Minerals

Our body needs many minerals. A balanced diet usually provides all of the essential minerals. The ppt list minerals, what they do in the body their functions, and their sources in foods. It also included deficiencies and toxic effects.

1. MINERALS BY:- NITESH KUMAR B.PHARM VII SEM JAIPUR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, JAIPUR

2. DEFINITION : “A mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organism to perform function necessary for life”. OR “Minerals are inorganic substances required by the body in small amounts for a variety of different function”. Classification: 1) Major Elements : -- These are also known as “Macro minerals”. -- It is required in amount > 100 mg/day. -- At least 5 gram of the mineral present in the body. -- E.g. – Calcium , Sodium , Potassium , Chloride , Phosphorous , Magnesium , Sulphur , Fluoride

3. 2) Minor Elements : -- These are also known as “Micro minerals”. -- It is required in amount < 100 mg/day. -- Less than 5 gram of total mineral present in the body. -- E.g. – Iron , Zinc , Copper , Selenium , Chromium , Iodide , Manganese , Molybdenum 3) Necessary: -- It is necessary for the body but their exact function are not known. -- E.g. – Chromium , Nickel , Bromide , Lithium , Barium

4. 4)Non-Essential: -- Seen in tissues. -- Contaminant in food stuffs. -- E.g. – Rubidium , Silver , Gold , Bismuth 5) Toxic: -- It is should be avoided. -- E.g. – Aluminum , Cadmium , Mercury

5. Major minerals: 1. Calcium Chemical formula : (Ca2+) Source s : Dairy products , Fish with bones , Tofu , Leafy green vegetables , legumes , Fortified foods , yogurt , cheese , salmon , sardines Daily Requirement : 1000 mg Function : a) Development of bones and teeth b) Transmission of nerve impulses c) Blood clotting d) Normal heart action e) Normal muscle action

6. Deficiency : Children – Stunted growth, Adults - Osteoporosis Toxic effect s : -- Diarrhea -- Interference with absorption of other minerals 2. Sodium Chemical formula : (Na+) Sources : Table salt . soy sauce , MSG , all processed foods Daily Requirement : 2400 mg Function: a) Maintains normal fluid and electrolytes balance b) Assists nerve impulse transmission c) Muscle contraction

7. Deficiency : -- Muscle cramps , Mental apathy , Loss of appetite Toxic effects : -- Edema , Acute hypertension , Increased calcium excretion 3. Potassium Chemical formula : (K+) Sources : Fresh vegetables , Bananas , Citrus food , Milk , Meats , Fish Daily Requirement : 3500 mg Function : a) Maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance b) Assist nerve impulse transmission c) Muscle contraction

8. Deficiency : -- Muscular weakness , Paralysis , Confusion due to dehydration Toxic eff ects: -- Muscular weakness , Vomiting reflex 4. Chloride Chemical formula : (Cl-) Sources : Table salt , Eggs , Seafood , Milk Daily Requirement : 3400 mg Function : a) Gastric acidity b) Regulates acid-base balance in the body c) Maintains fluid & electrolyte balance d) Formation of hydrochloric acid

9. Deficiency: -- Imbalance in gastric acidity -- Imbalance in blood pH Toxic effe cts: -- Exhaustion -- Nausea 5. Phosphorous Chemical formula : (P) Sources : Fish , Poultry , Eggs , Milk , Meat , Cheese , Lean , Legumes , Nuts , Whole-Grains cereals Daily Requirement : 1000 mg Functio n: a) Development of bones & teeth b) Maintains normal pH of the blood c) Constituent of all body cells d) CHO , CHON & fat metabolism

10. Deficiency : -- Weakness , Bone pain Toxic effects : -- Low blood calcium , Increased calcium excretion 6. Magnesium Chemical formula : (Mg2+) Sources : Nuts , Legumes , Whole grains , Dark leafy greens , seafood , Chocolate ,Cocoa Daily Requirement : 350 mg Function : a) Mineralization of bones & teeth b) It helps enzymes function c) Muscle contraction d) Nerve transmission

11. Deficiency : -- Weakness , Muscle twitches , Confusion Convulsion , Bizarre muscle movements Toxic effects : -- Confusion , Lack of muscle coordination , Death TRACE ELEMENTS : 1. Iron Chemical Formula : (Fe+) Sources : Red meats , Fish , Poultry , Eggs , Legumes , Dried fruits , Shellfish , Liver , Whole grains or enriched breads & cereals , Dark green & leafy vegetables , Molasses

12. Diet requirements : 15 mg Functions a) Transports oxygen & carbon dioxide b) Hemoglobin formation c) Component of cellular enzymes essential for energy production Deficiency : -- Anaemia , Weakness , Headaches , Reduced immunity , low cold tolerance Toxic effects : -- Infection , Fatigue , Liver damage , Colon cancer , Bloody stools , Fatal to kids

13. 2. Zinc Chemical Formula : (Zn+) Sources : Seafood , Eggs , Milk , Legumes , Wheat bran , Esp. oysters Daily Requirements : 15 mg Functions a) Formation of collagen b) Wound healing c) Taste acuity d) Essential for growth e) Immune reaction Deficiency : -- Failure to grow , Dermatitis , Loss of taste , Poor healing , Sex retardation

14. Toxic effects -- Nausea , Fever , Vomiting , Dizziness , Uncoordinated , Anaemia , Heart disease 3. Copper Chemical Formula : (Cu) Sources : Poultry , Shellfish , Legumes , Whole grain breads , Cereals Diet requirement : 2 mg Functions a) Facilitates the function of many enzymes b) Iron may be an integral part of DNA & RNA molecule Deficiency -- Pallor , Retarted growth , Edema , Anorexia Toxic effects : --Wilson’s disease, Deterioration of neurological process

15. 4. Selenium Chemical Formula : (Se+6) Sources : Seafood , Meats , Grains , Vegetable depending on soil content , Whole grains , Cereals Diet requirement : 35 μ g Functions : a) Antioxidants b) Works with Vitamin E Deficiency : - Keshan disease , Muscle pain / degradation , Cataracts , Low sperm , Fragile RBCs , Heart damage. Toxic effects : Muscle damage , Nail & Hair brittleness Loss nerve , Liver damage , Nausea

16. 5. Chromium Chemical Formula : (Cr) Sources : Meat , Whole grains , Vegetable oils Diet requirement : 120 μ g Functions -- It helps insulin move glucose from blood into cells Deficiency -- Abnormal glucose metabolism Toxic effects -- Possible muscle degeneration

17. 6. Iodine Chemical formula – I Source - Iodized salt, seafood and plant grown in rich iodine soil Diet requirement - 150 Functions – a.) A component of thyroid hormone – helps to regulate growth, development, metabolism. b.) Regulation of basal metabolic rate. Deficiency -- Goiter, Cretinism, Myxedema Toxic effects -- Low thyroid activity -- Enlarged thyroid

18. 7. Manganese Chemical Formula : (MnO2) Sources : Whole grains , Nuts , Fruits , Vegetable Diet requirement : 5 mg Functions : Enzyme function Deficiency : -- Impaired growth , Skeletal abnormalities , Neonatal ataxia Toxic effects: a) In extremely high exposure from contamination b) Severe psychiatric & neurologic disorder

19. 8. Molybdenum Chemical Formula : (Mo+2) Sources : Whole grains , Organ meat , Peas , Beans Diet requirement : 75 μ g Functions : Energy metabolism Deficiency a) Brain abnormalities b) Developmental delays c) Childhood death d) It’s extremely rare Toxic effects : Gout like syndrome

20. 9. Fluoride Chemical Formula : (F-) Sources : Fluoridated water , Seafood , Tea Diet requirement : 3-5 mg Functions : a) Helps to make bones & teeth stronger b) Increase resistance to tooth decay Deficiency : a) Susceptibility to tooth decay b) Possibly osteoporosis Toxic effects : a) Chest pain b) Fluorosis c) Discolored teeth d) Nausea

21. THANK YOU