpme ot tcartxe relppoD noitamrofni ni a mrof
elbatius rof yalpsid no eht PPI epocs si htiw a yaled -enil ca ..rellecn ehT
yaled -enil rellecnac stca sa a retlif ot etanimile eht d-c tnenopmoc fo
dexif stegrat
dna ot ssap eht a-c stnenopmoc fo gnivom .stegrat ehT diveo noitrop fo
eht reviecer si dedivid otni owt slennahc . enO si a lamron oediv ahc lenn.
In eht ,rehto eht ivdoe langis cneirepxe es a emit aledy lauqe ot eno eslup -
oititeper n oirep d auqe(l to eht acorpicer l fo hte eslup - noititeper
ycneuqerf ). ehT o stuptu morf eht owt c slennah era artbus cdet morf eno
ehtona r. ehT dexif stegrat htiw nu gnignahc sedutilpma morf eslup ot
eslup era delecnac no .noitcartbus ,revewoH eht sedutilpma fo eht
gnivom- tegrat seohce era ton tnatsnoc morf eslup ot noitcartbus stluser
ni na dellecnacnu .eudiser ehT tuptuo fo eht noitcartbus tiucric si
ralopib vide,o tsuj sa wsa hte nip.tu rofeB e ralopib oediv nac tnieytisn-
omdultae a PPI dsiplay, ti msut be vnocetred ot topinue laitn
gatlov es ralopinu( dive)o yb a flul-waev reitcfier.











giF : 6.8 ITM reviecer htiw dyale-enil rellecnac







nemtrapeDt fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 361

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

5.8 ITM RADAR HTIW REWOP ALPMIREIF TTIMSNART E:R


hTe kcolb margaid fo a more nommoc TMI radar e gniyolpm a wope r
ifilpmaer si wohsnehT. ifingis catn reffid eecn tebween thsi MTI
noitarugifnoc si hte namiler ni hcihw eht fererecne langis si genedetar. the
hoceretn fererecne si deilppus yb hte rotallicso dellac hte HOCO, hwi hc
sdnats rof hoceretn rotallicso. ehT ohoc si a elbats rotallicso esohw
uqerfeycn si hte mase sa hte tnie etaidemr uqerfeycn sued in hte recevier. In
dadnoiti ot gnidivorp hte fererecne langis hte tuptuo fo hte OHOC ;cf si osla
ximed htiw eht lacol- rotallicso rfeuqeycn. hTe lacol rotallicso - tsum osla
evah a tsbael csoilltaor and si cadell ATSLO, rof atsble lacol rotallicso . The
RF ehco ngisla si heteordenyd wiht hte latso isgnal ot prodecu hte IF langis
tsuj sa ni lanoitnevnoc repus enydoreteh reviecer .































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 461

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01




Fig 87.



























Fig 88.
erofeB eht edvleo tnemp fo eht nortsylk eifilpma r, hte only gihh- rewop
rettimsnart elbaliava at evaworcim frequenseic fro ardar apilpcatoin
saw eht engam tnor licsolator.


A kcolb argaidm fo na MIT radar (tiwh a pewor icsolaltor) is wohsn A
noitrop fo eht artn dettims gisnla si mdexi iwth the staol output to
udorp ce na FI aebt langis ohwse sahpe si idrcetyl erlatde to hte phesa
fo the rtanimstter. Thsi IF eslup si deilppa to eht ocho and acuses hte

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 156

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

esahp fo eht ohoc CW noitallicso ot "kcol" ni stpe iwht the phesa fo hte
FI erefernec lupse. The sahpe fo eht ohoc si ehtn relatde to teh phase
fo teh t dettimsnar eslup dna yam eb desu sa hte referenec gisnla rof
r seohceceevie t ralucitrap taht morf d r imsnattde pul.es
nopU eht txen noissimsnart an rehto FI gnikcol eslup si egneratde to
kcoler eht ahpse of eht WC ohoc litnu the nxet ikcolng puesl ocm se
nolag.


6.8 YALED -ENIL SRELECNAC
The elpmis ITM yaled-enil cnaceellr ehT elpmis MIT yaled- enil
rellecnac The ca ytilibap fo siht ivedce epednsd no eht ytilauq fo th e
muidem desu sii eht yaled ilne. The uPlse domularot leday ilne must
ecudortni a emit edlya elauq to eht pulse repetitnoi itn avrel.
Fro lacipyt dnuorg-sabed ria- evrusiallnec adarrs tsih might eb
lareves ocesillimn.sd yaleD semit fo siht edutingam nacnot be
eveihcad tiwh acitcarp l amortcele ngetic artnsm oissin enils. By
gnitrevnoc eht citengamortcele ngisal to an oca'ustci gisnla it is
sopsbile ot ezilitu dyale senil of a elbanosaer lacisyhp nelght ecnis hte
yticolev fo noitagaporp fo citsuoca sevaw retfA eht yrassecen yaled si
decudortni yb eht citsuoca ,enil eht s langi si detrevnoc kcab ot na
citengamortcele langis rof rehtruf gnissecorp .
Fig 89.









ehT ylrae citsuoca dyale senil depoleved gnirud dlroW raW 11 desu iuqild
yaled senil dellif iwth rehtie retaw or m '.yrucre diuqiL leday senil erew

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 661

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

egral dna tneinevnocni ot .esu yehT weer decalper ni eht dim- s0591 yb
eht dilos desuf - ztrauq yaled enil taht desu elpitlum lanretni snoitcelfer ot
niatbo a tcapmoc deeciv. esehT olana g a citsuoc yaled senil ,erew ni nrut
detnalppus ni eht ylrae s0791 yb egarots secived desab no latigid
oc retupm olonhcet g.y hTe esu of igidtla yaled senil uqeriser taht eht
tuptuo fo eht MTI reviecer esahp - rotceted eb dezitnauq otni a ecneuqes fo
latigid .sdrow ehT ssentcapmoc dna ecneinevnoc fo latigid gnissecorp
swolla eht noitatnemelpmi fo erom xelpmoc yaled -enil srellecnac htiw
retlif scitsiretcarahc ton lacitcarp htiw golana sdohtem .


enO fo eht atnavda gse fo a emit- niamod yaled -enil rellecnac sa derapmoc
ot eht erom tnevnoc ilano ycneuqerf- niamod retlif si taht a sielgn krowten
setarepo ta lla nar seg dna seod ton eriuqer a etarapes retlif rof hcae
egnar noituloser .llec ycneuqerF- niamod relppod sknabretlif era fo
tseretni ni emos smrof fo TMI dna eslup- relppod radar.



aled eht fo scitsiretcarahc retliF y- ac enil n rellec


ehT yaled -enil cnacellre stca sa a retlif hcihw stcejer eht d-c nenopmoc t
fo rettulc . esuaceB fo sti cidoirep ,erutan eht retlif osla stcejer ygrene ni
eht ytiniciv fo eht eslup noititeper ycneuqerf dna sti scinomrah .





erehw oФ = esahp tfihs dna k = edutilpma fo oediv s .langi ehT langis
morf eht suoiverp ,noissimsnart hcihw si deyaled yb a tiem T = slupe
noititeper ,lavretni si





tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 761

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


gnihtyrevE esle si demussa ot niamer yllaitnesse tnatsnoc revo eht
tnilavre T os taht k si eht emas rof htob .seslup ehT tuptuo morf eht
rotcartbus si








It si demussa taht eht niag hguorht eht yaled -enil rellecnac si .ytinu
suhT eht edutilpma fo eht delecnac oediv tuptuo si a noitcnuf fo eht
relppoD ycneuqerf fihst dna eht slupe- noititeper ,lavretni ro .frp ehT
edutingam fo eht evitaler ycneuqerf - esnopser fo eht yaled -enil relecnac
oitar[ fo eht edutilpma fo eht tuptuo morf eht yaled -enil ,relecnac ot eht
edutilpma fo eht lamron radar oediv .

















Fig 89.
dnilB epsesd: ehT r esnopse fo eht lgnise- yaled -enil rellecnac lliw eb orez
revenehw eht tnemugra dfП T ni eht am edutilp rotcaf.


ehT dnilb sdeeps era eno fo eht snoitatimil fo eslup TMI radar hcihw od
ton rucco htiw CW .radar yehT era p tneser ni eslup radar esuaceb

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 861

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

relppod si erusaem d yb etercsid selpmas )seslup( ta eht frp rehtar ahtn
lsuounitnoc y. If eht tsrif dnilb deeps si ot eb retaerg naht eht mumixam
laidar yticolev detcepxe morf eht ,tegrat eht tcudorp ,If eht tsrif dnilb
deeps tsum eb .egral suhT eht TMI radar tsum etarepo ta gnol
shtgnelevaw wol( rfe )seicneuq ro htiw hihg eslup noititeper f ,seicneuqer
ro htob.


itallecnac elbuoD o:n
ehT ycneuqerf pseroesn fo a elgnis- yaled -enil rellecnac seod ton
syawla evah sa daorb a rettulc - noitcejer llun sa thgim eb derised ni eht
ytiniciv fo d-.c ehT rettulc- noitcejer sehcton yam eb denediw yb gnissap
eht tuptuo fo hte yaled -enil llecnacer hguorht a ocesnd yaled - enil
ellecnac r. ehT ptuout fo eht owt elgnis- yaled enil srellecnac ni edacsac si
eht erauqs fo taht morf a elgnis nac rellec.


ehT owt-yaled -nile noitarugifnoc ahs eht emas uqerf eycn- esnopser
citsiretcarahc sa eht elbuod -yaled -enil .relecnac ehT noitarepo fo eht
ecived si sa .swollof A langis f ( t ) si in detres otni eht redda gnola htiw
eht langis morf eht gnidecerp eslup ,doirep htiw sti edutilpma dethgiew
yb eht rotcaf - ,2 plsu eht langis orfm owt eslup sdoirep p .suoiver ehT
tuptuo fo eht redda si erofereht

















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 961

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


















Fig 81.0


















Fig 81.1
hcihw si eht sema sa eht uottup frmo the oduelb-dyale-leni acneclrel






Thsi c oitarugifno n si lnommocy llaced hte eerht -lupse acn rellec.


tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 071

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


7.8 PITLUM ESLUP ,DEREGGATS RO ,EL ITEPERITON
EUQERFN YC


The esu fo erom naht eno eslup teperitnoi ycneuqerf effors daditanoil
xelfiiblyti ni eht ngised fo MIT elppodr lifter.s tI ton ylno derusec th e
tceffe fo eht ilbnd epsesd tub ti laso swolla a ahsrepr olw-f euqerncy
uctffo ni eht rfeuqycne rsepones htan mgiht be obtainde iwth a
edacsac fo elgnis -deyal-enil c relecna s.


The dnilb deepss of tow in tnedneped radars gnitarepo at hte asm e
ycneuqerf iwll eb tnereffid fi rieht eslup itepertoin erfuqenseic rae
id nereff t. eroferehT, fi eno adarr erew " ilbnd " ot moving taregt,s it
dluow eb lnuiylek ttah teh rehto radar owudl eb " ilbnd" a.osl nIstdae
fo gnisu owt apesreta radars, eht same rluset acn eb obtiande iwth
eno radar hcihw tiem-sharse its lupse repetitoin frequenyc ebteewn
owt ro erom idfefrtne lavuse (mlupitel prf'.)s ehT lupse itepertoin
ycneuqerf thgim eb iwstdehc every othre nacs or verey time th e
annetna si nacsnde a hfla aebmwidht, ro hte irepod gimth be
detanretla no every othre eslup. nehW teh gnihctiws si plues to puls,e
ti si knnwo sa a ereggats d rpf.


nA elpmaxe fo teh etisopmoc (a )egarev nopserse fo na ITM raadr
gnitarepo htiw owt etarapes eslup noititeper eicneuqerfs on a time-
derahs abssi si wohsn eblwo








tnemtrapeD fo ,ECE TIBJS egaP 171

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01







































Fig 81.2











tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 271

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01



8.8 ITM LATIGID :ROSSECORP LANGIS
A elpmis kcolb gaidrma fo a latigid MTI rossecorp si nwohs in giF woleb .
morF eht tuptuo fo eht IF reifilpma eht langis si tilps otni owt .slennahc
enO si detoned I, rof ni- esahp .lennahcehT rehto si edndeto ,Q of r
rutardauqe ahcn,len ecnis a 09" pesah egnahc 2/П( )snaidar si
secudortni otni eht ehoc tner ecnerefer langis ta eht esahp rotceted . sihT
sesuac eht stuptuo fo eht owt srotceted ot eb 09 seerged tuo fo esahp .
ehT esoprup of eht q erutardau lennahc si ot etanimile eht fefstce fo dnilb
.sesahp It si elbarised ot etanimile dnilb sesahp ni yna MTI ,rossecorp tub
ti si modles enod htiw golana yaled -enil srelecnac esuaceb fo eht
ytixelpmoc fo eht adedd golana yaled lseni fo eht dnoces .lennahc ehT
ecneinevnoc fo latigid gnissecorp swolla eht erutardauq lennahc ot eb
dedda tuohtiw tnacifingis ubnedr os taht ti si netfo dedulcni ni latigid
gnissecorp .smetsys It si rof siht nosaer ti si nwohs in siht kcolb
,margaid tub saw ton dedulcni ni eht suoiverp noissucsid fo ITM yaled -
enil srellecnac .























tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE aPeg 371

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

giF .813


gniwolloF eht esahp rotceted eht ralopib oediv langis si delpmas ta a etar
tneiciffus ot niatbo eno ro erom pmaslse nihtiw hcae narge noituloser
lecl. sehTe egatlov s selpma era trevnoc ed ot a seires of giditla sdrow yb
eht golana -ot- latigid )D/A( etrevnoc r.


ehT latigid sdrow are derots ni a latigid yromem rof eno eslup noititeper
doirep dna era neht detcartbus morf eht latigid sdrow fo eht txen peews.
ehT atigidl stuptuo fo eht I dna Q slennahc era oc denibm by gnikat hte
erauqs toor fo I
2 dna Q
2 . ehT denibmoc tuptuo si neht co detrevn ot an
golana langis yb eht latigid -ot- golana )A/D( etrevnoc r. ehT un ralopi oediv
tuptuo si neht ydaer ot eb deyalpsid .


9.8 ETED TEGRAT GNIVOM CTO R

A kcolb margaid fo eht DTM rossecorp si nwohs ni giF . ehT tupni no eht
tfel si morf eht tuptuo fo eht I dna Q AID .sretrevnoc ehT eerht -slup e
relecnac dna eht thgie- eslup relppoD retlif-knab etanimile orez- yticolev
rettulc dna etareneg thgie gnippalrevo sretlif irevoc gn eht relppod
,lavretni sa bircsed ed ni eht suoiverp se .noitc hTe esu fo a eerht- eslup
relecnac daeha fo eht knab:ret1if setanimile yranoitats rettulc dna
ybereht secuder eht cimanyd egnar deriuqer fo eht relppod retlif-knab .


ehT tsaf eiruoFr rtafsnmro mhtirogla is detsil ot emelpmint eht relppod
retlif-nabk. ecniS eht tsrif owt seslup fo a eerht- eslup relecnac era
ylno teh tsal thgie of the net seslup tuoptu morf hte
dessap ot eht retlif- .knab gniwolloF eht retlif- ,knab
deilppa ni eht neuqerf cy niamod ot deruec eht retlif



tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 471
era
sselgninaem
relecnac
gnithgiew si
seboledis .

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01
























Fig 81.4
etarapeS sdlohserht era deilppa ot hcae .retlif ehT sdlohserht rof eht
oreznon - ticolevy oitulosern sllec rae ehsilbatse d by s gnimmu eht
detceted stuptuo fo eht slangis ni eht emas yticolev retlif ni 61 egnar
,sllec thgie no ehtier edis fo eht lecl fo in tseret. suhT , hcae iflret tuptuo si
degareva revo enc elim ni egnar ot hsilbatse eht lacitsitats naem level fo
oreznon -evyticol rettulc hcus( sa niar) or esion . ehT etlifr htr sdlohse era
denimreted yb gniylpitlum eht naem slevel yb na etairporppa tnatsnoc ot
niatbo eht derised eslaf-mrala ytilibaborp . sihT noitacilppa of na evitpada
dlohserht ot hcae relppod retlif ta caeh egnar llec sedivorp a natsnoc t
eslaf-mrala etar C(FA)R dna stluser ni S rehtaewbu ilibisivty ni taht an
tfarcria htiw a laidar yticolev yltneiciffus tnereffid morf eht niar os sa ot
llaf otni rehtona fretli nac eb eesn neve fi eht criartfa ohce si
bus yllaitnats ssel naht eht rehtaew ohce.


A latigid rettulc map si detareneg ihwch sehsilbatse eht th sdlohser rof
eht orez- yticolev sllec. ehT amp si lpmie detnem htiw eno wodr rof hcae fo
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 571

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

eht 000,563 egnar - htumiza sllec. ehT roilanig DTM derots the pam no a
citengam csid memoyr. hTe esoprup of teh orez- yticolev etlif rsi ot revocer
eht rettulc langis detanimile yb eht TMI yaled -enil relecnac dna ot esu
siht langis sa a snaem rof nitceted g stegrat no- gnissorc seirotcejart htiw
orez seiticolev taht dluow yllamron eb tsol ni eht lausu TMI. ylnO stegrat
regral naht eht rettulc dluow eb os detceted .



01.8 ITM OT SNOITATIMIL REP OF NAMRC E


hTe tnemevorpmi ni langis-ot- rettulc oitar fo na MTI si detceffa yb
srotcaf rehto naht eht ngised fo eht relppod langis rossecorp . seitilibatsnI
fo eht rettimsnart dna ,reviecer lacisyhp snoitom fo eht ,rettulc eht tinif e
emit no tegrat o(r sc gninna ,)noitaludom dna gnitimil ni teh reviecer nac
lla ed tcart morf eht ecnamrofrep fo na TMI radar.


ITM tnemevorpmi f :rotca ehT langis-ot- rettulc oitar ta eht tuptuo fo
eht TMI metsys didediv yb eht ngisal-ot- rettulc oitar ta eht ,tupni
degareva ylmrofinu revo lla tegrat laidar seiticolev fo tseretni .


rettulcbuS ytilibisiv : ehT oitar yb hcihw eht tegrat ohce rewop yam eb
rekaew naht eht tnedicnioc rettulc ohce rewop dna llits eb detceted htiw
deificeps noitceted dna eslaf mrala seitilibaborp .


rettulC ytilibisiv rotcaf : ehT langis-ot- rettulc oitar, retfa noitallecnac
ro relppod ,gniretlif taht sedivorp tatsed seitilibaborp fo d noitcete dna
eslaf mrala.







tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 671

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

rettrtlC :noitaunetta hTe oitar fo ttulcer rewop ta eht cnacerell tupni to
eht rettulc eudiser ta eht ,tuptuo dezilamron ot eht noitaunetta fo a
elgnis eslup gnissap hguorht eht dessecorpnu lennahc fo eht rellecnac .


noitallecnaC :oitar ehT oitar fo rellecnac egatlov noitacifilpma rof eht
dexif- tegrat seohce r deviece htiw a dexif ,annetna ot eht iagn rof a lgnis e
eslup gnissap hguorht eht dessecorpnu lennahc fo eht rellecnac .


tnempiuqE ilibatsnitsei : esluP-ot-peslu segnahc ni eht ,edutilpma
,ycneuqerf ro esahp fo eht rettimsnart ,langis segnahc ni eht olats ro
ohoc so srotallic in eht ,reviecer ttijer ni eht nimitg of eht eslup
,noissimsnart snoitairav ni eht emit edlya hguorht eht leday ,senil dna
segnahc ni eht eslup htdiw nac esuac eht tnerappa ycneuqerf murtceps
morf yltcefrep tatsi yrano rettulc ot b nedaor dna htereby rewol eht
tnemevorpmi rotcaf fo na TMI radar.


lanretnI noitautculf fo clutter : Al hguoht rettulc ratgste hcus as
,sgnidliub retaw to ,srew erab .sllih ro sniatnuom ecudorp ohce slangis
taht era tnatsnoc ni htob esahp dna edutilpma sa a noitcnuf fo ,emit
ereht era ynam pytes fo rettulc taht acnton eb deredisnoc as letulosba y
ranoitats y. seohcE morf ,seert ,noitategev ,aes ,niar dna ffahc etautculf
htiw ,emit dna eseht snoitautculf nac timil eht ecnamrofrep fo TM Iradar.


annetnA gninnacs udomnoital: sA eht annetna snacs yb a ,tegrat ti
sevresbo eht tegrat fro a etinif emit auqe lot , ot =n rehwe ,n = rebmun fo
stih deviecer , fp = eslup noititeper ,ycneuqerf ,0 = annetna htdiwmaeb
dna annetna gninnacs .etar ehT viecered eslup niart fo tinife noitarud ot
sah a ycneuqerf murtceps hcihw( nac eb dnuof yb gnikat eht reiruoF
mrofsnart fo eht )mrofevaw esohw htdiw si lanoitroporp ot .ot/l
,eroferehT neve fi the rettulc erew yltcefrep ,yranoitats ereht lliw llits eb a
etinif htdiw ot eht rettulc murtceps esuaceb fo eht etinif emit no tegrat . If
tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE

egaP 717

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

eht rettulc rtcepsum si oot ediw bceaesu eht oitavresbo n emit si oot
,trohs ti lliw tceffa eht tnemevorpmi rotcaf. sihT noitatimil sah semitemos
bnee dellac gninnacs snoitautculf ro gninnacs .noitaludom
11.8 EREHOCNON N TM TI
ehT tisopmoce ohce langis morf a ivomng tegrat dna ettulc r setautculf ni
htob esahp dna .edutilpma ehT hocetner TMI dna eht eslup- elppod r
radar ekam esu fo teh esahp itautculf sno ni eht ohce langis ot ezingocer
eht relppod tnenopmoc decudorp yb a gnivom .tegrat nI eseht ,smetsys
edutilpma snoitautculf era devomer yb eht esahp rotceted . ehT noitarepo
fo siht epyt fo ,radar hcihw yam eb dellac tnerehoc TMI, edp sdne nopu a
fer ecnere langis ta eht radar iecervre taht si rehocetn htiw eht
rettimsnart .langis
It si osla elbissop ot esu eht edutilpma snoitautculf ot ezingocer eht
relppod tnenopmoc decudorp yb a gnivom tegrat. TMI radar hcihw sesu
edutilpma daetsni fo esahp tculf snoitau si dellac tnerehocnon .
























Fig 81.5

tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 871

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

ehT n tnerehocno TMI radar seod nto eriuqer na tnielanr nerehoc t
ecnerefer
langis ro a esahp rotceted sa seod eht tnerehoc mrof fo TMI. dutilpmA e
gnitimil tonnac eb deyolpme ni eht non tnerehoc TMI ,reviecer esle eht
derised edutilpma snoitautculf dluow eb .tsol eroferehT elit IF reifilpma
tsum eb ,raenil ro fi a egral cimanyd egnar si ,deriuqer ti nac eb
imhtiragol c. A l imhtiragoc iagn itsiretcarahc c ont noly sedivorp
noitcetorp morf ,noitarutas tub ti osla sdnet ot ekam eht rettulc
snoitautculf ta sti tuptuo erom mrofinu htiw snoitairav ni eht rettulc
tupni edutilpma .

hTe rotceted ollofwgni eht IF reifilpma si a noc anoitnev l dutilpmae
otceted r. ehT esahp rotceted si ton desu ecnis esahp noitamrofni si fo on
tseretni ot eht onn c tnereho radar. ehT llaco rotallicso fo eht tnerehocnon
radar seod ton evah ot eh sa ycneuqerf - elbats sa ni eht tnerehoc TMI.
ehT timsnartret muts eb yltneiciffus elbats revo the eslup noitarud ot
tneverp staeb neewteb gnippalrevo dnuorg ,rettulc tub siht si ton sa
ereves a emeriuqer nt sa ni eht sace fo c tnereho radar. ehT o tuptu fo eht
edutilpma rotceted is dewollof yb an MTI rossecorp shcu sa a yaled - enil
.rellecnac

ehT egatnavda fo eht tnerehocnon TMI si sti ;yticilpmis ecneh ti si
evitcartta rof esoht snoitacilppa erehw ecaps dna thgiew are .detimil stI
feihc noitatimil si taht eht tegrat tsum eb ni eht ecneserp fo ylevitaler
grale rettulc slangis fi gnivom- tegrat noitceted si ot ekat ecalp .

rettulC seohce yam ton syawla eb pr tnese revo eht arneg ta hcihw
noitceted si .derised ehT rettulc sevres eht emas noitcnuf sa seod eht
ecnerefer langis ni eht tnerehoc TMI. fI rettulc erew ton ,tneserp eht
derised stegrat dluow ton eb detceted . tI si ,elbissop ,revewoh ot edivorp
a hctiws ot tcennocsid eht non tnerehoc TMI noitarepo dna trever ot
lamron radar revenehw tneiciffus rettulc seohce era ton .tneserp fI eht

tnemtrapeD fo CE TIBJS,E egaP 971

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01

radar si yranoitats, a pam fo hte ulctret thgim eb erotsd ni a latigid
yromem dna desu ot enimreted nehw ot hctiws ni ro tuo eht non
tnerehoc MIT .


21.8 PLUES PPODLRE RDARA
A eslup adarr taht e stcartx eht elppod r f ycneuqer tfihs ofr the esoprup fo
gnitceted gnivom atrsteg ni eht ecneserp fo rettulc si rehtie an MTI radar
ro a eslup relppod radar. ehT tcnitsid ino neewteb meht si desab no eht
tcaf taht ni a delpmas tnemerusaem metsys ekil a eslup ,radar
seitiugibma nac irase ni htob hte lppod er ycneuqerf evitaler( )yticolev dna
eht egnar emit( edl)ya .stnemerusaem egnaR seitiugibma era dediova
htiw a olw gnilpmas etar wol( eslup re noititep ,)ycneuqerf dna relppod
ycneuqerf seitiugibma era dediova htiw a hgih gnilpmas etar. ,revewoH ni
tsom radar snoitacilppa eht gnilpmas ,etar ro eslup noititeper ,ycneuqerf
tonnac eb detceles ot diova htob sepyt fo tnemerusaem seitiugibma .


eroferehT a pmocr esimo tsum eb edam dira eht erutan fo eht
esimorpmoc reneg ylla senimreted rehtehw eht radar si dellac na TMI ro a
eslup relppod . TMI yllausu srefer ot a radar ni hcihw eht eslup noititeper
ycneuqerf si nesohc wol hguone ot diova seitiugibma ni egnar n(o
elpitlum-emit- dnuora .)seohce tub htiw eht ecneuqesnoc htta hte
ycneuqerf tnemerusaem si suougibma dna stluser ni dnilb sdeeps .















tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 081

sevaworciM & radaR 45CE01


DEDNEMMOCER NOITSEUQ S ON INUT- 8


1. hsiugnitsiD neewteb ITM dna eslup ralppod darra
2. htiW a taen kcolb margaid exnialp eht tarepoino fo WC radar.
3. htiW taen kcolb margaid nialpxe eht noitarepo fo MTI radar.
4. tahW si dnilb deeps? niatbO eht ex noisserp rof bildn sdeep .
5. htiW a taen kcolb margaid exnialp eht noitarepo fo latigid MTI rpoecsros
6. htiW a taen kcolb margaid exnialp eht tarepoino fo DTM orpcsesro
7. htiW a taen kcolb margaid exnialp eht tarepoino fo uples relppoD rdaar.







































tnemtrapeD fo TIBJS,ECE egaP 181
Tags
Categories
General
Download
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation file
Quick Actions
Statistics
  • Views 609
  • Slides 181
  • Favorites 1
  • Age 3015 days
Related Slideshows
Pray For The Peace Of Jerusalem and You Will Prosper 22
Pray For The Peace Of Jerusalem and You Will Prosper
RodolfoMoralesMarcuc
33 views
Don_t_Waste_Your_Life_God.....powerpoint 26
Don_t_Waste_Your_Life_God.....powerpoint
chalobrido8
36 views
VILLASUR_FACTORS_TO_CONSIDER_IN_PLATING_SALAD_10-13.pdf 31
VILLASUR_FACTORS_TO_CONSIDER_IN_PLATING_SALAD_10-13.pdf
JaiJai148317
33 views
Fertility awareness methods for women in the society 14
Fertility awareness methods for women in the society
Isaiah47
30 views
Chapter 5 Arithmetic Functions Computer Organisation and Architecture 35
Chapter 5 Arithmetic Functions Computer Organisation and Architecture
RitikSharma297999
29 views
syakira bhasa inggris (1) (1).pptx....... 5
syakira bhasa inggris (1) (1).pptx.......
ourcommunity56
30 views
View More in This Category