mimicry

different animals try to copy each other in order to avoid predation so here i have presented these copying tricks of several animals.

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2. Topic:- MIMICRY AND IT’S TYPES:- fatima khan 2

3. OUTLINE:- Introduction. Mimicry. Types of mimicry Batesian mimicry Mullerian mimicry Wasmannian mimicry Peckhamian mimicry Self-mimicry 4) Animations fatima khan 3

4. INTRODUCTION:- One way or another, many animals must avoid being eaten by predators. Some animals are bad tasting or dangerous & predators learn to recognize them by their bright color patterns & leave them alone. Animals which are good tasting & cannot defend themselves directly must resort to other ways to avoid being eaten. One way is to look like animal which is bad tasting or dangerous; the predator learns to avoid all those animals that look like noxious ones. fatima khan 4

5. MIMICRY:- Mimicry refers to the similarities between species. Mimicry is a form of symbiosis where a species may mimic the colors, patterns, or even behavior of another species for one of two reasons. either to be able to get closer to unsuspecting prey. in the case of a harmless species to gain protection by imitating a predator or poisonous species. fatima khan 5

6. Mostly in mimetic relationships the advantage is one sided, i.e. one species (the mimic) gaining advantage from a resemblance to the other (the model ). Comparing mimicry with camouflage or deceptive behavior, protection by mimicry is the most effective . The mimicking species does not have to change its behavior or stay against a safe background to disguise itself . fatima khan 6

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8. TYPES OF MIMICRY:- There are several describe form of mimicry utilized by both predator & prey; Batesian mimicry Mullerian mimicry Wasmannian mimicry Peckhamian mimicry Self-mimicry fatima khan 8

9. 1- BATESIAN MIMICRY:- Batesian mimicry is a type of mimicry in which palatable animal mimics the bad-tasting or noxious prey enough so that predators may not distinguish b/w them. After several attempts of distasteful encounters predators learn to avoid such appearance. It is called Batesian mimicry in honor of E nglish naturalist Henry.W.Bates who published an explanation of this mimicry in 1862 . fatima khan 9

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11. fatima khan 11 The mimic octopus “ Thaumoctopus mimicus ” has ability to mimic almost all aquatic creatures in order to avoid predation.

12. MULLERIAN MIMICRY:- Mullerian mimicry is a form of protective mimicry in which two or more distasteful or harmful species, especially of insects, closely resemble each other and are therefore avoided equally by all their natural predators. [After Fritz (Johann Friedrich Theodor) Müller (1821-1897), German-born Brazilian zoologist.] fatima khan 12

13. The initial learning experience of the predator often results in death  or damage to the inedible individual that provided the lesson; there is thus some cost to the species that teaches the predator of its inedibility.  There is little or no inherited recognition by certain predators . fatima khan 13

14. Subspecies of Heliconius erato (left-hand column) and of H. melpomene on the right. Both species are toxic and form a local mimicry ring from a different area of Ecuador or northern Peru. fatima khan 14

15. Unpalatable caterpillors of St. Jacobbutterfly mimic stinging wasps and venomous coral snakes fatima khan 15

16. WASMANNIAN MIMICRY:- Wasmannian mimicry is a mimicry in which the mimic resembles its host in order to live within the same nest or structure. For example, several jumping spiders closely resemble ants . This works well in order to get "lost in the crowd" and thus avoid predators. fatima khan 16

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19. Peckhamian mimicry:- Also known as “ AGGRESSIVE MIMICRY ” in which predator mimics its prey in order to catch it. Bolas spiders are type of aggressive mimic . They produce chemicals that mimic the sex   pheromones  of particular moth species . When male  moths approach what they perceive to be a female in order to mate with her, they are caught by the bolus spider and become prey. fatima khan 19

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21. Anglar fish ( Antenarius sp. ) displays a lure resembling a small fish fatima khan 21

22. Self mimicry:- Self mimicry is a mimicry in which species have one body part that mimics another to increase survival during an attack or helps predators appear innocuous to allow the prey extra seconds to escape. fatima khan 22

23. Some insects have the markings on their tails. Those markings effectively making the insects appear to be something that is facing the opposite direction . A confused predator, when striking at the mimic, most likely comes up with nothing more than a piece of wing and the insects get a chance to escape. 23

24. There are butterflies that have what look like antennae on the rear of the wings. If birds peck at the rear edge of wings, the head is protected and the butterfly has more time to get away. The second picture shows a butterfly with bite marks on its hind wings. These aren't  side effects from a HCA  supplement ,either . fatima khan 24   Planthopper  rests on tree trunk heading downwards. When moves, it moves backwards. Together with the eye-patterns on it forewing tips, it gives the impression of its tail is its head. This orient predators to a less vulnerable part of the body.

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27. THANX A LOT! fatima khan 27