Mineral&PowerResources of Pakistan1.pptx

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1. MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN INTRO (MINERALS, METALLIC, NON-METALLIC) MINING PROCESSES / PROBLEMS NON-METALLIC MINERALS (ROCKSALT & LIMESTONE) METALLIC MINERALS (CHROMITE) BENEFITS & PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING THE MINING INDUSTRY EFFECTS OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLE MINING

2. MINERALS (METALLIC & NON-METALLIC) Inorganic natural resources Metallic minerals are more valuable, hard, tough and shiny, can be stretched and compressed. Examples are chromite, manganese, iron ore, copper etc. Non-metallic are less valuable except for the power resources, dull, soft and rough, cannot change shape, instead may break easily. Examples are limestone, gypsum, rocksalt , marble etc. Important mineral development organizations include The Geological Survey of Pakistan, Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, Lakhra Coal Development Company ( Sindh ) etc.

3. MINING PROCESSES OPEN-CAST MINING scooping up the minerals from near the surface through shovels ADIT MINING mining done on the slopes of the hills and mountains through tunnels SHAFT MINIING mining done deep underground by digging shafts QUARRYING open excavation done on the surface using hand tools, explosives etc.

4. LIMESTONE

5. Location Daud Khel , Salt Range, Punjab Khewra , Salt Range, Punjab Pezu , KPK Kohat , KPK Ganjo Takkar , Hyderabad, Sindh Murli Hills, Karachi, Sindh Uses m ain raw material for making cement painted on barks of trees to prevent pest attacks used to aerate soil and treat salinity u sed in making bleaching powder, soap, glass, paints, paper etc, u sed to purify sugarcane waste to produce alcohol, fuel

6. ROCKSALT

7. Location Khewra , Salt Range, Punjab Warcha , Salt Range, Punjab Kalabagh , Salt Range, Punjab Karak , KPK Bahadur Khel , KPK Jatta , KPK Uses u sed for cooking, preservation of food d yeing and bleaching (textiles) m aking caustic soda, soda ash, sodium bicarbonate (chemicals) used in household cleaner, fire extinguisher etc. m aking B rine used in chemical and fertilizer industry

8. CHROMITE

9. Location Zhob Valley, Zhob district, Balochista Wad deposits, Khuzdar district, Balochistan Muslimbagh , Balochistan Ras Koh Range, Balochistan Uses gives hardness and electrical resistance to steel u sed for building bridges and railway carriages used in making engineering tools u sed as a ling in metallurgical furnaces

10. BENEFITS OF DEVELOPING MINING INDUSTRY Industrial and agricultural development Employment in the mining industry Generation of thermal electricity Development of infrastructure; roads and railway tracks etc. Increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

11. PROBLEMS OF MINING INDUSTRY Environmental damage Inaccessible mineral deposits in remote areas Lack of technical experts Danger to underground miners Lack of investment and government will to explore or exploit new minerals

12. EFFECTS OF MINING ON THE ENVIRONMENT Deforestation to clear lands Air pollution from dust and smoke Noise pollution from machinery and blasting Loss of natural habitats; wildlife and plants Toxic wastes Land deformation forming holes, pits and depressions causing flooding Water pollution

13. SUSTAINABLE MINING Mining should be done in a way that minerals are available for the present generation as well as they are left for the future generation without compromising on the environmental damage.

14. QUESTIONS Describe the mining methods. (4) State some uses of rock salt, chromite, limestone etc. (2) How mining damages the environment?(3) To what extent mineral exploration contributes to the agriculture, industry and economy? (6) What is sustainable mining? (2)

15. POWER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES) NON-RENEWABLE (COAL, MINERAL OIL OR PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS) THERMAL ELECTRICITY NUCLEAR ENERGY RENEWABLE (HEP, WIND & SOLAR POWER, BIOMASS) NATIONAL GRID SYSTEM LOADSHEDDING

16. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, uranium, oil, and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. They deplete with time and use. Renewable resources are replenished naturally and freely. The five major renewable energy resources are solar, wind, water (hydro), biomass, and geothermal.

17. Quetta (coalfield X)  Mining Centres - Sor Range, Degan , Mach, Khost , Shahrig , Harnai Lower Sindh (coalfield Y)   Mining Centres - Blakhra , Jhimpir , Sonda Main uses of the coal mined in coalfield X Brick making/brick kilns For steel making   Why coal has to be imported?   High quality coal needed for Pakistan Steel Need for high quality coal to mix with low quality coal Difficult to mine/seams thin Not enough mined in Pakistan/lack of technology/lack of finance COAL

18. O ilfields   1) Central Potwar Plateau in north-west Punjab between rivers Indus and Jhelum   2) Lower Sindh /Hyderabad/Badin (area)   Oil refineries distribution 1) Morga refinery is on Potwar Plateau near Attock (oilfield) Punjab 2) Mahmud Kot on west of Multan, Punjab between Rivers Indus and Chenab 3) Lower Upper Indus Plain - on coast near Karachi at Hab , Sindh Coast   MINERAL OIL OR PETROLEUM

19. How oil products are important to farming & industries? F arming / Industry fuel for machines fuel for transport electricity generation – for power supply lubricants for machines fuel for heating (industrial processes) as a raw material (in industry)

20. W ays in which refined oil can be transported in Pakistan Pipelines Bulk supply of oil at cheap cost b ut there may be a problem of leakage Railway Large quantities of oil can be transported to many places but its costly with a chance of accidents Tanker / Lorry More product can be transported to various inland locations but expensive with a chance of accidents and theft

21. Gasfield A Sui Cities B, C & D Peshawar (B), Islamabad (C) & Sialkot (D) Main uses of natural gas Generating power Fertilizer & chemical industry Doemstic and commercial use   Ways in which natural gas is supplied to places away from pipelines   Cylinders Pressurized tankers Changed into liquid state (LPG/CNG) NATURAL GAS

22. THERMAL ENERGY In a recent study it was stated that over 46% of thermal power in Pakistan is generated in the area around Karachi . Why is so much thermal power generated here? Gas/Oilfields in Lower Sindh Coal mines in Lower Sindh Mining centres / Lakrha / Jhimpir / Sonda Gas pipeline from Sui Imports of oil at Karachi Demand from industry Demand from large population

23. NUCLEAR ENERGY Advantages large output small input of raw material efficient and long lasting fuel   Disadvantages disposal of waste is a problem risk of terrorism _ use for bombs expensive to buy fuel lack of technology and skills difficulties of maintenance dangerous  

24. HYDROELECTRIC POWER (HEP) P hysical conditions necessary for the development of an HEP scheme   Wet climate/moderate to high rainfall/over 750 mms Water from glaciers/snowfields Deep , narrow valley / Steep sided valley Impervious/impermeable rock Large drainage basin/large river Cool climate/low evaporation rate Strong/hard rocks Reliable water supply  

25. Why is it important for Pakistan to develop renewable power sources?   Reserves of fossil fuels running out Environmentally friendly More readily available Low running costs of HEP, solar power, wave energy etc./cheaper in the long term - Fossil fuels are expensive can be generated in remote areas

26. NATIONAL GRID SYSTEM The power transmission system has power generating stations and load centres which are linked with each other in a National Grid System. LOADSHEDDING What is ‘load shedding’ and how does it affect industry and business in Pakistan? Definition: Planned power breakdowns   Effects: Interrupts industrial production Damages machinery Loss of money/profit High costs of generators

27. WORKSHEET QUESTIONS