Military Administration and Ethics of War .pdf
VIRAGSONTAKKE
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Apr 25, 2024
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About This Presentation
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps includ...
Slide Content
AncientIndianMilitary
Administrationand
EthicsofWar
Dr. Virag Sontakke
Assistant Professor
A.I.H.C. & Archaeology
Banaras Hindu University
Administrationand
EthicsofWar
Dr. Virag Sontakke
Assistant Professor
A.I.H.C. & Archaeology
Banaras Hindu University
2
Introduction
•Since ancient times, India had a well-organised, trained army
well-versed in the art of warfare.
•The army was the most important of the seven limbs of the
state.
•Manu: “To engage in war was the best way to peace".
•The rules and regulations of the army are always changed and
influenced by the principles of the state.
•Kamandaka: Having a strong army increases the boundaries of
the state, and increases the treasury and the objectives of the
state.
•Military and war policy mentions in ancient India are found in
epics, Arthashastra, Shukraniti, Jain-Buddhist texts, Yavan,
texts, inscriptions, and inscriptions.
3
•Since ancient times, India had a well-organised, trained army
well-versed in the art of warfare.
•The army was the most important of the seven limbs of the
state.
•Manu: “To engage in war was the best way to peace".
•The rules and regulations of the army are always changed and
influenced by the principles of the state.
•Kamandaka: Having a strong army increases the boundaries of
the state, and increases the treasury and the objectives of the
state.
•Military and war policy mentions in ancient India are found in
epics, Arthashastra, Shukraniti, Jain-Buddhist texts, Yavan,
texts, inscriptions, and inscriptions.
3
References
•Military and Warfare References of Ancient India
•
•Epics
•Arthashastra
•Smritis
•Historical texts
•Jain-Buddhist texts,
•Greek texts,
•Inscriptions.
4
•Military and Warfare References of Ancient India
•
•Epics
•Arthashastra
•Smritis
•Historical texts
•Jain-Buddhist texts,
•Greek texts,
•Inscriptions.
4
Military Forces/Types
•According to Kautilya, there are six types of army
1.मौल
2.भृ& या भृतक
3.+ेणी
4.िम0
5.अिम0
6.आटिवक
•सभापव&: 4 Types of military force ('ेणी, अिम.को
छोड़कर)
•यु6का7: 5 types of military force ('ेणीको छोड़कर)5
•According to Kautilya, there are six types of army
1.मौल
2.भृ& या भृतक
3.+ेणी
4.िम0
5.अिम0
6.आटिवक
•सभापव&: 4 Types of military force ('ेणी, अिम.को
छोड़कर)
•यु6का7: 5 types of military force ('ेणीको छोड़कर)5
Maul मौल
•The Maul force was heredity
•The Maul force was a standing army.
•Kautilya: The Maul force was important
because it was enshrined by the king.
•The soldiers of the Maul force used to do
regular military exercises and exercises.
6
•The Maul force was heredity
•The Maul force was a standing army.
•Kautilya: The Maul force was important
because it was enshrined by the king.
•The soldiers of the Maul force used to do
regular military exercises and exercises.
6
Bhrutya or Bhrutak भृ# या भृतक
•The Bhrutya and Shreni were similar to each
other
•This force was salaried.
•This force was prepared by recruiting
soldiers in an emergency.
•The mention of Bhritya Dal occurs in the
inscription of King Dhruvasena I of
Valabhi.
7
•The Bhrutya and Shreni were similar to each
other
•This force was salaried.
•This force was prepared by recruiting
soldiers in an emergency.
•The mention of Bhritya Dal occurs in the
inscription of King Dhruvasena I of
Valabhi.
7
Shreni !ेणी
•The merchants used to have a Shreni for the
protection of their goods.
•Kautilya: Shreni was a well-organized troop.
•The Shreni and the Britya were said to be
similar to each other.
•In urgency, the king used to call the Shreni.
•The mention of Shreni is found in the
inscription of King Dhruvasena I of Valabhi.
8
•The merchants used to have a Shreni for the
protection of their goods.
•Kautilya: Shreni was a well-organized troop.
•The Shreni and the Britya were said to be
similar to each other.
•In urgency, the king used to call the Shreni.
•The mention of Shreni is found in the
inscription of King Dhruvasena I of Valabhi.
8
Allies िम'
•The allied army was the army of
feudal lords.
•Their presence was mandatory during
the war.
•As per requirement, the king could
summon the army of feudatories.
9
•The allied army was the army of
feudal lords.
•Their presence was mandatory during
the war.
•As per requirement, the king could
summon the army of feudatories.
9
अिम&
•In this army, the soldiers of the
conquered country lived.
•These soldiers were enlisted in the army
as slaves.
•Kautilya: Amitra army headed by a good
commander was more efficient.
•Kautilya: the soldiers of the Amitra
(unfriendly) army were experts in
robbery.
10
•In this army, the soldiers of the
conquered country lived.
•These soldiers were enlisted in the army
as slaves.
•Kautilya: Amitra army headed by a good
commander was more efficient.
•Kautilya: the soldiers of the Amitra
(unfriendly) army were experts in
robbery.
10
Tribal /आटिवक
•It was a tribal army.
•Mansollas: The Atvik army consisted of
Mlechchha, Nishad and Hilly people.
•Kamandaka: the solders of the Atvik
army, were naturally greedy, irreligious,
and non-Aryan.
•Kautilya: The Atvik army was eager to
commit robbery.
11
•It was a tribal army.
•Mansollas: The Atvik army consisted of
Mlechchha, Nishad and Hilly people.
•Kamandaka: the solders of the Atvik
army, were naturally greedy, irreligious,
and non-Aryan.
•Kautilya: The Atvik army was eager to
commit robbery.
11
Division of the Army
•Primarily: four division of the army (Chaturangini).
1.ह"ी(Elephants),
2.अ% (Cavalry),
3.रथ (Chariots)और
4.पदाितसेना(Infantry)
•काम3क: सेना के छः अंग मानते हैह"ी,अ%,रथऔरपदाितकेअितिर:(कोषऔरआवागमन)।
•शांितपवAमेसेनाकेआठअंगबताएहैह"ी,अ%,रथऔरपदाितकेअलावािविG(बेगार),नाव,चरऔरदेिशक। 12
•Primarily: four division of the army (Chaturangini).
1.ह"ी(Elephants),
2.अ% (Cavalry),
3.रथ (Chariots)और
4.पदाितसेना(Infantry)
•काम3क: सेना के छः अंग मानते हैह"ी,अ%,रथऔरपदाितकेअितिर:(कोषऔरआवागमन)।
•शांितपवAमेसेनाकेआठअंगबताएहैह"ी,अ%,रथऔरपदाितकेअलावािविG(बेगार),नाव,चरऔरदेिशक। 12
चतुरंिगणी
Elephants
ह"ी
Cavalry
अ%
Chariots
रथ
Infantry
पदाित सेना
13
Elephants
ह"ी
Cavalry
अ%
Chariots
रथ
Infantry
पदाित सेना
13
Historical Survey of the Army
•Generally, the ancient Indian army was Chaturangini.
•Vedic period, there is no reference to a standing army, but
mention of Patti (infantry) and Rathim (Cavalry).
•Later Vedic period, reference to horses and elephants in
addition to Patti (infantry) and Rathim (Cavalry).
•References to the Chaturangini army are found in the
Mahabharata.
•At the time of Alexander, the army of Malava and Sudraka had
four divisions.
•Mauryan had Chaturangini army.
•The Chedi king Kharavela mentions an attack against Satakarni
by a huge army of horses, Elephants, chariots and Elephants in the Hathigumpha inscription.
14
•Generally, the ancient Indian army was Chaturangini.
•Vedic period, there is no reference to a standing army, but
mention of Patti (infantry) and Rathim (Cavalry).
•Later Vedic period, reference to horses and elephants in
addition to Patti (infantry) and Rathim (Cavalry).
•References to the Chaturangini army are found in the
Mahabharata.
•At the time of Alexander, the army of Malava and Sudraka had
four divisions.
•Mauryan had Chaturangini army.
•The Chedi king Kharavela mentions an attack against Satakarni
by a huge army of horses, Elephants, chariots and Elephants in the Hathigumpha inscription.
14
Elephants गजसेना/ ह(सेना
•The use of Elephants was important in the ancient military system.
•Elephants were useful in war, in breaking fortifications, crossing rivers, and enclosing cities and fortresses.
•Elephants were trained for combat.
•In the ancient world, elephants were used in warfare only in India.
•Kautilya and Kamandaka: The use of elephants important for warfare.
•The main reason for Chandragupta’s conquest over Seleucus was Elephants.
•Untrained elephants can also be the reason for defeat in battle.
•Gajasena was used in India until the British came.
15
•The use of Elephants was important in the ancient military system.
•Elephants were useful in war, in breaking fortifications, crossing rivers, and enclosing cities and fortresses.
•Elephants were trained for combat.
•In the ancient world, elephants were used in warfare only in India.
•Kautilya and Kamandaka: The use of elephants important for warfare.
•The main reason for Chandragupta’s conquest over Seleucus was Elephants.
•Untrained elephants can also be the reason for defeat in battle.
•Gajasena was used in India until the British came.
15
16
गजसेना
गजसेना
Cavalry/ अ'सेना
•The cavalry was very useful in the war.
•The main reason for Alexander’s conquest was
his cavalry.
•The cavalry proved to be essential in battle by
being energetic and swift.
•Horse training was taught in ancient India
because of the significance of Cavalry.
•The horses of Kamboja and Gandhara were
useful for warfare.
17
•The cavalry was very useful in the war.
•The main reason for Alexander’s conquest was
his cavalry.
•The cavalry proved to be essential in battle by
being energetic and swift.
•Horse training was taught in ancient India
because of the significance of Cavalry.
•The horses of Kamboja and Gandhara were
useful for warfare.
17
18अ(सेना
रथसेना /Chariots
•In the ancient military system, Chariots had
the highest position.
•The chariot used in the war was called
“Sangramik” (सां$ािमक).
•Porus chariot army was involved in the battle
against Alexander.
•Chandragupta’s army had 8000 chariots.
•In the later periods, the use of Chariots
decreased.
•Altekar: by the time of Harsha, the Chariots
army was almost finished. 19
•In the ancient military system, Chariots had
the highest position.
•The chariot used in the war was called
“Sangramik” (सां$ािमक).
•Porus chariot army was involved in the battle
against Alexander.
•Chandragupta’s army had 8000 chariots.
•In the later periods, the use of Chariots
decreased.
•Altekar: by the time of Harsha, the Chariots
army was almost finished. 19
20रथसेना
Infantry/ अ,सेना
•The Infantry was important in every war.
•The first unit of the army was the Infantry.
•They had the largest number of soldiers in the
armies.
•The Infantry used four weapons prominently.
1.खड़ग
2.धनुष-बाण
3.भाला
4.करवाल
21
•The Infantry was important in every war.
•The first unit of the army was the Infantry.
•They had the largest number of soldiers in the
armies.
•The Infantry used four weapons prominently.
1.खड़ग
2.धनुष-बाण
3.भाला
4.करवाल
21
22
पदाित सेना
पदाित सेना
Navy नौसेना
•The Navy has been an important part of the army since ancient times.
•The Navy was mentioned in Vedic literature and Mahabharata.
•Chandragupta Maurya’s army had a naval force.
•Megasthenes also mentions the naval force of the Mauryan army.
•Indo-Roman trade during the Satavahana period is an example of the advanced state of Indian shipping.
•The navy of the Chola dynasty was very advanced, due to which the Cholas influenced the entire southeast Asia. 23
•The Navy has been an important part of the army since ancient times.
•The Navy was mentioned in Vedic literature and Mahabharata.
•Chandragupta Maurya’s army had a naval force.
•Megasthenes also mentions the naval force of the Mauryan army.
•Indo-Roman trade during the Satavahana period is an example of the advanced state of Indian shipping.
•The navy of the Chola dynasty was very advanced, due to which the Cholas influenced the entire southeast Asia. 23
Ship on Satavahana coin24
Army
•The ancient kings kept a huge army.
•Ramayana: Shatrughna took 4000 horses, 2000 chariots, and 100 elephants to fight Lavanasura.
•Greek Authors: The Nanda Empire had 2,00,000 infantry, 30,000 horsemen, 9000 elephants and 8000 chariots.
•Megasthenes: Chandragupta had 600,000 infantry, 3000 horses, and 9000 elephants.
•Invasion against the Pala kingdom, Harsha had 5000 elephants, 2000 horses and 50000 infantry. 25
•The ancient kings kept a huge army.
•Ramayana: Shatrughna took 4000 horses, 2000 chariots, and 100 elephants to fight Lavanasura.
•Greek Authors: The Nanda Empire had 2,00,000 infantry, 30,000 horsemen, 9000 elephants and 8000 chariots.
•Megasthenes: Chandragupta had 600,000 infantry, 3000 horses, and 9000 elephants.
•Invasion against the Pala kingdom, Harsha had 5000 elephants, 2000 horses and 50000 infantry. 25
Nature of Akshohini Army अ8ोिहणी सेना का <=प
•उ"ोगपव' के अनुसार अ0ोिहणी सेना का 56प
•एक सेना मे
1.५०० हाथी
2.५०० रथ
3.१५०० घोड़?
4.२५०० पैदल सैिनक
१० सेनाE की १ Gूतना
१० Gूतनाओ की १ वािहनी
१० वािहिनयL की १ Mिजनी
१० MिजनीE की १ चमू
और
१० चमुओ की १ अ0ोिहणी
महाभारत के यु5 समय कौरव8 के पास ११ तथा पा:वो के पास ७ अ=ोिहणी सेना थी।26
•उ"ोगपव' के अनुसार अ0ोिहणी सेना का 56प
•एक सेना मे
1.५०० हाथी
2.५०० रथ
3.१५०० घोड़?
4.२५०० पैदल सैिनक
१० सेनाE की १ Gूतना
१० Gूतनाओ की १ वािहनी
१० वािहिनयL की १ Mिजनी
१० MिजनीE की १ चमू
और
१० चमुओ की १ अ0ोिहणी
महाभारत के यु5 समय कौरव8 के पास ११ तथा पा:वो के पास ७ अ=ोिहणी सेना थी।26
Military Arrangements
•According to Shukranitsara in military combination:
1.A line of 5-6 soldiers: Pattiya (पि#य) officers on him
2.There was one Gomilk (ग़ोिम)) on 30 Pattipal (पि#पाल).
3.There was one Shatanik (शतानीक) for 100 Gomilcas (ग़ोिम)). He has
an assistant of Anushatik (अनुशितक) a fighter and a writer.
4.The lord of 20 elephants or horses was called a Nayak.
5.Each of these officers wore his badge on his clothes.
6.Megasthenes Maurya says about the military combination that
7.An administrative body looked after military duties, which had 6
parts and each section had 5 members.
8.Navy
9.The second part was bullock carts, which were used to carry food
and other goods
10.Infantry
11.Horse-rider
12.Chariot
13.Elephant
27
•According to Shukranitsara in military combination:
1.A line of 5-6 soldiers: Pattiya (पि#य) officers on him
2.There was one Gomilk (ग़ोिम)) on 30 Pattipal (पि#पाल).
3.There was one Shatanik (शतानीक) for 100 Gomilcas (ग़ोिम)). He has
an assistant of Anushatik (अनुशितक) a fighter and a writer.
4.The lord of 20 elephants or horses was called a Nayak.
5.Each of these officers wore his badge on his clothes.
6.Megasthenes Maurya says about the military combination that
7.An administrative body looked after military duties, which had 6
parts and each section had 5 members.
8.Navy
9.The second part was bullock carts, which were used to carry food
and other goods
10.Infantry
11.Horse-rider
12.Chariot
13.Elephant
27
Military Camp/ सै6-िशिवर
•The place of stay of the armies was called the military camp.
•The military camp was also known as Upkarya (उपकाया<), Senanivesh (सेनािनवेश), Cuttack (कटक).
•Military camps were built on high grounds.
•Water should be available near the military camps.
•The forest near the military camp was also considered appropriate.
•Proper security arrangements were made for the military camps.
•Without permission, there was no entry into the military camp.
28
•The place of stay of the armies was called the military camp.
•The military camp was also known as Upkarya (उपकाया<), Senanivesh (सेनािनवेश), Cuttack (कटक).
•Military camps were built on high grounds.
•Water should be available near the military camps.
•The forest near the military camp was also considered appropriate.
•Proper security arrangements were made for the military camps.
•Without permission, there was no entry into the military camp.
28
Practical rules of the army
•According to Shukraniti
1.Soldiers should stay away (but not too far)
from the villages.
2.There should be no money transactions
between villagers and soldiers.
3.The king should open shops for the soldiers.
4.Soldiers should not enter the villages
without the permission of the king.
29
•According to Shukraniti
1.Soldiers should stay away (but not too far)
from the villages.
2.There should be no money transactions
between villagers and soldiers.
3.The king should open shops for the soldiers.
4.Soldiers should not enter the villages
without the permission of the king.
29
Auxiliary parts of the Army
•When the army was at war, diverse means and help were required.
•Carriers for carrying military materials, logistics, weapons
•Intelligence Assistant (Spies)
•Vehicles for carrying goods
•Clerk and Minister's Office for Expenditure Account
•Medical teams and their resources
•Engineer (to repair paths and bridges)
•Dancers, instrumentalists, prostitutes etc.
30
•When the army was at war, diverse means and help were required.
•Carriers for carrying military materials, logistics, weapons
•Intelligence Assistant (Spies)
•Vehicles for carrying goods
•Clerk and Minister's Office for Expenditure Account
•Medical teams and their resources
•Engineer (to repair paths and bridges)
•Dancers, instrumentalists, prostitutes etc.
30
Army Officers
•Various officers in the army to keep the army
disciplined and under control.
•The king himself was the supreme commander.
•The king appointed commander-in-chief.
•Reference of सेनानी found in the Rigvedic period.
•Later Vedic period: the सेनानी acted as the
commander-in-chief.
•Ramayana and Mahabharata: various parts of
the army and their chiefs have been discussed.
•Kautilya: 18 tirthas and 27 Chiefs.
31
•Various officers in the army to keep the army
disciplined and under control.
•The king himself was the supreme commander.
•The king appointed commander-in-chief.
•Reference of सेनानी found in the Rigvedic period.
•Later Vedic period: the सेनानी acted as the
commander-in-chief.
•Ramayana and Mahabharata: various parts of
the army and their chiefs have been discussed.
•Kautilya: 18 tirthas and 27 Chiefs.
31
Army officers in the Mauryan period
•In the Mauryan period, apart from the commander-in-chief,
separate officers for different military departments.
•Patdhakshaya (पतध$): Commander of infantry
•Rathadhipati (रथािधपती): The commander of the chariot army
•Horseman (अ+ा,-): Commander of the Horse
•Gajadhakshaya (गजाध$): The commander of Elephants
•Navadhakshya (नवा,-): Commander of the Navy
In addition,
•Nayak (Operating the Army in Wartime)
•Durgapala (protection of the fortifications of the empire)
•Dauvarika (Defense of the Kin’s Interior/Palace)
• Antarvarshik (अ2विश5क): King's Bodyguard
32
•In the Mauryan period, apart from the commander-in-chief,
separate officers for different military departments.
•Patdhakshaya (पतध$): Commander of infantry
•Rathadhipati (रथािधपती): The commander of the chariot army
•Horseman (अ+ा,-): Commander of the Horse
•Gajadhakshaya (गजाध$): The commander of Elephants
•Navadhakshya (नवा,-): Commander of the Navy
In addition,
•Nayak (Operating the Army in Wartime)
•Durgapala (protection of the fortifications of the empire)
•Dauvarika (Defense of the Kin’s Interior/Palace)
• Antarvarshik (अ2विश5क): King's Bodyguard
32
Army officers in the Gupta period
•Mahabaladhikarita (महाबलािधकृत): The highest officer of the army after the king.
•Mahapillupathi (महािपलुपित): Chief of the army of elephants.
•Bhatashvapati (भटा+पित): Chief of the cavalry
•Ranbhandagarika (रणभंडागािरक): The Goods/weapons arranger of the army
•Maha Sandhivigrahaka (महासंिधिवEहक़): Minister of Peace and War Treaty
33
•Mahabaladhikarita (महाबलािधकृत): The highest officer of the army after the king.
•Mahapillupathi (महािपलुपित): Chief of the army of elephants.
•Bhatashvapati (भटा+पित): Chief of the cavalry
•Ranbhandagarika (रणभंडागािरक): The Goods/weapons arranger of the army
•Maha Sandhivigrahaka (महासंिधिवEहक़): Minister of Peace and War Treaty
33
Elements of Army Success
•Various elements have been described in ancient texts
for the armies to get success in the war.
•Hymns मं.: Kautilya and Kamandaka mantras are said
to be necessary for victory in war.
1.Treasury क़ोष: The Treasury was counted in the seven
parts of the state. Booty was collected in war.
2.Vishti िविB: Workers, craftsmen, carriers, and doctors
should stay with the army.
3.Other Military Forces: Maul मौल, Bhritya or Bhrutka
भृF या भृतक, Shreni 'ेणी, Friends army िम., Amitra
अिम., Atvik आटिवक.
34
•Various elements have been described in ancient texts
for the armies to get success in the war.
•Hymns मं.: Kautilya and Kamandaka mantras are said
to be necessary for victory in war.
1.Treasury क़ोष: The Treasury was counted in the seven
parts of the state. Booty was collected in war.
2.Vishti िविB: Workers, craftsmen, carriers, and doctors
should stay with the army.
3.Other Military Forces: Maul मौल, Bhritya or Bhrutka
भृF या भृतक, Shreni 'ेणी, Friends army िम., Amitra
अिम., Atvik आटिवक.
34
Soldier Qualifications
•Mahabharata: People of all varnas can be soldiers.
•Dharmsutra: People of all varnas can be soldiers, but
1.they must be courageous,
2.controlled,
3.physically well-formed,
4.trustworthy,
5.religious and
6.hostile.
•Shanti Parva: soldiers from Gandhara, Indus, Greek and South India were good because they were courageous.
35
•Mahabharata: People of all varnas can be soldiers.
•Dharmsutra: People of all varnas can be soldiers, but
1.they must be courageous,
2.controlled,
3.physically well-formed,
4.trustworthy,
5.religious and
6.hostile.
•Shanti Parva: soldiers from Gandhara, Indus, Greek and South India were good because they were courageous.
35
War
Management
36
Management
36
Strategy of War
•War was an integral part of politics.
•The mighty kings were constantly at war.
•War was an important tool to destroy enemies.
•Since war was destructive, peace was also
expected.
•Kautilya, Manu and Kamandaka: the king should
try to win the enemy with the policy of Sam,
Daan, Danda and Bheda.
•War leads to the destruction of both sides, hence
war should be carried out only in the inevitable
situation, 37
•War was an integral part of politics.
•The mighty kings were constantly at war.
•War was an important tool to destroy enemies.
•Since war was destructive, peace was also
expected.
•Kautilya, Manu and Kamandaka: the king should
try to win the enemy with the policy of Sam,
Daan, Danda and Bheda.
•War leads to the destruction of both sides, hence
war should be carried out only in the inevitable
situation, 37
Causes of war
1.Empire Expansion
2.Achieving Fame
3.To help a friend
4.For religious activities.
5.Protecting Dharma
6.Desire for feminine attainment
7.For the Dignity of Women
8.For wealth/accumulation.
9.Protection from attack
10.Out of vengeance
11.To protect against tyranny
12.Etc. 38
1.Empire Expansion
2.Achieving Fame
3.To help a friend
4.For religious activities.
5.Protecting Dharma
6.Desire for feminine attainment
7.For the Dignity of Women
8.For wealth/accumulation.
9.Protection from attack
10.Out of vengeance
11.To protect against tyranny
12.Etc. 38
Types of War
•There are generally two types of war
1.धम&यु6: A war in which rules are followed.
2.Diplomacy कूटयु6 : A war in which rules are not
followed.
Kautilya has mentioned three types of war
1.Prakashyuddha /Lकाशयु6
2.Diplomacy/ कूटयु6
3.Tushanikyudda/ तूषनीकयु6
39
•There are generally two types of war
1.धम&यु6: A war in which rules are followed.
2.Diplomacy कूटयु6 : A war in which rules are not
followed.
Kautilya has mentioned three types of war
1.Prakashyuddha /Lकाशयु6
2.Diplomacy/ कूटयु6
3.Tushanikyudda/ तूषनीकयु6
39
Prakashyuddha/ .काशयु3
•Prakashyuddha also known as Dharmayuddha
•A face-to-face war is called a Prakashyuddha.
•This war was carried out by considering country,
time and might.
•In this, one strong warrior fights another powerful
warrior.
•Man-to-man combat.
•Many warriors do not attack one.
•In Prakashyuddha, the rules of war were followed.
40
•Prakashyuddha also known as Dharmayuddha
•A face-to-face war is called a Prakashyuddha.
•This war was carried out by considering country,
time and might.
•In this, one strong warrior fights another powerful
warrior.
•Man-to-man combat.
•Many warriors do not attack one.
•In Prakashyuddha, the rules of war were followed.
40
Diplomacy war/ कूटयु3
•A war carried out by deceit known as कूटयु&.
•The rules of the scriptures were not followed in diplomacy.
•According to Kautilya, creating fear by deceit, and demolishing the fort was कूटयु&.
1.burning,
2.looting,
3.killing,
4.theft,
5.stabbing unarmed etc. were under this type.
41
•A war carried out by deceit known as कूटयु&.
•The rules of the scriptures were not followed in diplomacy.
•According to Kautilya, creating fear by deceit, and demolishing the fort was कूटयु&.
1.burning,
2.looting,
3.killing,
4.theft,
5.stabbing unarmed etc. were under this type.
41
Tushnikyuddha/ तूषनीकयु3
•Tushnikyuddha was also a kind of war of diplomacy.
•In this type, an attempt was made to
1.break the leaders,
2.break the generals and ministers of the enemy side.
•In Tushnikyuddha, the enemy was secretly killed by poison.
•Kautilya says that when the enemy is strong, then Tushnikyuddha should be used.
42
•Tushnikyuddha was also a kind of war of diplomacy.
•In this type, an attempt was made to
1.break the leaders,
2.break the generals and ministers of the enemy side.
•In Tushnikyuddha, the enemy was secretly killed by poison.
•Kautilya says that when the enemy is strong, then Tushnikyuddha should be used.
42
Proper place and time of war
•The right place and time have always been important
for war.
•Shukraniti: Country (Location):
1.Sufficient non-agricultural space is needed for war,
2.Where the military can conduct war exercises.
3.The enemy side should also have enough space in
that area.
Shukraniti: Kaal (Time):
1.Autumn (Sharad), Pre-winter (Hemant) and Winter
(Shishir) seasons are considered suitable for war.
2.Spring was considered to be a moderate
43
•The right place and time have always been important
for war.
•Shukraniti: Country (Location):
1.Sufficient non-agricultural space is needed for war,
2.Where the military can conduct war exercises.
3.The enemy side should also have enough space in
that area.
Shukraniti: Kaal (Time):
1.Autumn (Sharad), Pre-winter (Hemant) and Winter
(Shishir) seasons are considered suitable for war.
2.Spring was considered to be a moderate
43
Rules of War
•Manu: One should not fight with deceitful or secret weapons.
•Weapons with poisonous, coarse or burning knots should not
be fought.
•Baudhayanasutra: The use of poisonous arrows was
prohibited.
•Soldiers should not be killed while drinking water.
•The soldier should not be attacked while eating food or
removing shoes.
•Women, elephants, charioteers and Brahmins should not be
killed.
•Shanti Parva: Old people and those who have straws in their
mouths should not be killed.
•The rule of mace warfare was not to hit below the navel.
•Shanti Parva: states that the injured soldiers on the enemy side
should be taken care of and released when they recover.
44
•Manu: One should not fight with deceitful or secret weapons.
•Weapons with poisonous, coarse or burning knots should not
be fought.
•Baudhayanasutra: The use of poisonous arrows was
prohibited.
•Soldiers should not be killed while drinking water.
•The soldier should not be attacked while eating food or
removing shoes.
•Women, elephants, charioteers and Brahmins should not be
killed.
•Shanti Parva: Old people and those who have straws in their
mouths should not be killed.
•The rule of mace warfare was not to hit below the navel.
•Shanti Parva: states that the injured soldiers on the enemy side
should be taken care of and released when they recover.
44
Major Rules of Warfare
1.Unfit and incapable of attack
2.Protection of refuge
3.Avoidance of the messenger
4.Protecting the public
5.Similarities in warriors
6.Adhering to War Time
7.Proper behaviour towards the conquered enemy
8.Adherence to the rules of war
45
1.Unfit and incapable of attack
2.Protection of refuge
3.Avoidance of the messenger
4.Protecting the public
5.Similarities in warriors
6.Adhering to War Time
7.Proper behaviour towards the conquered enemy
8.Adherence to the rules of war
45
Unfit and incapable of attack
•Attacking women, children, and sleeping persons was strictly prohibited.
•Manu: One should not attack
1.impotent,
2.surrendering,
3.asleep,
4.unconscious,
5.naked,
6.a surrendered person,
7.unarmed,
8.person watching war,
9.highly victimized,
10.injured,
11.running away from the war zone, etc.
•Women and children were considered inferior in war.
•The killing of messengers were prohibited. 46
•Attacking women, children, and sleeping persons was strictly prohibited.
•Manu: One should not attack
1.impotent,
2.surrendering,
3.asleep,
4.unconscious,
5.naked,
6.a surrendered person,
7.unarmed,
8.person watching war,
9.highly victimized,
10.injured,
11.running away from the war zone, etc.
•Women and children were considered inferior in war.
•The killing of messengers were prohibited. 46
Protection of refuge
•It’s a duty to protect refuge in war.
•The king must protect the enemy
who comes to shelter.
•It was considered a great sin to kill
and punish refugees.
47
•It’s a duty to protect refuge in war.
•The king must protect the enemy
who comes to shelter.
•It was considered a great sin to kill
and punish refugees.
47
Messenger
•The killing of the messenger was
prohibited.
•The messenger was not killed even if he
spoke unpleasant and inappropriately.
•Even if he was more arrogant, he could
not be killed but defaced.
•Chola Kings defaced the messengers of
the Chalukya dynasty
48
•The killing of the messenger was
prohibited.
•The messenger was not killed even if he
spoke unpleasant and inappropriately.
•Even if he was more arrogant, he could
not be killed but defaced.
•Chola Kings defaced the messengers of
the Chalukya dynasty
48
Protecting the public
•Attacking the general public at the time of war was considered an injustice.
•Attacks on agriculturists and traders have been called injustice.
•The army that marched in the war also did not cause any damage to crops.
•Megasthenes: Even in times of war, farmers used to do agriculture and normal life was not harmed.
49
•Attacking the general public at the time of war was considered an injustice.
•Attacks on agriculturists and traders have been called injustice.
•The army that marched in the war also did not cause any damage to crops.
•Megasthenes: Even in times of war, farmers used to do agriculture and normal life was not harmed.
49
Similarities in Warriors
•It was considered to have equal strength, harmony and balance in warriors.
•One strong warrior should fight only with another strong warrior, this was the rule.
•Shukraniti: There should be a battle of Elephant with Elephant, Horse rider with Horse rider and infantry with infantry.
•It is considered to be a war with the armed with the armed.
•Striking one by several soldiers was considered reprehensible.
50
•It was considered to have equal strength, harmony and balance in warriors.
•One strong warrior should fight only with another strong warrior, this was the rule.
•Shukraniti: There should be a battle of Elephant with Elephant, Horse rider with Horse rider and infantry with infantry.
•It is considered to be a war with the armed with the armed.
•Striking one by several soldiers was considered reprehensible.
50
Adhering to time in war
•In ancient India, there was a tradition of
fighting wars in the daytime.
•It was forbidden to fight after sunset.
•Night warfare was considered unfair.
•However, many examples of night wars
are found in Indian history.
51
•In ancient India, there was a tradition of
fighting wars in the daytime.
•It was forbidden to fight after sunset.
•Night warfare was considered unfair.
•However, many examples of night wars
are found in Indian history.
51
Behaviors towards the conquered enemy
•It was considered to behave properly with the conquered enemy.
•Any defeated king deserves forgiveness and gentlemanly behaviour.
•Manu: A conquered king should not do such a thing that will cause pain to the defeated king and the citizens.
•The king who surrendered was returned to the kingdom with respect.
•The examples of which we find in Samudragupta’s Prayag Prashasti.
52
•It was considered to behave properly with the conquered enemy.
•Any defeated king deserves forgiveness and gentlemanly behaviour.
•Manu: A conquered king should not do such a thing that will cause pain to the defeated king and the citizens.
•The king who surrendered was returned to the kingdom with respect.
•The examples of which we find in Samudragupta’s Prayag Prashasti.
52
Conclusion
•Ancient India was superior in military organization,
war strategy, military technology and management.
•There was a Chaturangini army in the Mauryan
period.
•In the Gupta period, along with the organized army of
the state, the feudal army also came into use.
•In ancient India, emphasis was given to rules, conduct
and behaviour in wars.
•Both warring sides were expected to abide by the
rules of war.
•During medieval India (invasion of Turks), the Indian
Army appeared weak in superior cavalry, skilled
warfare, and advanced weapons.
53
•Ancient India was superior in military organization,
war strategy, military technology and management.
•There was a Chaturangini army in the Mauryan
period.
•In the Gupta period, along with the organized army of
the state, the feudal army also came into use.
•In ancient India, emphasis was given to rules, conduct
and behaviour in wars.
•Both warring sides were expected to abide by the
rules of war.
•During medieval India (invasion of Turks), the Indian
Army appeared weak in superior cavalry, skilled
warfare, and advanced weapons.
53
Thank Your
54
54
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