Mineral & energy resource in south asia

Minerals & energy resources for South Asian countries

1. Minerals & Energy Resources in South-Asia

2. GROUP- N Sabbir Hossain - B150602022 Sohel Arefin - B150602025 Israt Jahan Sandhi - B150602054 Masuda Sultan - B150602060 Abir Hasan - B150602091

3. South Asian Countries

4. What is Minerals? Minerals  are substances that are formed naturally in the Earth. Geologists define minerals as a “homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure”. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest tale.

5. Classification of minerals

6. Minerals in South-Asia The peninsular massif of India contains virtually all the minerals generally found in South Asia. This part of the region is highly metamorphosed and contains – Iron ore Magnese Copper Lead Gold

7. Minerals in South-Asia The sedimentary rocks found in different part of South Asia contain sandstone, shale, bituminous coal, gas and rock salt. Precious stones and diamonds are also found in some crystalline rocks. Large iron and manganese deposits are found in Bihar, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh (north eastern portion of Indian massif) . Lead copper, cobalt, nickel, petroleum, sulphur , tin, and zinc are found in small quantities in Rajesthan and Madhya Pradesh (north west of the Indian massif) .

8. Minerals in South-Asia 90% of the Indian coal is found in Damodar valley of West Bengal and Bihar. The other coal fields of India are found in Raniganj and Jharia in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, eastern Bombay and Andhra Pradesh. Other countries of South Asia as well as other parts of India do not have so much of minerals.

9. Metallic Minerals in South-Asia Some important metallic minerals which found in South-Asia, they are- Iron ore Manganese Copper Lead Gold Cobalt Nickel etc.

10. Minerals Map in South-Asia

11. Iron ore Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. iron ore is taken out in the form of rock pieces. The rocks having 30% or more of iron content . The metals usually found with iron ore are – Manganese Sulphur Phosphorus Some other metals are mixed ina certain ration with iron ore to get good quality of iron & steel.

12. Types of Iron ore There are two kinds of iron ore must found in this world. Hematite- most important industrial iron ore, but contain lower iron ore than magnetite,gray . Magnetite- Black, gray with brownish tint in reflected sun.

13. Iron ore in South Asia Iron ore is quite abundantly found in South Asia. One forth of the total production of the world is found in India . It is also found in Pakistan and Nepal . In Pakistan, many reserves are found such as the Punjab Province, Kalabagh salt range (contain 30-35% of the iron ore & mined from Mianwali and Sakaisen ). Kalabagh is the largest iron ore reserves in Pakistan but the quality is not very good.

14. Iron ore in South Asia In Southern Chitral at Damalnisar , it is important due to good quality and it’s contain 55-65% of iron ore. At Langrial , Galdanian and Abotabad mine, ore is not so good because of contain low iron 9-50%. In Baluchistan , iron ore is mined at chagi and the quality is very good (55% or more iron ore). Iron is also found in Khasdar , Ziarat , and Nokandi in Pakistan.

15. Iron ore in South Asia In India, many large reserves are found at different places. Mostly the iron content found in these reserves is 55% or more. The most important iron producing areas of India are as follows : In Bihar and Orissa states, the content of iron is 60% and is of hematite type and is mined from Sanghome , Kaunjhar , Maure , Bhanj , & sundarghar . In Madhya Pradesh state, it is od hematite quality with 69% content of iron & is mined at Dhaliand Rajhara .

16. Iron ore in South Asia In Maharastra , iron ore of very good quality is mined at Pepalgaon , Loara , and Ratnagiri . In Karnatica state, very good quality iron ore is mined at Khankandi . In Goa , reserves of iron ore near Marmagaon . In Andra Pradesh , iron is mined at Aanantpurand and karnol . In Tamil Nado , iron reserves are in Salum and Teromerapali . India, has become one of the biggest iron exporting countries in the world.

17. Iron Ore in India

18. Iron Ore in India

19. Iron ore in South Asia In Nepal, reserves of iron have been discovered, but its extraction has not startled yet. Note : The rest of the countries of South Asia, such as, Bangladesh Bhutan Ceylon & Maldives Island ; do not have any iron reserves.

20. Uses of Iron Ore Iron ore is used since ancient times. It is used for- For the household utensils and tooks Utilized in making both heavy & light machinery In motor cars Construction goods Electrical goods Ships Aeroplanes etc. The development of a nation depends mostly upon the development of its iron and steel industry.

21. Manganese in South Asia Only India and Pakistan possess this metal in all of South Asia. India produces this metal in a large quantity of manganese products and goods. From this country it is exported to America, Japan, Britain, and France. In India , it is found in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karnatica , Maharastra , and Andra Pradesh states. In Pakistan , it is mined in the Zhob valley of Baluchistan province,,abottabad , Hazara .

22. Manganese

23. Manganese in India

24. Manganese in India Orissa is the largest producer of manganese in India (1/3 of the country’s total production in 2000-2001)

25. Uses of Manganese Manganese is mainly used in stainless steel industry. It is used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro -manganese alloy. It is also being used in coloured polishes, glass works, and make dry cells. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints.

26. Copper in South Asia Copper is non-ferrous useful metal. India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper. In Pakistan, it is found in Baluchistan and North Western Frontier Province . In India, the reserves of copper are found in Bihar state , Uttar Pradesh , Sikkim , Rajesthan . Copper has been discovered in Nepal and Bhutan , but its mining has not started . In Bangladesh , Sri Lanka & Maldives are no traces of copper .

27. Copper

28. copper

29. Uses of Copper It is used in making household utensils like iron, ornaments, electrical goods, coins. In alloy form with many other metals, many other goods are also made such as many things in motor cars, decoration goods and in the place of other precious metals.

30. Bauxite in South Asia It is also called alluminium . Bauxite is only found in India and Pakistan in South Asia. In Pakistan, it is mined from Loralai , Chasma , and Khakan Chin in the province of Baluchistan and North Western Frontier. In India, it is mined in Madhya Pradesh , Magarastra , Gujrat , Tamil Nado . 80% of the total production is utilized inside the country while the rest of the 20% is exported.

31. Bauxite

32. Bauxite

33. Uses of Bauxite It is used in – Electrical goods Household utensils Paints Construction for cars, ships Chemical industries etc.

34. Precious Stone in south Asia Gold , Silver is included in precious stone. In India, 99% of the total production of Gold is obtained from the Kolar mines. Silver is also found in this area. In Pakistan, Gold and Silver have been discovered in two provinces of Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. but their mining is not started yet. In Sri Lanka, precious stone are found in the river valleys of South Western areas. Nepal & Bhutan have not explored any precious stone due to high altitude.

35. Gold & Silver

36. Metallic Minerals Map in India

37. Non-Metallic Minerals in South Asia Different non-metallic minerals are- Mica Salt Sulphur Potash Limestone Marble Sandstone etc.

38. Mica Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates and leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. This sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.

39. Mica

40. Mica in South Asia 4/5 of the total production of mica are found in India. It is spread in a large area at Gia and Hazaribagh of Bihar state. Mica deposists are found in the northern edge of Chota Nagpur plateau. It is also found in Andhra Pradesh, Rajesthan , Nellore, Aravalli ranges Ajmere , Odhaypur etc.

41. Uses of Mica This metal is used in- Electrical goods Paints rubber industries Thermal stations Oil refineries Can bear quite high temperatures or voltage Excellent di -electric strength etc.

42. Limestone Limestone is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates.

43. Limestone in South Asia Limestone is found in every country in South Asia except Maldives . In India, the production of limestone is not sufficient enough. More than 2/3 of India’s production of limestone comes from Madhya Pradesh, Rajesthan , Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattishgarh . Small quantities of limestone are found in other countries of South Asia.

44. Limestone in India

45. Uses of Limestone Limestone is the basic raw metarials for- Cement industry Smelting iron ore Chemical industries Making cement.

46. Marble in South Asia Marble is the metamorphic form of limestone as great heat and it is a precious stone. In Pakistan, it is found in many colors e.g. green, brown, gray, white, black. It is found in areas like Baluchistan, N.W.F.P and Azad Kashmir. In India, the production of marble is not enough. In other countries of South Asia, marble are found in small amounts.

47. Marble

48. Uses of Marble Can turn it in a new form of limestone Construction of buildings Making many decorative pieces Making household goods

49. Other Minerals in South Asia Gypsum Salt Sulphur Silica Lead Uranium Barite clay Chromite

50. Energy resource in South-Asia Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to provide light and heat, to cook, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in Industries. Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and electricity .

51. Types of Energy Resources Ex: Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Biomass Energy, Hydropower Energy, Geothermal Energy . Ex: Coal, Natural Gas, Fossil Fuel Oil, Nuclear

52. Types of Energy Resources

53. Amount of energy resources in South Asia

54. Non renewable Energy Non - renewable energy  comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes. Most  Non - renewable energy sources  are fossil fuels: COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels.

55. Energy Resources in South-Asia

56. Coal- Non renewable Energy Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is a basic power resources as it is used extensively from melting minerals, running machines, to generating thermal electricity and many. It is usually found in three kinds. (1) Anthracite Coal (2) Bituminous Coal (3) Brown Coal

57. Coal Coal is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce pit. Which has a low carbon and high moisture content. Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. Coal which buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is Bituminous Coal. Metallurgical coal is high grade Bituminous coal which has a value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

58. Coal

59. Coal in South Asia India is highly dependent on coal for melting its commercial energy requirements . The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and used for generation of electricity. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal are located in Damodar valley, Jharia , Raniganj , Bokaro are important coal fields. Godavari, Mahanandi , Son and Wardha valley also contain deposits. Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. In Bihar state, Jharia produces half of the total production of Indian coal.

60. Coal reserves by State of India State Coal Reserves (in billion  metric tonnes ) Type of Coalfield Jharkhand 83.15 Gondwana Odisha 79.30 Gondwana Chhattisgarh 57.21 Gondwana West Bengal 31.67 Gondwana Madhya Pradesh 27.99 Gondwana Telangana 21.70 Gondwana Maharashtra 12.30 Gondwana Andhra Pradesh 1.58 Gondwana Bihar 1.37 Gondwana Uttar Pradesh 1.06 Gondwana Meghalaya 0.58 Tertiary Assam 0.53 Tertiary Nagaland 0.41 Tertiary Sikkim 0.10 Gondwana Arunachal Pradesh 0.09 Tertiary

61. Coal in South Asia Pakistan  has coal deposits in Sindh , Panjab and Baluchistan. Duki is the best private mining valley in Pakistan. More than 50% of the labor is from Afghanistan. It is rich with high-quality coal with the highest rate of extraction in Pakistan. Pakistan's largest coal reserves are found in  Sindh , measuring approximately 175 billion tonnes .

62. Coal reserves by State of Pakistan Region Coal (billion tonnes ) Sindh : Lakhra , Sonda , Thatta , Jherruck , Thar , Haji Coal and others 184.623 Punjab : Eastern Salt Range, Central Salt Range, Makerwal 0.235 Balochistan : Khost-Sharig-Harnai,Sor Range/ Degari , Duki , Mach- Kingri , Musakhel   Abegum , Pir Ismail Ziarat,Chamalong 0.217 KPK/ Khyber Pakhtunkhwa : 0.092 AJK/ Azad Kashmir : 0.009 Grand total 185.175

63. Coal in South Asia Bangladesh has an estimated 2 billion tones of coal in underground reserves in the Northwest region of the country Barapukuriya coal mine is the only active mine in Bangladesh which located in  Dinajpur . Coal is also found in Nepal but due to its mountainous nature, and lack of other resources, mining has not been started, Coal of good quality is also found in the Bhutan area but due to lack of resources and difficult approach, it cant be mined in those high mountains. There is no coal found in Sri Lanka and Maldives Islands .

64. Natural Gas – Non renewable energy Natural gas is an important clean energy resource fund in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. Natural gas is considered as an environmental friendly fuel because of low carbon emission and is therefore the fuel of the present century, The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity.

65. Natural Gas

66. Natural Gas in South Asia Bangladesh  is the nineteenth-largest producer of natural gas in Asia. It is largely available in the eastern part of the country extending from greater Sylhet down to greater Comilla , Noakhali and Chittagong. It has also been discovered offshore in the Bay of Bengal. Total of 22 natural gas fields have been discovered in Bangladesh.

67. Natural Gas in South Asia In India , largest reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin. Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by the gulf of Combay , Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas. The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in  Pakistan . It is located near Sui in  Balochistan . Kadanwari gas field , Qadirpur gas field , Sawan gas field are also in Pakistan .

68. Petroleum – Non renewable energy Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source of South Asia. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.

69. Petroleum

70. Petroleum in South Asia Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India . Digboi , Naharkatiya and Moran- Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state. Ankeleshwar is most important field of Gujarat. About 63 percent of Indian’s petroleum production is from Mumbai. And 18 percent from Gujarat and 16 percent from Assam.

71. Petroleum reserves by state of India Region Crude oil reserves Share of oil (%) in million metric tones Arunachal Pradesh 1.52 0.25 Andhra Pradesh 8.15 1.35 Assam 159.96 26.48 Coal Bed Methane Eastern Offshore 40.67 6.73 Gujarat 118.61 19.63 Nagaland 2.38 0.39 Rajasthan 24.55 4.06 Tamil Nadu 9 1.49 Tripura 0.07 0.01 Western Offshore 239.2 39.6

72. Petroleum in South Asia The Toot oil field was discovered in the Punjab, Pakistan . Dhok Sultan Oil Field is another crude oil field of Pakistan. Bangladesh is a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. Afghanistan has five known crude oil sites located in Amu River basin in the north, Helmand, Herat and Katawaz in the southeastern province of Paktika . It is estimated that Amu River Basin reserves hold 962 million barrels of crude oil.

73. Coal , Petroleum and Gas Advantages: Fuel is cheap Low cost to run Disadvantages: Produce Carbon dioxide and Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide lead to Acid rain. Cause of Global warming.

74. Nuclear or Atomic Energy It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand, India and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating nuclear power. The monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium.

75. Nuclear or Atomic Energy

76. Nuclear Energy in South Asia Bangladesh started construction of its first nuclear power reactor, Rooppur 1, in November 2017. The unit is scheduled to be commissioned in 2023. Construction of the second unit at Rooppur commenced in July 2018. Pakistan is the first Muslim country in the world to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.

77. Energy Map of INDIA

78. Energy Map of Bangladesh

79. Nuclear or Atomic Energy Advantages: Lots of electricity produced for a small amount of fuel. Less carbon emission. Disadvantages: Radioactive waste takes ten thousands of years to decay. Very expensive to decommission the power station .

80. Renewable resources of South Asia Renewable energy sources are energy sources that are always being replenished In South Asia, a number of developing countries are looking into inexhaustible and repeatable alternative energy sources Geographically, South Asian countries are located in a region of different climatic conditions such as tropical, humid etc. which provides easy access to a variety of renewable energy sources. such as- Solar, Wind, Hydro and Biomass and Geothermal energy, Animal Dung, Firewood.

81. Needs of renewable resources Those are resources found in nature that are self regenerating. Renewable energy is generated from natural resources such as , 1) Solar 2) Wind 3) Geo 4) Bio 5) Tide

82. Advantage of Renewable Resources

83. Hydropower Hydropower  or  water power  is power derived from the energy of falling or fast-running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as : gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A Tromp, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance.

84. Hydropower

85. Hydropower In south Asia, the most big part of water power is come from Indian Ocean.

86. Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the application of hydropower to generate electricity. It is the primary use of hydropower today. The energy of falling water use the kinetic energy of water as in run-of-the-river hydroelectricity. As of 2019, the five largest power stations in the world are conventional hydroelectric power stations with dams. Hydroelectric Dam

87. Hydropower in India India’s total hydro-based capacity is 32,135 MW, power projects amounting to over 10GW are under various stages of construction and will be available within 10 years. 2700 TWH is generated every year. Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricity production in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries. Out of the total power generation installed capacity in India of 1,76,990 MW (June, 2011), hydro power contributes about 21.5% .

88. Hydroelectric Advantages : No fuel Needed Don’t release any harmful gases. Disadvantages : Need a large number of space. Some people need to move

89. Solar power - Renewable energy Solar power  is the conversion of  energy  from sunlight into  electricity , either directly using photovoltaic's (PV), indirectly using concentrated  solar power , or a combination. Concentrated  solar power  systems use lenses or mirrors and  solar  tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam .

90. Solar power

91. Solar Power Advantages: No fuel Needed No harmful gases Disadvantages: Only work with Sun shine Only work during the day

92. Wind power - Renewable energy Wind energy   is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there will still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases.

93. Wind Power Advantages: No fuel Needed No harmful gases Disadvantages: Need large open space Wind does not blow all the time

94. Energy Consumption in South Asia The present pattern of energy consumption has been as much a result of the natural endowment as the historical evolution. Originally dependent on traditional bio-mass fuels the modern sectors of the countries moved on to the use of coal; coal mines being one of the first symbols of modernity in colonial times.

95. Conclusion The governments of South Asian countries have announced various programs and policies to increase the awareness of the public about the significance of using renewable energy resources. Another major concern for initializing renewable energy projects is the contribution to GHG mission reduction and becoming a green developing country. •At the South Asia region level, renewable energy can attract investment, provide energy security through diversification, spur technological research and enhance stable economic growth. Besides, increasing the cost effective penetration of renewable energy into the electricity supply requires considerable cooperation among decision makers of the energy sector .

96. Thank you All