MINERALS. Biochemistry powerpoint presentation

Minerals are inorganic micronutrients. Minerals can classify as macrominerals or microminerals.

1. MINERALS PART 1- MACRO ELEMENTS

2. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS There are about 30 different types of chemical elements in the body. Organic compounds such as the major macromolecules like Amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and nucleic acids are made up of C, H, O and N. The other elements that are found in the body are called minerals and are divided into 2 groups: the Macro elements and the trace elements. Macro elements: These are required in amounts of more that 100mgs per day and include: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulphur . Deficiency of macro elements can be fatal.

3. Trace elements: These are required in amounts of less that 100mgs per day and include: chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybedium and selenium. A. MACROELEMENTS SODIUM: Chemical structure: It exists in the form of Sodium chloride or Sodium Bicarbonate. Metabolic role: it is the major electrolyte in the extracellular fluid.

4. Sodium plays an important role in the following; - Membrane function-in maintaining the Sodium potassium pump. - Fluid balance- maintaining the osmotic pressure of the extrcellular fluid. - Acid-base balance - Maintaining the viscosity of blood.

5. 3. Recommended daily requirements: 1 -3.5grams /day 4. Sources: Widely distributed in most food stuffs, more in animals than plants 5. Clinical conditions: The normal plasma concentration of Sodium is 140mmols/L i ). Hypernatremia This occurs when the Sodium concentration is more than the normal. This could be life threatening if not treated and the causes include dehydration, diabetes insipidus( due to deficiency of anti diuretic hormone produced from the pituitary) and excess sodium intake.

6. POTTASIUM Chemical structure: It exists in the form of potassium chloride. 2. Metabolic role: It is the major intracellular cation. Once absorbed, it is excreted in the GIT in the saliva, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juices and bile. It plays a role in muscular activity, acid-base balance and cardiac functions. It also plays a role as a cofactor in the pyruvate kinase enzyme in glycolysis. 3. Recommended Daily Requirements: 1.5gram/day.

7. 4. Sources. It is found in most food stuffs 5. Clinical conditions. Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. Both conditions are life threatening, i ) Hyperkalemia occurs in kidney failure due to a decrease in the secretion of potassium and in diabetes mellitus due to loss of intracellular potassium to the ECF. ii) Hypokalemia is commonly due to lose of potassium in the GIT secretions in prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. The use of diuretics like thiazides also causes hypokalemia.

8. CHROLIDE. Chemical structure. It exists in the form of sodium chloride. 2. Metabolic role. Production of HCL and in the chloride shift which is the exchange of bicarbonate ion and the chloride ion in the lungs during respitation 3. Recommended daily requirement 1 to 3.5grams/ day which is similar to sodium.

9. 4. Sources: Widely distributed in animal food such as milk, cheese, eggs and is found in plant sources such as beans, lentils, vegetable like cabbage. 5. Clinical conditions No known clinical conditions.

10. CALCIUM Chemical structure. It exists in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. 2. Metabolic role. Most of the Calcium is in in the bones and teeth. Total calcium in the body is about 100-170grams in the form of calcium phosphate. The plasma levels are 9-11 mg /100mls.There are 3 types in the body. Ionised form, bound to proteins and complex calcium. 40% is in the ionized form. In the diet, Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium though the production of calcium binding proteins. Calcium is important in the calcification of bones and teeth, in bleed coagulation and muscle contraction. 3. Recommended daily requirements. 1.5 grams/day

11. 4. Sources. Milk and milk products. Organ meat, eggs, and nuts. Clinical conditions. Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

12. SULPHUR 1. Chemical Structure. It is found in amino acids, vitamins such as lipoic acid, thiamine and biotin. 2. Metabolic role. Important in the formation of fibrous protein keratin, The SH groups of Coenzyme A. The iron Sulphur proteins in the electron transport chain. 3. Recommended daily requirements.

13. 4. Sources: meat, fish, eggs, liver. Legumes and cereals. 5. Clinical conditions. No known condition.