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2. SCIENCE –is a systemic and organized body of knowledge
that explains or predicts nature and the universe
Science is the parent (cause) of technology
TECHNOLOGY –is the collection of methods, techniques,
and processes used in the production of goods or services,
or the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific
investigation.
Technology is the child (product) of science

4. Improved S&T result to industrialization and thus converting a simple society to a
complex one
People’s life and lifestyle change as a result of improved S&T
Urbanization results when S&T improve because people usually migrate to a place
where their basic needs are met
People have stronger desire for material goods when S&T improve in the place
More discoveries and Inventions that benefit the people due to improved S&T

6. In the ancient times, people were concerned with:
Transportation and navigation
Communication and record-keeping
Mass production
Security and protection
Health
Aesthetics
Architecture.

7. The Sumerians were the people of Southern Mesopotamia whose civilizationflourished
between c.4100-1750 BCE
Sumeriais located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are
known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great
things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire
pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.
Cuneiform–is the one of the major contributions of the Sumerians.
It is the first writing system that utilizes
words, pictures and triangular symbols
which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry.

8. UrukCity –is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first
true city in the world but also the way it is erected.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur –is another engineering and architectural feat of the
Sumerians. Also called the mountain of god, it was built in the same manner
that they constructed the City of Uruk. It served as the sacred place of their
chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter.

9. Sailboats –were essential in transportation and trading as
well as in fostering culture, information and technology.
Wheel –Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the
specialized tools needed to create it were already available.
The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm
work and food processes. With the use of wheel and axle,
mass production was made easier.
Irrigation and Dikes –The Sumerians created dikes and
irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same
time control the flooding of the rivers. This method was
considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering
works.

10. The Plow –was invented to dig the soil in a faster pace. With this tool,
farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to
mass produce food without taking so much effect and time.

11. Roads –in order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
Sumerians developed the first roads. With this work, the flow
of traffic became faster and more organized. The invention of
roads was very useful especially during the rainy season
when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too
difficult.

12. Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great
builders, engineers, and architects.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon –
It was said to be a structure made
up of layers upon layers of
gardens that contained several
species of plants, trees, and vines.

13. Paper or Papyrus –although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing,
they were able to make writing easier for the world. The Egyptian invention of the
paper or papyrus was a welcome development. Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt.

14. Hieroglyphics –like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also
developed a system of writing using symbols.

15. Hieratic—cursive form of writing ,were invented at much the
same time in late predynasticEgypt(c.3000BCE).

16. Ink –as a result of the invention of the paper, the Egyptian invented ink by combining
soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
Cosmetics –although cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve and highlight
the facial features of a person, their function in ancient Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons.

17. Wig –during the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were
worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes.

18. Water Clock/Clepsydra –utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel
to the other. In the process, time is measured.

19. Chalice -The Egyptians made ceramic drinking vessels for
their beverages, and sometimes turned them into works of
art.

20. Instead of using pillows, ancient Egyptians used stone or wooden headrests.

21. Razor -The ancient Egyptians were very concerned about hygiene, and cut their hair short or shaved it
to thwart lice. This razor, which has a blade attached to a wooden handle, was found in a basket in a
woman’s tomb. It's housed in the Met’s collection of Egyptian artifacts.

22. Sandals -Members of the royal elite wore more elaborate sandals, such as these gold sandals that
belonged to a queen of the pharaoh Thutmose III.

23. Jewelry -The Egyptians loved colorful jewelry, often in the shape of gods, sacred animals, and other
designs. The jewelry may have been intended as amulets that would magically protect the wearer against
disease, accidents, and other bad events, Peck writes. These amethyst and gold bracelets and anklets
feature lions and lions' claws.

24. Socks –Although we’re accustomed to thinking of Egypt as a hot place, temperatures drop in the early
morning and the evening, and ancient Egyptians’ feet apparently got cold. This pair of striped wool socks
was designed to be worn with sandals

25. Alarm Clock –although the alarm clock during
that time did not resemble the present-day
alarm clock, the purpose was just the same –to
tell an individual when to stop or when to start.
Water Mill –were commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains which was a
necessary form of food processing during that
time.

26. Acta Diurna/ Newspaper –(Latin: Daily Acts, sometimes translated as Daily Public
Records or poetically as Daily Gazette) were daily Roman official notices, a sort of
daily gazette. They were carved on stone or metal and presented in message boards
in public places such as the Forum of Rome. They also were called simply Acta.
the first newspaper, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people.

27. Bound Books of Codex –with the papyrus pages bound together and covered by
animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.
Roman Architecture –is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world. It was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence,
the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since
the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on
architectural designs established in the past.
Roman Numerals -Romans devised their own number system specifically to address
the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns.

28. Silk –although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and
scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle
kingdom.
Tea Production –was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine
that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. Because of this invention, the Chinese were
able to increase their production of tea and trade with other nations.
Great Wall of China –once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen
from outer space, it is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the
nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of
China. It showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time. The
structure was so massive and strong that it was said to have literally divided China from
the rest of the world. The wall’s construction put the nation among the powerful
civilizations during the ancient times.

29. Gunpowder –was originally developed by Chines alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating
an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate
large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.

30. Printing Press –after the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg
was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type.
This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was
eventually used all over the world.
Microscope –guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in the
earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope.
Telescope –the invention of this, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of
remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. Together with it, the
invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling easier and safer.
War weapons –since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great
developments in the weaponry technology also occurred.

31. Pasteurization –Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, invented
pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster. Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.
Petroleum Refinery –Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum.
Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to
provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The
development of kerosene established the petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.
Telephone –the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the
most important inventions in the modern times.
Calculator –the creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing
machines like the computer

32. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle –Victor Llaveand his team at H2O Technologies
were able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes.

33. SALtLamp –a young Filipina inventor named AisaMijenowas able to invent a
lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines –saltwater. She
invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environment-friendly
light source that runs on saltwater. It is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no
toxic gases.
Medical Incubator –Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian
woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. Its main purpose was
to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby
Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System –In 2010, the Department of Science and
Technology –Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to
introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This
trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for
humans and the environment.

34. EJeepney–This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the
more expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke

35. Intellectuals and their revolutionary ideas
Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in
the fields of Mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed
the views about nature.
In the study of the history of science and technology, another important area of
interest involves in the various intellectual revolutions across time.
In this area, interests lies in how intellectual revolutions emerged as a result of the
interaction of science and technology and of society. It covers how intellectual
revolutions altered the way modern science was understood and approached.
IN science and technology, intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that
led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking
across critical periods in history.

36. The Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-
century paradigm shift named after the Polish
mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus
Geocentrism(Ptolemy’s geocentric model) –a
famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius
Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the
sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion
around the Earth. He believed that the Earth
was at the center –a concept known as
geocentrism.

37. Heliocentrism –in the 16th century, Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1543), a Polish mathematician
and astronomer, introduced a new concept known as
heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the
Solar System was not Earth but actually the sun. It
was eventually accepted by the people in a period
which was called the birth of modern astronomy.
He was strongly influenced by a book entitled
Epitome published in 1946 by a German author,
Johannes Mueller. This book contains Mueller’s
observations of the heavens and some commentary
on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy.
His idea was essentially complete in 1510 then he
circulated circulatedsummary of his ideas to his few
close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus
(Little Commentary)
In 1543, the publication of his book De revolutionibus
orbiumcoelestium(On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as the start of the
Scientific Revolution

38. was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time.
In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist, published his
book,On The Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of
evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection
in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to
adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be
more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution
His book The Descent Man (1871)introduced the idea of all organic life, including
human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.
He made a major contributions in two fields: Evolutionary Biology and Philosophy
of Science.

39. Born on May 6, 1856 was an Austrian Physician
In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change
people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary
theory of psychoanalysis, which is the study that explains
human behavior. In his theory, he explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence
behavior and emotions.
He theorized 3 aspects ofpersonality that significantly
influenced human behavior.
Three Levels of Mind
Conscious Mind (lowest level) –consists of our thoughts, desires, and
wishes which we are aware of or can be recalled at anytime
Pre-conscious Mind –It consists of experiences that we are not aware
of but are made conscious by simply focusing on them.
Unconscious Mind (subconscious) –highest level of the mind that
contained repressed urges, thoughts, memories, and wishes that are
disturbing and threatening.

40. Three Structures of Personality
1.ID (makahayop) –animalistic nature of man, destructive and pleasure-seeking.
2.EGO (makatao) –human nature of man, it acts according to laws and morals. It is
bound by limits of reality
3.SUPER EGO (maka-Diyos) –it strives for perfection, always to be good and
honorable.

41. Five PhyscosexualStages of Development

43. Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-
colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early
Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems
of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had
also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the cordilleras
when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were
able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures by incorporating
an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve
an elaborate farming system.

44. Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of
construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built using
some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the
Spanish government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed
by the principaliaclass.
the Spanish era opened galleon trade that brought additional technology and
development in the Philippines. Medicine and advanced science were introduced
in formal colleges and universities established by the catholic orders
The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.
They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose
of nurturing development in the field of science and technology
American established the public education system;
In basic education, The “science” as a subject was formally introduced which
focused on nature studies and science and sanitation.
Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people
Established a modern research university (UP) , created more public hospitals,
mineral resources were explored and exploited.

45. After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different
administrators, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each
leadership had its own science and technology agenda. However, it is important to
note than some Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than
others. One of the presidents who ushered in advancement in science and technology
was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies
in science and technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in the
place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST); and the reconstitute National Science and Technology Authority
(originally established in 1958 as the National Science and Development Board and
now the Department of Science and Technology), among others

46. The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs,
projects, and policies to boost the area of science and Technology. The goal is to
prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically
driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
REPUBLICT ACT NO. 2067, JUNE 13, 1958 aka “SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”.
AN ACT TO INTEGRATE, COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND TO FOSTER
INVENTION; TO PROVIDE FUNDS THEREFOR; AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

47. DOST existing programs and projects are the following:
Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science
Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies in the field of
science and technology
BalikScientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and
work and conduct research in the Philippines.
Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System

48. Human Flouring in Science and Technology

49. Flourishing -a state where people experience positive emotions, positive
psychological functioning, and positive social functioning, most of the time," living
"within an optimal range of human functioning. “
Positive Mind.
Positive Vibes.
Positive Life.
an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger
community of individuals,each with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts.
involves the rational use of one's individual human potentialities, including talents,
abilities, and virtues in thepursuit of his freely and rationally chosen values and goals
The idea of human flourishing is inclusive and can encompass a wide variety of
constitutive ends.

50. Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
Develop by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) dealt on self-actualization (self-
fulfillment, reaching one’s potential to the fullest, creativeness and appreciation of
beauty and symmetry) as the last level of man’s motivation.

51. MARTIN HEIDEGGER
a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental
tradition of philosophy.
widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important
philosophers of the 20th century.
In his essay “The Question Concerning Technology” he states that
“technology is a way of revealing”
He puts forward the ancient Greek concepts of aletheia, poeisis, and
techne
Aletheiameans unhiddennessor disclosure
Poeisisdefined as bringing forth
Techne (root word for technology) means skill, art, or craft.
Thus, in Heidegger’s work, technology is a poeisisthat discloses or reveals
the truth

52. HEIDEGGER’S VIEW ON TECHNOLOGY
He strongly opposes the view that technology is “a means to an end” or “a human
activity.”
Since the essence of a tree is not itself a tree, he points out, so the essence of
technology is not anything technological.

53. How can technology be ‘a way of revealing’?
What does Heidegger mean when he says that technology is “a way of revealing”?
everything we perceive or think of or interact with “emerges out of concealment into
concealment, by entering into a particular relation with reality, reality is ‘revealed’ in a specific
way.
technology is the way of revealing that characterizes our time.
technology embodies a specific way of revealing the world, a revealing in which humans take
power over reality.
while the ancient Greeks experienced the ‘making’ of something as ‘helping something to
come into being’ –as Heidegger explains that modern technology is rather a ‘forcing into
being’.
technology reveals the world as raw material, available for production and manipulation.

54. Modern Technology to Martin Heidegger:
Challenging since it is very aggressive in activity.
A mode of revealing –never comes to an end and happens on our own time.
Challenges nature and demands resources for human consumption and storage.
The way of revealing in modern technology is an enframing
Modern technology challenges nature and demands of its resources that are most of
the time, forcibly extracted for human consumption and storage.
It brings about a “setting upon” of the land –Mining is an example of modern
technology that challenges forth and brings about the setting upon of land.

55. In looking at the world, Heidegger distinguished between calculative thinking and
meditative thinking.
Calculative thinking –one orders and puts a system to nature so it can be
understood better and controlled. Like putting the nature inside a box.
It extracts minerals from the earth and forcefully assigns the land as a means to fulfil
the never-ending demands ofpeople.
The revealing always happens on our own terms as everything is on demand.
Information at our fingertips, food harvested even out of season, gravity defied to fly
off to space.
We no longer need to work with the rhythms of nature because we have learned to
control it.
We order nature, and extract, process, make ready for consumption, and store what
we have force it to reveal.
Meditative Thinking –one lets nature reveal itself to him/her without forcing it.
Enframingis done because people want security even if the ordering that happens
in enframingis violent.

56. Human Person Swallowed by Technology
If we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern technology, we lose the essence of
who we are as beings in thisworld.
If we are constantly plugged online and no longer have the capacity for authentic
personal encounters, then we are truly swallowed by technology.
If we cannot let go of the conveniences and profits brought about by processes and
industries that pollute the environment and cause climate change, then technology
has consumed our humanity.
“But where danger is, grows the saving power also.” (poet Holderlin), the saving
power lies in the essence of technology as technology.
The essence of technology is not found in the instrumentality and function of
machines constructed, but in the significance such technology unfolds (Heidegger,
1977).

57. Art as a Way Out of Enframing
Enframingas the mode of revealing in modern technology, tends to block
poeisis.
The poetry that is found in nature can no longer be easily appreciated when
nature is enframed.
In modern technology, the way of revealing is no longer poetic; it is challenging.
For example, the watermill is a primitive structure compared to hydro
powerplant, people no longer realize how the watermill is more in tune with the
rhythms of nature.

58. Art as a Way Out of Enframing
Heidegger proposes art as a way out of this enframing. With art, we are better able to
see the poetic in nature inreality.
It leads us away from calculative thinking towards meditative thinking.
Through meditative thinking, we will recognize that nature is art par excellence.
When meditatively looking at technology, one will begin to question its significance in
his/her life more than in its instrumental use
Technology is normally thought of as that which solves problems, but Heidegger
asserted that it is something that must be questioned. In questioning we build a way to
understand.
It is meditative thinking that provides a way for us to remain rooted in the essence of
who we are
It grounds us so as not to let our technological devices affect our real core and warp
our nature.

59. Though enframinghappens, it cannot completely snuff out the poetic character of
technology.
We pounder technology and question it.
In doing so, we also become aware of the crisis we have plunged the Earth into.
The danger is made present and more palpable through our art and poetry.

60. It is a philosophical term for the life that one would like to live
It is characterized by happiness that springs from living well and doing well.
The ancient greekscalled this concept of “living well and doing well” as
eudaimonia” came from Greek word eumeaning “good” and daimon meaning
“spirit”
It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that empower the human
person to be the best version of himself/herself.

61. Aristotle-Greek philosopher wrote the NichomacheanEthics that
attempted to explain what the good is.
The good life is more than the countless expressions of what is good,
example completing one’s studies. It is characterized by living well and
doing well.
…both the many and the cultivated call it happiness and suppose that living
well and doing well are the same as being happy (Nicomachean Ethics 1:4)
Ex; If one is a student then he/she act to be the best version of a student by
studying well and fulfilling the demands of school.
According to him, Happiness is the ultimate end of human action. It is that
which people pursue for it’s own sake. Like Financial stability for one’s
family.
Happiness defines a good life which comes living a life of virtue, a life
of excellence rather than from sensate pleasure.
These virtuerequire disciplineand practice.
Virtue is the excellence of character that empowers one to do and be
good. Such virtue is cultivated with habit and discipline as it is not a
one time dee, but a constant and consistent series of actions.

62. It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness, and the contrary activities
that control is contrary. (Nicomachean Ethics 1:10)
Ex. Taking care of the environment through proper waste management which
results in a clean environment and adds to people’s well being and happiness. It is
an activity that expresses virtue.
Disregard for virtuous actions, especially for the sake of convenience and
gratification does not contribute to happiness.
Virtue, the, being of two kind, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main
owes its birth and growth to teaching (for which reason requires experience and time)
while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit (Nicomachean ethics 2:1)
The onward progress of science and technology is also the movement towards the
good life.

63. Utilitarianism isan ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on
outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical
choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
John Stuart Mill –declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying that an action
is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of
people.
Mill said that individual happiness of each individual should be prioritized and
collectively dictates the kind of action that should be endorsed.
When an action benefits the greatest number of people, said action is deemed ethical.
Example: Mining , is ethical or not?

64. MATERIALISM
Democritus and Leucippus led a school whose primary
belief is that the world is made up and controlled by
atomosor seeds.
For them, the world is made up of matter. As such, only
material entities matter.
In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us
attain happiness. Ex. Financial matter which most people
are clinging towards as their source of the meaning of
their existence.

65. HEDONISM
-Led by Epicurus
-The hedonists see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure
and it’s always been their priority.
-For them, life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure
because life is limited.
-Their mantra is “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we
die”.
-This school of thought does not buy any notion of afterlife
just like the materialists.

66. STOICISM
Also led by epicurus
The stoics espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one
must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
The original term, apatheia, precisely means to be
indifferent.
Happiness for them can only be attained by a careful
practice of apathy.
Some things are not within our control and the sooner we
realize this, the happier we can become.

67. THEISM
Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as fulcrum of their existence.
The Philippines, as predominantly a Christian country, is witness to how people base
their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called eternity.
The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God.
The world where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver
around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of God.

68. HUMANISM
The freedom of man to carve his own destiny and legislate his own laws, free from the
shackles of God that monitors and controls.
For humanists, man is literally the captain of his own ship.
They see themselves not merely as stewards of creation but as individuals who are in
control of themselves and the world outside them.

70. ARTICLE 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit
of brotherhood.
ARTICLE 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedom set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political
or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional
or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether
it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of
sovereignty.

71. ARTICLE 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security to person.
ARTICLE 4
No one should be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade
shall prohibited in all their forms.
ARTICLE 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhhumanor degrading
treatment or punishment.
ARTICLE 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

72. ARTICLE 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to
equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such
discrimination.
EXAMINATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
In the Philippines, the constitution sets forth the basic rights of the Filipino
people. These rights are embodied in Article III (Bill of Rights) and Article XIII
(Social Justice and Human Rights). When both sets out basic rights they are referred
to as constitution of liberty. Rights are by an individual or groups of individuals.
Under a democratic country, there are three (3) human rights:

73. 1. NATURAL RIGHTS
These are rights possessed by man (not granted by the state) but conferred
to him by God and nature so that he may live happily. Examples, are the right
happiness, right to live, and the right to love.
2. STATUTORY RIGHTS
These are rights granted to individuals by law which are promulgated by the
law-making body and consequently may be abolished by the same body. Examples,
the right to receive minimum wage, right to receive 13
th
month pay, right to service
incentive pay.
3. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
These are rights of the citizens to participate directly or indirectly to the
establishment or administration of the government. These rights are rights of
citizenships (Art. IV), rights of suffrage, right on information on matters of public
concern (Art. III, Section 7). Constitutional rights include civil rights, social, and
economic rights, and rights of the accused.

74. REPUBLICT ACT NO. 10173 approved on Jan. 6, 2012.
This law is known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 that protects the
fundamental human rights of privacy of communication which ensures free flow of
information to promote innovation and growth.
1987 CONSTITUTION
Which stipulates that the “State shall protect and advance of the right of the
people to a balance ecology with the rhythm of nature”.
PHILIPPINE AGENDA 21
Which serves as the nation’s blueprint for sustainable development.

75. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IA CCC)
Which aimed at harnessing and synergizing the various activities undertaken by
the national government and civil society in response to the crisis pose by the growing
problem on climate change.
REPUBLIC ACT 8749 (CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999)
that moves for an effective air quality management program that will mitigate the
worsening problem of air pollution in the country.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8435 (AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY MODERNIZATION ACT OF
1997)
states that the Department of Agriculture (DA) should take into account climate
change, weather disturbance
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 (Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)
aimed at providing a comprehensive solutions to the country’s garbage problem

76. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9275 (PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004)
moves for a comprehensive water quality management.
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 171, 2007
created Presidential Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) to address and
mitigate the impact of climate change in the Philippines.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009)
systematized and integrated the concept of climate change in the policy
formulation and development plan of all government agencies and units to prepare
the government for the impact of climate change

77. PHILIPPINES CLIMATE CHANGE COMMISSION (PCCC)
under the office of the president as the policy making body of the
government to coordinate, monitor and evaluate the program and action plan
relating to climate change.
NATURAL FRAMEWORK STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2010 -20-22
committed towards ensuring and strengthening the adaptation of our natural
ecosystem and human communities to climate change.

79. The Information Ageis defined as a “period starting in the last quarter of the 20
th
century when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and
through the management of information by computers and computer networks”
(Vocabulary.com,n.d.)
The Information Age is also called the Digital Age and the New Media Age
because it was associated with the development of computers.

84. Computers are among the most important contributions of advances in the
Information Age to Society.
It is an electronic device that stores and processes data (information). It runs on
program that contains the exact, step by step directions to solve a problem
(Ushistory.org,2017)
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. Personal Computer (PC)
2. Desktop Computer
3. Laptops
4. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
5. Server
6. Mainframes
7. Wearable Computer

85. CLAUDE E. SHANNON
-Considered as the “Father of Information Theory”
-He worked at Bell Laboratories
The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data
transmission among innumerable computers.
It was developed during the 1970s with the creation of the Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) which was funded by the US Department of
Defense, the “first workable prototype of the Internet” was born.
In case of an attack, military advisers suggested the advantage of being able to
operate on one computer from another terminal.

86. Tim Berners-Lee
-a British Scientist who invented the World Wide Web
on 1989
-The Web was originally conceived and developed as a
way of addressing data processing and information sharing
needs among scientists for the European Organization Nuclear
Research (CERN)
-The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the evolving
technologies of computers, data networks and hypertext into a
powerful and easy to use global information system.

87. One of the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident
in the field of Bioinformatics.
BIOINFORMATICS –is the application of information technology to store, organize,
and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of
sequences and structures of proteins –the building blocks of organism and nucleic
acids-the information carrier.
Early interest in bioinformatics was established because of a need to create
databases of biological sequences.
It is an interdisciplinary field in the application of Biology, Computer Science,
Statistics and Mathematics.

88. COMMUNICATION
PROS CONS
More Interactive and Immediate Unreliable sources of information
Connect Individual Virtually Separate individual (friends & families)
physically
Isolation or lack of social physical
interaction
Readily available news and updates
everywhere
Questionable Credibility of information

89. Advantages of Social Media
Connectivity
Connectivity is among the most significant benefits of social media. It can link countless users
at any time, everywhere. Information could be spread globally through social media and its
connectedness, making it simple for people to interact with one another. It results in global
relationships.
Education
The use of social media in education is commendable. Learners and educators can enroll in
global collaborative platforms to facilitate constructive learning. It also aids in skill
improvement by fostering knowledge and creativity.
Information and Updates
Stay informed about events happening across the globe or in other people's lives using social
media. In contrast to television, radio, or newspapers, social media lets everyone convey
information accurately by presenting the real picture. It aids in showcasing real-world news
across the globe.

90. Awareness
People have become more conscious thanks to social media. It serves as a channel for
information, thus paving the way to innovation and success via developing their knowledge
and abilities. Social media well-covers global events, making people more aware of their
surroundings.
Share Anything With Others
Social media is the best platform to convey feelings and opinions -a song, a poem, a work of
art, a decadent dessert, or anything else. Anyone can let their creativity shine through the
platform for it to be shared by millions of others. Sharing the artistic works with others could
open the door to achievement and several milestones.
Helps in Building Communities
Live in a diverse world where individuals from different cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds
exist. Social media brings these people together by linking them on a common platform. Thus,
fostering a sense of unity facilitates the development of community links. For instance, food
lovers can join the community of food bloggers, while gamers can join communities focused
on gaming, etc.

91. Noble Cause
Noble deeds can be promoted on social media. It is the ideal tool for endorsing causes like
giving donations to those with cancer, for instance, to those who need money for treatment.
While everyone can use social media to assist others in finance, it is also the simplest and
fastest way to advance any worthwhile cause.
Mental Health
Social media serves as an excellent stress reliever. Several groups can support people battling
against stress, depression, and loneliness. By creating a feeling of elation, these communities
can bestow a brighter attitude while also helping develop healthy relationships with others,
thus enhancing mental health.

92. Disadvantages of Social Media
Affects Social-Emotional Connection
Social media hampers emotional bonds. Everything is conveyed through texts digitally, which
can stunt expressions. Ingenuity is lost when people who would ideally visit one another to
convey greetings only send text messages instead of hugs.
Decreases Quick-witted Skill
With the decrease in real face-to-face conversations and in-person chats, quick-wittedness is
rare. Sense of humor and sporty tête-à-têtes have been compromised –the sense of love,
friendship, fun, and enjoyment have all disappeared due to the effects of social media on
human mental health.
Causing Distress to Someone's Feelings
People who use social media to communicate lack empathy and do not wink an eyelid when
they have to hurt someone. The latest trolls, negative comments, and feedback are all
witnesses to the hard-heartedness that has evolved due to the invisible nature of social
media.

93. Present Physically Not Mentally
Spending time with each other is about being 'present' and in the moment. As friends and
family gather, create memories by speaking to one another about times past, present and
future. Unfortunately, today with social media being made available on the mobile phone,
people spend time with each other 'scrolling' through posts.
Lacking Understanding and Thoughtfulness
Feelings are conveyed through word and voice –but to do this, there is a need to be
physically present in front of the other person to communicate feelings effectively. However,
social media gives it a different hue when anyone puts them into a text, thus masking the real
meaning.
Lack of Quality Family Time
Social media has been the cause of many disrupted relationships simply because families
cannot spend quality time with each other. Family time has taken a hit with 'me' and privacy
taking precedence (due to the quality of texts that appear on social media).
Cyberbullying
People, particularly children, have been victims of cyberbullying where threats, cons, and
other negative activities easily ensnare them. Fake news and rumors spread effortlessly,
leading to depression and suicide.

94. Hacking
The vulnerability of social media has also thrown light on how easy it is to gather a person's data.
Privacy settings must be constantly updated and profile locked to avoid such situations.
Distracted Mind
Social media is impulsive. New messages, notifications, and updates are the impetus to constantly
checking the phone, resulting in distraction. The individual wastes time even ignoring important
work to only look at the menial update.
Facilitates Laziness
Spending hours on the couch glued to our smartphones results in several health problems such as
obesity, stress, and high blood pressure. Technology and accompanying social media have led to a
rise in laziness among people due to no physical activity or exercise.
Addiction
A serious issue among youth social media addiction has led to disastrous consequences. While
checking social media and using the smartphone in moderation is not bad, productive time and
energy are wasted due to overuse.
Cheating and Relationship Issues
Individuals are now using social media as a platform for dating and marriage. However, chances are
that the information provided on the profile is false, eventually leading to a toxic relationship or
even divorce.

97. Defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire Earth.
The number of species of flora, fauna, and microbial organism, the enormous
diversity of genes in these species, the varied ecosystems of Earth, such as deserts,
rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse planet and all of
which together forms biodiversity.
It’s the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they
are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of
ecosystems.
It encompasses all kinds of lie forms, from the single-celled organisms to the
largest multi-celled organisms.

98. Three Levels in Biodiversity:
1. Genetic Level -This refers to the genetic differences between specific or certain
species
2. Species level -This refers to the place in which specific kind of flora or fauna
occur in varying shapes, sizes and color
3. Ecosystem level -This refers to a place or environment having number of
species which depend on each other

99. Source of Basic needs like food, supplements, nutrients, vitamins and minerals and
a lot of forms of medicines, air and water
Brings food security, dietary health, and livelihood sustainability
Regulates and controls infectious diseases
Reduce natural disaster risk and support relief and recovery efforts

100. Abrupt and slow changes in our biodiversity can cause imbalance in our ecosystem
which in turn bring severe unpredictable effects on an overall health of living things to
include mankind.
1.Habitat Loss and Destruction –Major contributing factor is the inhabitation of human
beings and the use of land for economic gains
2.Alterations in Ecosystem Composition –alterations and sudden changes, either
within species groups or within the environment, could begin to change entire
ecosystems. Alterations in ecosystems are a critical factor contributing to species
and habitat loss
3.Over-exploitation–Over hunting, overfishing or over collecting of species can
quickly lead to its decline. Changing consumption patterns of humans is often cited
as the key reason for this unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.
4.Pollution and Contamination –Biological systems respond slowly to changes in their
surrounding environment. Pollution and contamination cause irreversible damage to
species and varieties.
5.Global Climate Change –Both climate variability and climate change cause
biodiversity loss. Species and populations may be lost permanently if they are not
provided with enough time to adapt to changing climatic conditions.

101. Advances in agriculture, sanitation, water treatment and hygiene had a huge
impact on human health
Although the environment sustains human life, it can also cause diseases.
Environmental Hazards increase the risks of acquiring various illnesses.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS:
1.Physical –this includes pollution, toxic chemicals and food contaminants
2.Social –such as dangerous work, poor housing conditions, urban sprawl and
poverty.

102. In 1951, Jack Williamson coined the term genetic engineering
The general process of genetic engineering is the deliberate manipulation or
alteration of the organism’s genes (DNA makeup)
This may involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA or adding a
new segment of DNA
For instance, a transfer of genes from one species to other different species of
organism to produce a desired trait.

103. It is the term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.
A GMO is a plant, animal, microorganisms, or other organism whose genetic make
up (DNA) has been modified or altered in a way that does not occur naturally by
mating or natural recombination. Using Recombinant DNA methods (also called
gene splicing), gene modification or transgenic technology
It is the result of laboratory process where genes from DNA of one species are
extracted and artificially inserted into the genes of unrelated plant or animal, also
called Genetic Engineering or Genetic Modification

104. 1. Pest Resistance –genetically modified plants to resist certain pests.
EX. BT Corn –The DNA (genome) of the BT Corn has been modified with the
gene of Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces proteins which is toxic
to corn borer (worm).
2. Virus Resistance –genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses.
Ex. GM papaya or rainbow papaya –The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is
known to be detrimental to papaya plants. The protein of PRSV was introduced to the
papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to be resistant to the virus itself.
The effect was like the vaccines humans have against measles or influenza virus.

105. 3. Herbicide Tolerance –genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
Ex. Roundup Ready soybean –a Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was
introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide itself. Farmers then can
spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the soybens.
4. Fortification–genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals.
Ex. Golden Rice –Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced
through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the grains fortified with vitamin A.
5. Cosmetic preservation -genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration.
Ex. Artic Apple –The apple variety was genetically modified to suppress the
browning of apple due to superficial damage.
6. Increase growth rate -genetically modified organism that has higher yield in
growth than normal species.
EX. An example is AquAdvantagesalmon. A gene from an ocean pout, an
eel-like fish was introduced to pacific Chinook salmon, making the salmon grow
faster than its normal rate.

106. 1.Flower production-GMOs in flower production are seen in modified color and
extended vase life of flowers.
Ex. Blue Roses –The so-called “blue roses” were altered or modified to
produce blue pigment but in reality its color was lilac or purple.
2. Paper Production –modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper
production.
Ex. Poplar Trees –Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that is removed from
wood to make paper through kraft process, through inserting genes that code for
ferulic acid in young poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified making the lignin
easier to breakdown.

107. 3. Pharmaceutical productions –genetically modified plants to produce
pharmaceutical products
Ex. Periwinkle Plants –bacterial genes were added to the periwinkle plant to
enhance the production of vinblastine, an alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer
treatments like Hodgkin’s lymphoma
4. Bioremediation–use of modified plants that can assist in the bioremediation of
polluted sites.
ex. Shrub tobacco –Nicotiana glauca or shrub tobacco genetically modified
with pythochelatinTaPCSI, is used for bioremediation. It shows high level
accumulation of zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces high biomass.
5. Enzyme and drug production –use of modified microorganisms that can produce
enzymes for food processing and medicines.
Ex. CGTase–Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), an enzyme
used for food flavor enhancer, is produced in higher quantity by bacterium Bacillus
which was genetically modified with the gene of a thermophilic anaerobe,
Thermoanaerobacter, carrying CGTase.

108. Ex. Artemesin–Artemesenicacid is a compound used for anti-malarial drug
extracted from sweet wordwoodplant. Through genetic engineering, it can be
synthetically produced by yeast and bacteria with sweet wordwoodplant gene.
6. GMOs in the medical field –genetic engineering is playing a significant role from
diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in the production of
drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches.
Ex. Humulin–genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes
patients who are insulin-dependent.

109. Higher efficiency in farming
Increase in harvest
Control in fertility
Increase in food processing
Improvement of desirable characteristics
Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides

110. Inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the environment
Genetic engineering promotes mutation in organisms which the long term effect is
still unknown.
Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:
More allergic reactions –when a gene extracted from an allergenic organism
and placed in another one that typically does not cause allergies, a person may
unknowingly be exposed to an allergen
Gene mutation –GMO food may develop abnormalities and mutation, more than
the desired product of the gene alteration
Antibiotic Resistance –GMO food contains anti-biotic resistant genes; this may
cause disease-causing bacteria like to be more antibiotic –resistant too,
increasing the possibility of widespread of the disease.
Nutritional Value –GMO food may have change in their nutritional value

111. 1.Risk in Gene Flow-there is a risk of the modified gene to be transferred from the
GMO crop to its wild relative or organism in the soil .
2.Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems-
GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger new form of pest
resistance while GMO herbicide-tolerant crops may lead to the over use of the
herbicides which may trigger new form of weed resistance.
3.Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to produce New Pathogens –the modified
gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial genes which may
lead to viral bacterial gene modification. This living modified virus and bacteria
may then cause new disease that may affect other organisms including human
beings.

112. Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or
organically produced.
Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the
human digestive system
Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health
Production of allergens may have adverse effects on humans.
Mutation of genetically engineered microorganisms –modified bacteria and
viruses may mutate to become more resistant or virulent that may cause more
dreadful diseases for human beings
Cloning –The asexual reproduction of an organism using parent cell through
genetic engineering.

113. Recently, a genetically modified salmon reach the Canadian consumers, the first
GM animal (fish) to reach market.
Scientists are working on disease-resistant pigs, bird-flu resistant chickens,
hornless dairy cows, and highly productive lamb
In the near future, one has seen a rapid expansion in crops with 1 stacked traits that
have gene for resistance to both herbicide and insects.

115. The latinword of Nano is “nenus” which means dwarf.
A nanometer is a billionth of a meter or ten raised to negative nine (10-9). Hence
“nano” expresses a very tiny amount or size.
Nanoworld literally mean “small world”
Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and technology that which
manipulates matter on an atomic or subatomic scale, about 1 to 100 nanometers.
The various types of nanomaterials are classified according to their individual
shapes and sizes.
BY studying and controlling matter at this nanoscale (1-100 nm) scientists can alter
individual atoms and molecules. These alterations can lead to physical, chemical,
biological, and optical properties of matter.
When objects are manipulated on the nanometric scale, they can develop unusual
properties —a change in color or increased malleability —that diverge from their
presentation on the macroscopic scale. A change in surface area can result in a
change in physical, chemical, optical or mechanical makeup. Materials can become
more durable, robust or conductive than their life-sized counterparts

116. Theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman introduced the field of
nanotechnologyduring an after-dinner talkin 1959 when he asked his audience, why
can’t we write 24 volumes of the encyclopedia on the head of a pin? The speech,
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” presented the idea of manipulating and
controlling things unseen by the eye to the world. Fifteen years later, Japanese
scientist Norio Taniguchi would be thefirst to coin and definethe term
“nanotechnology” in 1974, but the field couldn’t really take off until 1981, when the
scanning and tunneling microscope, which images materials on the atomic level,was
invented.

118. Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute nanomaterials
1.Electron Microscope
-German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron
microscope during the 1930s
-This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a
specimen and develop a well-magnified image.
-EM produce higher and better resolution than older light microscopes
because they can magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light
microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only.
-Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope
(TEM) are the two general types of electron microscope.

119. 2. Atomic force microscope (AFM)
-It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber in
1986.
-It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the
surface of a material.
3. Scanning tunneling microscope
-In 1986, Gerd Binigand Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics
because of this invention
-This special type of microscope enable scientists to view and manipulate
nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules.

120. It refers to the scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale
materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves research, improvement,
and incorporation processes for the construction of materials.
There are two fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing:
1.Bottom-up Fabrication–It manufactures products by building them up from
atomic and molecular-scale components. However, this method id time-
consuming. Scientists and engineers are still in search for effective ways of
putting up together molecular components that self-assemble and from the
bottom-up to organized structures.
2.Top-down Fabrication –It trims down large pieces of materials into a nanoscale.
This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw
materials.

121. Dip pen lithography –it is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope
is “dipped” into a chemical fluid and then utilized to “write” on a surface, like an
old-fashioned ink pen onto paper
Self-assembly –It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together
to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction
Chemical vapor deposition –It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to
form very pure, high performance films.
Nanoimprint lithography-It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by
stamping printing them onto a surface.
Molecular beam epitaxy –It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled
thin films.
Roll-to-roll processing-It is a high volume practice for constructing nanoscale
devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal
Atomic layer epitaxy-It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a
surface

122. •Sunscreen
•Clothing
•Furniture
•Adhesives
•Car paint
•Sports equipment
•Computers
•Medicine
•Food
•Fireproofing

123. Example of Areas Affected by
Nanotechnology
Possible Benefits Concerns
Environment •Improved detection and
removal of contaminants
•Development of benign
industrial processes and
materials
•High reactivity and toxicity
•Pervasive distribution in the
environment
•No nano-specific EPA
regulation
Health •Improved medicine •Ability to cross cell
membrane and translocate in
the body
•No FDA approval needed for
cosmetics or supplements
Economy •Better products
•New jobs
•Redistribution of wealth
Potential cost of cleanups and
healthcare
•Accessibility to all income
levels

125. Gene Therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
diseases. It is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for
abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein.
It is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses by
inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The idea of gene therapy is based on correcting a disease at its root; fixing the
abnormal genes that appear to lead to a certain diseases.
Several Approaches to Gene therapy:
Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
Inactivating or “knocking out”, a mutated gene that is functioning improperly
Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease

131. 1.Germline Gene Therapy –this involves the modification of the genes inside
germ cells (sperm or ova). During reproduction, these gamete cells fuse to form
a zygote, which would divide and pass on the modified gene into all other cells
of the body during the development of offspring. In this way, the therapy alters
the genome of future generations to come.
2.Somatic Gene Therapy –Unlike germline therapy, somatic gene therapy only
involves the insertion of therapeutic DNA into body cells and not the germ cells
or gametes. This means any effects of the therapy are confined to the individual
being treated and are not inherited by future offspring.

132. Pros
•Provides options. Gene therapy can potentiallycure someone of a disease,
especially in instances where no other medications have worked.
•Only has to be given one time. Existing gene therapies are given as aone-time
dose. This is appealing compared to some other treatments that require multiple
doses.
•Long-lasting effects.Gene therapy has the potential to get rid of a person’s
symptoms for life. Gene therapy can give many people a better quality of life.
•Positive effects passed down through generations.If you remove a faulty gene
from a parent, theywon’t transfer this gene to their kids.
•Rapidly-changing technology. Gene therapy is able to exist because ofmassive
advances in technology over the past few decades. Since technology continues to
advance, we can expect gene therapy to continue to improve. We can also expect
more gene therapies to gain FDA approval.

133. Cons
•Expensive. Gene therapy can be extremely pricey, making it inaccessible for some
people. For example,Zolgensma, a gene therapy to treat spinal muscular atrophy, is
the most expensive medication in the U.S. Itcosts $2.1 million for a course of
treatment.
•Experimental.Gene therapy is relatively new and there’s still a lot about it that we
don’t know. Right now, there are no guarantees. Exactly how successful gene therapy
will be is still uncertain.
•Potentially dangerous.There’s some concern thatif gene therapy reaches other
cells in the bodybesides the faulty cell, it could have harmful effects. There’s also
concern that reproductive cells could be changed without detection, and these could
be passed on to people’s children.
•Ethical issues. Some people haveethical issues with gene therapy. For example,
some wonder who will decide what “good” and “bad” uses of gene therapy are? And
will gene therapy make us less accepting of people who are different?
•May cause infection.Some gene therapies use inactivated viruses to carry healthy
genetic material into a faulty cell in the body. It’s possible that these virusescould
infect the person receiving therapy.

134. •Delivering the gene to the right place and switching it on:
•it is crucial that the new gene reaches the right cell
•delivering a gene into the wrong cell would be inefficient and could also
cause health problems for the patient
•even once the right cell has been targeted the gene has to be turned on
•cells sometimes obstruct this process by shutting down genes that are
showing unusual activity.
•Avoiding the immune response:
•The role of the immune system is to fight off intruders.
•Sometimes new genes introduced by gene therapy are considered potentially-
harmful intruders.
•This can spark an immune response in the patient, that could be harmful to
them.
•Scientists therefore have the challenge of finding a way to deliver genes
without the immune system ‘noticing’.
•This is usually by using vectors that are less likely to trigger an immune
response.

135. •Making sure the new gene doesn’t disrupt the function of other genes:
•Ideally, a new gene introduced by gene therapy will integrate itself into the
genome of the patient and continue working for the rest of their lives.
•There is a risk that the new gene will insert itself into the path of another gene,
disrupting its activity.
•This could have damaging effects, for example, if it interferes with an
important gene involved in regulating cell division, it could result in cancer.
•The cost of gene therapy:
•Many genetic disorders that can be targeted with gene therapy are extremely
rare.
•Gene therapy therefore often requires an individual, case-by-case approach.
This may be effective, but may also be very expensive.

137. It is a change in Global or regional climate patterns.
It refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for continuous period of
time.
Factors that contribute to climate change can be natural internal process, external
forces, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere
or in land use. IT can also be due to natural occurrences or contributed by acts of
human beings.

138. The causes of climate change could be natural or by human activities.
1.NATURAL CAUSES
Volcanic Eruption –When volcanoes erupt, it emits different natural aerosols like
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dust, and even
microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.
-When this happens, the release of volcanic ashes which have sulfur
dioxide will combine with water vapor in the stratosphere. It then forms sulfuric acid and
sulfurous aerosols which are then transported by easterly or westerly winds
-The volcanic eruptions can cause a cooling effect to the lithosphere
because its emitted aerosol can block a certain percentage of solar radiation

139. Mount Tambora of Indonesia erupted in 1816, it was considered as the largest
known eruption in human history. The eruption caused snowfall in the northeastern
United States and Canada which affected their agricultural lands, losing crops that
caused food shortage and increased human mortality.
The eruptions of Mount Krakatau of Indonesia in 1883 and Mount Pinatubo of the
Philippines in 1991 contributed, too, to the cold years of planet Earth
Orbital Changes –Earth’s orbit can also cause climate change. This was proposed by
the Milankovitch theory. It states that “as the Earth travels through space around the
sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth-Sun geometry combine to produce
variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth (Academic Emporia,
2017).
 Three elements that have cyclic variations are eccentricity, obliquity and
precession
Eccentricity –is a term used to describe the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the
sun.

140. Obliquity –is the variation of the tilt of the Earth’s axis away from the orbital plane.
As this tilt changes, the seasons become more exaggerated.
-The more tilt means more severe seasons-warmer summers and colder
winter; less tilt means less severe seasons –cooler summers and milder winters.
Precession –is the change in orientation of Earth’s rotational axis.

141. The Carbon Dioxide Theory
-is added when power and heat are produced by burning coal, oil, and other
fossil fuels.
-Carbon dioxide is transparent to sunshine but not invisible to infrared
(heat) radiation leaving the ground.
-It absorbs part of the infrared radiation in the air and returns it to the
ground keeping the air near the surface warmer than it would be if the carbon
dioxide did not act like a blanket. Doubling the Carbon Dioxide raises the
temperature to 2°C to 3°C.

142. The natural greenhouse effect makes life as we
know it possible on Earth. Without this effect, the
average temperature would be about -18°C (below
the freezing point of water), rather than its current
average temperature of 14 °C.
The greenhouse effect is the process through which
heat is trapped near Earth's surface (atmosphere)
by substances known as 'greenhouse gases.’
These gases in the atmosphere acts as a transparent
blanket enveloping our planet, letting in light but
trapping some of the heat it generates andhelping
to maintain a warmer temperature than it would
have otherwise. Without an atmosphere, all of this
energy would be lost to space.
Greenhouse gases are part of Earth's atmosphere .
Greenhouse gases consist of carbon dioxide,
methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons,
and water vapor.

143. Changing the atmospheric
abundance or properties of
these gases and particles can
lead to a warming or cooling of
the climate system.
However, in the last century,
human activities, primarily
from burning fossil fuels that
have led to the release of
carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, have disrupted
Earth's energy balance. This
has led to an increase in carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere and
ocean. The level of carbon
dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere
has been rising consistently for
decades and traps extra heat
near Earth's surface, causing
temperatures to rise.

144. 2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750), the overall effect of human
activities on climate has been a warming influence.
Human activities such as burning trash (plastics, rubber, dried organic matter) and
fossil fuels result in emissions of four principal greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere: Carbon dioxide (????????????
2), methane (????????????
4), nitrous oxide (N ₂O) and the
halocarbons (a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine). These
gases accumulate in the atmosphere, causing concentrations to increase with time.
With industrial revolution, the development of the manufacturing plants,
transportations and other industrial processes that use and burn fossil fuels such as
coal and oil contributed to high levels of Carbon dioxide.
Deforestation also leads to the accumulation of ????????????
2in the atmosphere.
High methane emission is related to agriculture, natural gas distribution, and
landfills.
High nitrous oxide is also emitted by the use of fertilizer and fossil fuel burning.
Chlorofluorocarbons which were used extensively as refrigeration agents

145. These human-induced build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is known
as the “enhanced” greenhouse effect or “anthropogenic climate change”
The dramatically increased in the concentration of these gases resulted in slower
rate of heat loss which traps the heat inside the Earth that leads to the increase heat
in our temperature
It is also expected to change many of the basic weather patterns that make up our
climate

146. It directly affects the basic elements of peoples lives like water, food health, use of
land and the environment.
With the rise of global temperature glaciers will continue to melt faster. This will
increase flood risks during wet season and strongly reduce dry season water
supplies to one-sixth of the world’s population.
Ocean acidification as a result of excess absorption of Carbon dioxide in the ocean
which in turn the sea water to be more acidic affecting the marine ecosystems and
its inhabitants.
Extinction
Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one study
estimating that around 15-40% of species face extinction with 2°C of warming.

148. Hotter Temperatures
Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses (heat rash, heat stroke)
and Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter.
More Severe Storms
Changes in temperature cause changes in rainfall. This results in more
severe and frequent storms. They cause flooding and landslides, destroying homes
and communities.
Increased Drought
Water is becoming scarcer in more regions. Droughts can stir destructive sand and
dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are
expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not
having enough water on a regular basis

149. Not enough Food
Changes in climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the
reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition. Fisheries crops, and
livestock may be destroyed or become less productive. Heat stress can diminish
water and grasslands for grazing.
More Health Risks
Changing weather patterns are expanding diseases such as malaria.
Extreme weather events increase disease and death, and make it difficult for health
care systems to keep up. Other risks to health include increased hunger and poor
nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food.
Poverty and Displacement
Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty.
Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can
make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs. Weather-related disasters displace 23
million people a year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty.