Migration of people throughout the worlf

Migration

1. MIGRATION

2. Concept of Migration Migration is one of the basic components of population growth and redistribution . It occupies a central place in demographic analysis. The word migration has been derived from the Latin word ‘ Migrate ’ which means to change one’s residence .

3. Concept of Migration According to Lee , ‘Migration considers all moves, permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, regardless of the distance moved, weather forced or voluntary.

4. Concept of Migration The United Nations ‘Multilingual Demographic Dictionary’ defines migration as a form of geographical mobility between one geographical unit and another involving a change in residence from the place of origin or place of departure to the place of destination or place of arrival.

5. Concept of Migration Literally , it means the settlement or shifting of an individual or a group of individuals from one cultural area or place of habitation to another, more or less permanently.

6. Concept of Migrant A migrant is defined as a person who moves from one administrative unit to another. An umbrella term, not defined under international law, reflecting the common lay understanding of a person who moves away from his or her place of usual residence , whether within a country or across an international border , temporarily or permanently , and for a variety of reasons .

7. Concept of Migrant In short, a migrant is a person who makes a permanent or temporary change in his residence.

8. Concept of Emigration Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere . Emigrants: people who leave his/her country or home country.

9. Concept of Immigration Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives . Immigrants: people who enter a new country .

10. Types of Migration Mainly two types of migration: Internal or Local M igration International Migration Internal or Local Migration: this refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. For example, leaving Tangail to settle in Gazipur .

11. Types of Migration Internal or local migration includes- Rural-Urban Migration Urban-Rural Migration Regional Migration Seasonal Migration Planned Migration

12. Types of Migration International migration: This refers to change of residence over national boundaries . An international migrant is someone who moves to a different country. International migration includes- Voluntary Migration Involuntary Migration Illegal Migration

13. Types of Migration Voluntary Migration: migrants who choose to move for reasons ( education, better life, relaxed life style, retirement, etc .) or one’s own free will . Involuntary Migration: movement of people caused by events which force people to move against their will . It is also called forced migration. For example: Migration of muslims from Mayanmar to Bangladesh ( Rohingya ).

14. Types of Migration Migration of Muslims, Hindus and Shikhs to Britain in 1950 when India and Pakistan became separate countries . Illegal Migration: People entering country without formal permission.

15. Present Situation of Migration In 2020, the number of migrants globally reached an estimated 281 million , 60 million more than in 2010. International migrants comprise 3.6 per cent of the global population. Compared to 2.8 per cent in 2000 and 2.3 per cent in 1980. Two thirds of these migrants live in just 20 countries in the world . According to the latest UN migration report, the growth of global numbers of migrants in 2020 was "slowed by about 27% or two million migrants due to COVID-19.

16. International migrants, by major region of residence, 2005–2020 (millions)

17. Present Situation of Migration As of 2020, world migration report, the top ten immigration destinations were : United States of America Germany Saudi Arabia Russian Federation United Kingdom United Arab Emirates France Canada Australia Spain (Source : UN DESA, 2021)

18. Present Situation of Migration In the same year, the top 10 countries of origin were: India Mexico Russian Federation China Syrian Arab Republic Bangladesh Pakistan Ukraine Philippines Afghanistan

19. Present Situation of Migration Bangladesh is the sixth largest origin country for international migrants in the world, with 7.2 million Bangladeshi migrants living abroad as of 2020. The majority of Bangladeshi nationals are living abroad in Saudi Arabia and India (UNDESA, 2019). In 2019, Saudi Arabia was the largest destination country for new Bangladeshi migrants (BMET, 2019). Only two per cent of migrants are considered “professional”, and 48 per cent are considered low skilled (IOM, 2017; BMET, 2019). Many migrants work in construction or hazardous jobs in countries of destination (IOM, 2017; IOM, 2020).

20. Selectivity in Migration The question who migrates from one place to another and who does not leads to the issues of selectivity of migration. Migration analysis have usually assumed that differences in the propensities to migrate are related to certain individual attributes. Age Selectivity Sex Selectivity Marital Status Selectivity Education Selectivity

21. Selectivity in Migration Occupation selectivity There is another kind of selectivity in migration, namely race, ethnicity and language selectivity. This kind of selectivity is found in many studies. But the significance of these factors are time and region bound.

22. Why some people decide to make a move? ( Causes of Migration) Researchers from various disciplines have made an attempt to identify the determining factors that account for accelerating or retarding the process of population movement. Economic Factors Cost-benefit account Geographical redistribution of labor Income differential Employment differential Poverty

23. Causes of Migration ii. Spatial factors iii. Social factors iv. Ecological factors v. Behavioural factor vi. Push and Pull factors

24. Causes of Migration

25. Consequences of Migration The impact on the areas of origin: Economic consequences Remittances Role in development Solving population problem 2. Social Consequences Age-sex structure Population characteristics

26. Consequences of Migration ii. The impact on the areas of destination: Economic consequences 2. Social Consequences Age-sex structure Population characteristics Urbanization iii. The impact on the migrant

27. Migration and Poverty Migration has become an integral part of the current global economy. Both internal and international migration can have major development and poverty implications for individuals and their families, for origin and destination areas, as well as for national economies . Poor people migrate internally, but also internationally. A recent Human Development Report estimated that the number of internal migrants is about four times the total number of international migrants (UNDP 2009).

28. Migration and Poverty Impacts at the level of the individual Impacts at the household level Impacts at the community level Impacts at the national level

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