Migration

1. CAUSES & CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT & USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES

2. DEFINITION The movement of people from one place to another. The permanent relocation of people from one place to another. The temporary movement of people from one place to another. NB –Temporary migration is not to be confused with COMMUTING!

3. TYPES OF MIGRATION

4. TEMPORARY VS. PERMANENT MIGRATION PERMANENT Occurs when migrants do not intend to return home. Reasons for permanent migration include: the attainment of jobs, the desire to move to the city or the desire to establish a farm. TEMPORARY Occurs when people leave their permanent residence for a short period of time. May include persons leaving their community or country to study outside of that area for a period of time before returning home. May also include persons who travel to other countries to engage in work programmes .

5. INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNAL This refers to the movement of people from one area to another within a country. It may be either temporary or permanent Usually characterized by movement from rural areas to urban areas. Most likely consequence is urbanization

6. RURAL VS. URBAN MIGRATION RURAL-TO-URBAN Movement from rural areas to urban areas Usually movement from farming communities to towns or cities Normally as a result of the low wages received in rural areas Has led to decline in demand for agricultural workers URBAN-TO- RURAL Occurs when people relocate to obtain jobs People are attracted to rural areas as they want to leave polluted cities People also leave urban areas as they want to get away from the outbreaks of violence or from being targeted by criminals

7. Rural- TO- RURAL Occurs when people move from one rural area to another rural area in search of work . If the land they are tending becomes unproductive. If agricultural land is taken over for another land use such as mining or development RURAL VS. URBAN MIGRATION

8. External/ International Migration External migration occurs when people move from one country to settle in another. It may be either permanent or temporary . Intra-regional migration- refers to movement within the Caribbean. Usually occurs for employment opportunities and pursuit of higher education. Most likely consequence is “brain drain ”

9. SEASONAL VS. FORCED MIGRATION SEASONAL This is very common with agricultural cycles In Jamaica, people usually migrate to North America to reap crops such as apples, oranges, tomatoes. This is referred to as the farm work programme. Also, some people migrate seasonally to work in the hospitality industry. FORCED Also called deracination It is characterized by coerced movement of a person or persons from their home. Sometimes it is accompanied by religious and political persecution Example: Transatlantic Slave Trade

10. Also called in-migration Describes movement into a country, island or region. It is often controlled strictly by government. It is usually permanent movement were the immigrant leaves the country of origin in order to find a new job. Also called out-migration Describes movement out of a country, island or region. It is not usually restricted by governments. It usually results in permanent settlement and application for citizenship in the new country. IMMIGRATION VS. EMIGRATION IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION

11. CAUSES OF MIGRATION The causes of migration may be attributed to push and pull factors . A push factor is a forceful factor that exists in the country of origin. A pull factor is an attractive factor that exists in the country of destination.

12. PUSH & PULL FACTORS Lack of jobs Political instability Poor medical facilities Lack of religious freedom Poor educational opportunities Financial stress Prevalence of natural disasters Lack of public amenities and utilities Infertile land Job opportunities Better living conditions Political & religious freedom Better healthcare Higher quality education Social & financial security Family reunion Modern infrastructure More reliable source of food

13. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION Migration carries with it numerous consequences for both the host/receiving country and the country of origin as well as on an individual level. Consequences may be either positive or negative Effects of migration may also be categorized as social, political or economic

14. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION for the host/receiving country positive “Brain Gain” Cultural diversity Increase in labour force Growth in total population Expansion of industries negative Greater pressure on resources of the country Greater pressure on social services of the country Growth in total population Financial resources exported outside of country

15. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION for the country of origin positive Remittances benefit economy Migrants return with useful skills Population size decreased Opening-up of job markets negative “Brain Drain” Down-sizing of industries Population size

16. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION on individuals POSITIVE Increase in income New cultural experience Learning new skills Better educational and health facilities Greater access to recreational facilities NEGATIVE Family instability Burden of dependency Culture shock

17. URBANIZATION This is usually as a result of rural to urban migration Human movement to more central locations lead to expansion into the surrounding countryside Such movement has a number of consequences

18. URBANIZATION Inadequate housing Development of slums Underemployment increase in unemployment levels Increase in social unrest and crime Poor sanitation Pests and diseases Pollution