Migrant labour

Migrant labour : Meaning , women labour, child labour, Types, reasons , Statistics .

1. MIGRANT LABOUR

2. . MEANING: A  migrant worker is a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have the intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work . Definition Movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment

3. Woman migration workers: According to the International Labour Organization, 48 per cent of all international migrants are women and they are increasingly migrating for work purposes Women constitute approximately half of the 244 million individuals who live and work outside of their country of origin. Contrary to popular discourse, which has painted women as passive actors in migration—moving as dependents of their spouses or for family reunification—recent decades have seen an increase in the feminization of labour migration. These migratory flows are in part influenced by the lack of decent work for women in countries of origin, and the increase in the demand for female labour in destination countries.

4. Child Migration: According to the 2011 census there are 63 million child migrants in India of which 30 million are female. The top 5 destination states to which children migrated of employment or with their household where Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. In India, child migration has typically been associated with exploitative outcomes of children. A 2013 study in India conducted by the ILO found that 47% of children between the age 6-14 and 68% of children between ages 15-17 were working as bonded labour .

5. STATE MIGRANT WORKERS Chhattisgarh 10.86 lakh Kerala 2.87 lakh Maharashtra 2.01 lakh Tamil Nadu 1.93 lakh Telangana 1.84 lakh Andhra Pradesh 1 lakh Rajasthan 92,883 Karnataka 88,852 Odisha 56,622 Haryana 48,195 Gujarat 47,566 Uttar Pradesh 36,421 Assam 25,926 Delhi 20,783 Jharkhand 16,616 STATE MIGRANT WORKERS Uttarakhand 9650 Madhya Pradesh 9621 Tripura 8201 Nagaland 7762 Bihar 7719 Goa 7678 Himachal Pradesh 5541 Arunachal Pradesh 3057 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2472 Punjab 2040 Puducherry 2031 West Bengal 1867 Mizoram 768 Meghalaya 1864 Chandigarh 1199 State wise migrant workers

6. Types of Migration: internal migration: moving within a state, country, or continent external migration: moving to a different state, country, or continent emigration: leaving one country to move to another immigration: who is entering a country from another to make a new home. return migration: moving back to where you came from seasonal migration: moving with each season or in response to labor or climate conditions

7. Internal migrations is of two types inter - state migration and intra state migration. Intra - state migration: This type of migration takes place between two parts of the same state Inter - state migraton : Volume of inter state migration i.e migration between two states is much smaller than intra state migration simply because of increase in distance. Most of the inter state migration takes place along border between two along border between two neighbouring states.

8. The  Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979  was an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to regulate the condition of service of inter-state labourers in Indian labour law. The Act's purpose was to protect workers whose services are requisitioned outside their native states in India. Whenever an employer faces shortage of skills among the locally available workers, the act created provision to employ better skilled workers available outside the state. The act was replaced by the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 Labour legislations applicable to migrant workers have largely remained on paper and there is no database on migrant workers

9. Rights of interstate workers In addition to the general labour laws applicable to all workers, the interstate workers are entitled with equal or better wages for the similar nature & duration of work applicable for the local workmen or stipulated minimum wages under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 whichever is more, displacement allowance (Section 14), home journey allowance (Section 15) including payment of wages during the period of journey, suitable residential accommodation and medical facilities free of charge on mandatory basis. Termination of employment after the contract period without any liability. Right to lodge compliant with the authorities within three months of any incident, accident, etc.

10. Reasons of Migration: lack of services lack of safety high crime crop failure drought flooding poverty War Pull factors  are the reasons why people move to a particular area. They include: higher employment more wealth better services good climate safer, less crime political stability more fertile land lower risk from natural hazards Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull factors.

11. STATISTICS

12. Reasons for intra-state migration

13. Reasons for intra – state Migrations:

14. Census of India : Migration Statistics as per 2011 As per 2001 Census, Maharashtra received largest number of migrants (7.9 million) by place of birth from other states and other countries

15. Indian Migrant workers During

16. Impact of lockdown on migrant labour :

17. 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report There were at least 1,461 accidents over the course of the nationwide lockdown - from March 25 to May 31 - in which at least 750 people were killed, including 198 migrant workers. There were 1,390 who got injured, according to the data. Migrant workers, killed during their efforts to go back home, comprise 26.4% of the overall deaths during the lockdown whereas essential workers comprise 5.3% of the total deaths. The overall deaths involving other other road users stands at 68.3 percent. The top five states that reported road crash deaths of migrant workers are Uttar Pradesh (94), Madhya Pradesh (38), Bihar (16), Telangana (11) and Maharashtra (9).

18. Accidents involving migrant workers who are walking home have been reported from across the country in recent days: According to data collected by HT reporters, at least 162 migrants have died in such accidents since the beginning of the lockdown on March 25. In the past fortnight alone, 42 migrant labourers have died in two major accidents. In Odisha’s Angul district, the driver of an LPG tanker was charred to death when a bus carrying 26 migrants on its way to West Bengal from Mumbai rammed into the tanker . At least 12 migrants sustained injuries. On May 8, a goods train ran over 16 people who were sleeping on the tracks in Maharashtra’s Aurangabad on their way back to their village in MP on foot. Then on May 16, 26 workers died after the truck they were travelling in rammed another vehicle in Uttar Pradesh’s Auraiya district.

19. Thank you A.SARITHA MHRM