Minerals, water and electrolytes
aireenong
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Jan 29, 2011
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About This Presentation
Nutrition (Midterm)
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Slide Content
MineralsMinerals
CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
Exist in the body and in foods in ionic stateExist in the body and in foods in ionic state
Components of organic compoundsComponents of organic compounds
Minerals are grouped into two: Minerals are grouped into two:
major or macrominerals are present in the body in major or macrominerals are present in the body in
larger amounts (> 5 grams) larger amounts (> 5 grams)
minor or microminerals or trace minerals.minor or microminerals or trace minerals.
Exist in the body and in foods in ionic stateExist in the body and in foods in ionic state
Components of organic compoundsComponents of organic compounds
Minerals are grouped into two: Minerals are grouped into two:
major or macrominerals are present in the body in major or macrominerals are present in the body in
larger amounts (> 5 grams) larger amounts (> 5 grams)
minor or microminerals or trace minerals.minor or microminerals or trace minerals.
MacromineralsMacrominerals MicromineralsMicrominerals
CalciumCalcium
PhosphorusPhosphorus
PotassiumPotassium
SodiumSodium
MagnesiumMagnesium
SulfurSulfur
ChlorineChlorine
IronIron
IodineIodine
CobaltCobalt
CopperCopper
ZincZinc
ManganeseManganese
MolybdenumMolybdenum
SeleniumSelenium
ChromiumChromium
FlourineFlourine
CalciumCalcium
PhosphorusPhosphorus
PotassiumPotassium
SodiumSodium
MagnesiumMagnesium
SulfurSulfur
ChlorineChlorine
IronIron
IodineIodine
CobaltCobalt
CopperCopper
ZincZinc
ManganeseManganese
MolybdenumMolybdenum
SeleniumSelenium
ChromiumChromium
FlourineFlourine
BioavailibilityBioavailibility
FACTORS :
d.Gatric acidity
e.Homeostatic
adaptations
f.Stress
Low bioavailability
- result from soap formation
- binding of Ca and magnesium to free
fatty acids
- from precipitation when one pair of ions
in the lumen in very high concentration
- mineral-mineral interactions
- Fe, Ca and Magnesium
High bioavailability
- Na, K, Cl, I and F
Medium bioavailability
- Ca, Mn
FACTORS :
d.Gatric acidity
e.Homeostatic
adaptations
f.Stress
Low bioavailability
- result from soap formation
- binding of Ca and magnesium to free
fatty acids
- from precipitation when one pair of ions
in the lumen in very high concentration
- mineral-mineral interactions
- Fe, Ca and Magnesium
High bioavailability
- Na, K, Cl, I and F
Medium bioavailability
- Ca, Mn
General functionsGeneral functions
1. Structural function1. Structural function
•Bones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, FBones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, F
•Hair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- SHair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- S
•Hemoglobin – FeHemoglobin – Fe
•Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl), intestinal juice (Na), Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl), intestinal juice (Na),
Thyroxine (I)Thyroxine (I)
•Insulin – Zn and SInsulin – Zn and S
•Vit. B12 – CobaltVit. B12 – Cobalt
•Soft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and SSoft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and S
•Nerve tissues – K, P, and SNerve tissues – K, P, and S
•Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper
1. Structural function1. Structural function
•Bones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, FBones teeth – Ca, P, Mg, F
•Hair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- SHair, nails, skin, thiamin biotin- S
•Hemoglobin – FeHemoglobin – Fe
•Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl), intestinal juice (Na), Glandular secretions – HCL (Cl), intestinal juice (Na),
Thyroxine (I)Thyroxine (I)
•Insulin – Zn and SInsulin – Zn and S
•Vit. B12 – CobaltVit. B12 – Cobalt
•Soft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and SSoft tissues, mainly muscles – K, P, and S
•Nerve tissues – K, P, and SNerve tissues – K, P, and S
•Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper Blood – ca, Na, Cl, P, Fe, and Copper
2. Regulatory functions2. Regulatory functions
•Normal exchange of materials between body fluid Normal exchange of materials between body fluid
compartments – all saltscompartments – all salts
•Contractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and KContractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and K
•Irritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and KIrritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and K
•Oxidative Processes and metabolic reactions – Fe and Oxidative Processes and metabolic reactions – Fe and
vit B12vit B12
•Digestive processes – cl and NaDigestive processes – cl and Na
•Normal blood clotting – CaNormal blood clotting – Ca
•Maintenance of acid Maintenance of acid
a.a.Cations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and MgCations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and Mg
b.b.Anions ( acid elements) – P, S, and ClAnions ( acid elements) – P, S, and Cl
•Normal exchange of materials between body fluid Normal exchange of materials between body fluid
compartments – all saltscompartments – all salts
•Contractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and KContractility of muscles – Ca, Na, and K
•Irritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and KIrritability of nerves – Ca, Na, and K
•Oxidative Processes and metabolic reactions – Fe and Oxidative Processes and metabolic reactions – Fe and
vit B12vit B12
•Digestive processes – cl and NaDigestive processes – cl and Na
•Normal blood clotting – CaNormal blood clotting – Ca
•Maintenance of acid Maintenance of acid
a.a.Cations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and MgCations (basic elements) – Na, K, Ca, and Mg
b.b.Anions ( acid elements) – P, S, and ClAnions ( acid elements) – P, S, and Cl
MacromineraMacrominera
lsls
lsls
CALCIUMCALCIUM
Is the most abundant mineral in the body.Is the most abundant mineral in the body.
Most calcium in the body is found in the bones Most calcium in the body is found in the bones
almost 99%, which serves as structural and almost 99%, which serves as structural and
storage functions.storage functions.
The other 1% is released in body fluids when The other 1% is released in body fluids when
blood passes through the bones.blood passes through the bones.
Is the most abundant mineral in the body.Is the most abundant mineral in the body.
Most calcium in the body is found in the bones Most calcium in the body is found in the bones
almost 99%, which serves as structural and almost 99%, which serves as structural and
storage functions.storage functions.
The other 1% is released in body fluids when The other 1% is released in body fluids when
blood passes through the bones.blood passes through the bones.
FunctionsFunctions
Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses.Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses.
Muscle contraction and relaxationMuscle contraction and relaxation
Formation of blood clotsFormation of blood clots
Blood pressure regulationBlood pressure regulation
Bones release calciumBones release calcium
Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium
Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium
Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body fluids Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body fluids
control the release of calcium from bones. This includes:control the release of calcium from bones. This includes:
Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium levels; Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium levels;
secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood
calcium levels.calcium levels.
Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood calcium Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood calcium
levels.levels.
Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high blood levels Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high blood levels
of calcium; released by the Special C cells of the thyroid gland.of calcium; released by the Special C cells of the thyroid gland.
Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses.Function of the CNS, particularly nerve impulses.
Muscle contraction and relaxationMuscle contraction and relaxation
Formation of blood clotsFormation of blood clots
Blood pressure regulationBlood pressure regulation
Bones release calciumBones release calcium
Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium
Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium
Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body fluids Hormones that regulate the level of calcium in body fluids
control the release of calcium from bones. This includes:control the release of calcium from bones. This includes:
Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium levels; Parathormone-a hormone that raises blood calcium levels;
secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood
calcium levels.calcium levels.
Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood calcium Calcitriol- active vitamin D hormone that raises blood calcium
levels.levels.
Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high blood levels Calcitonin-a hormone that reacts in response to high blood levels
of calcium; released by the Special C cells of the thyroid gland.of calcium; released by the Special C cells of the thyroid gland.
AbsorptionAbsorption
Rapid absorption after a meal occurs in the Rapid absorption after a meal occurs in the
more acidic duodenum.more acidic duodenum.
Two mechanisms of absorption:Two mechanisms of absorption:
Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)
controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin which increases controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin which increases
the calcium uptake at the brush border of the the calcium uptake at the brush border of the
intestinal mucosal cell by also stimulating the intestinal mucosal cell by also stimulating the
production of CALBINDINS.production of CALBINDINS.
Rapid absorption after a meal occurs in the Rapid absorption after a meal occurs in the
more acidic duodenum.more acidic duodenum.
Two mechanisms of absorption:Two mechanisms of absorption:
Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)Active transport (duodenum & jejunum)
controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin which increases controlled by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin which increases
the calcium uptake at the brush border of the the calcium uptake at the brush border of the
intestinal mucosal cell by also stimulating the intestinal mucosal cell by also stimulating the
production of CALBINDINS.production of CALBINDINS.
Passive transportPassive transport
Independent of vitamin D.Independent of vitamin D.
Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic medium; the Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic medium; the
hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, such that hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, such that
secreted during meal, increases calcium absorption secreted during meal, increases calcium absorption
by lowering the pH in the proximal duodenum.. by lowering the pH in the proximal duodenum..
Independent of vitamin D.Independent of vitamin D.
Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic medium; the Calcium is best absorbed in an acidic medium; the
hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, such that hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach, such that
secreted during meal, increases calcium absorption secreted during meal, increases calcium absorption
by lowering the pH in the proximal duodenum.. by lowering the pH in the proximal duodenum..
RegulationRegulation
If calcium levels gets too low three actions can If calcium levels gets too low three actions can
occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis:occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis:
b.b.Bones release calciumBones release calcium
c.c.Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium
d.d.Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium
If calcium levels gets too low three actions can If calcium levels gets too low three actions can
occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis:occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis:
b.b.Bones release calciumBones release calcium
c.c.Intestines absorb more calciumIntestines absorb more calcium
d.d.Kidneys retain more calciumKidneys retain more calcium
HormonesHormones
ParathormoneParathormone
CalcitriolCalcitriol
CalcitoninCalcitonin
Calcium rigorCalcium rigor
Calcium tetanyCalcium tetany
ParathormoneParathormone
CalcitriolCalcitriol
CalcitoninCalcitonin
Calcium rigorCalcium rigor
Calcium tetanyCalcium tetany
ExcretionExcretion
50% of the ingested calcium is excreted in the 50% of the ingested calcium is excreted in the
urine each day.urine each day.
HypercalciuriaHypercalciuria
Skin exfoliation and sweat (15 mg/day)Skin exfoliation and sweat (15 mg/day)
50% of the ingested calcium is excreted in the 50% of the ingested calcium is excreted in the
urine each day.urine each day.
HypercalciuriaHypercalciuria
Skin exfoliation and sweat (15 mg/day)Skin exfoliation and sweat (15 mg/day)
DeficiencyDeficiency
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
OsteomalaciaOsteomalacia
ToxicityToxicity
Oversupplementation may cause constipation, Oversupplementation may cause constipation,
urinary stone formation affecting kidney urinary stone formation affecting kidney
function and reduced absorption of iron, zinc function and reduced absorption of iron, zinc
and other minerals.and other minerals.
Oversupplementation may cause constipation, Oversupplementation may cause constipation,
urinary stone formation affecting kidney urinary stone formation affecting kidney
function and reduced absorption of iron, zinc function and reduced absorption of iron, zinc
and other minerals.and other minerals.
PhosphurosPhosphuros
85% is in the bones and teeth as a component of 85% is in the bones and teeth as a component of
hydroxyapetitehydroxyapetite
Ranks second to calciumRanks second to calcium
85% is in the bones and teeth as a component of 85% is in the bones and teeth as a component of
hydroxyapetitehydroxyapetite
Ranks second to calciumRanks second to calcium
FunctionsFunctions
Energy transferEnergy transfer
DNA and RNA synthesisDNA and RNA synthesis
Part of phospholipidsPart of phospholipids
As buffer in the form of phosphoric acidAs buffer in the form of phosphoric acid
Part of hypdroxyapetite Part of hypdroxyapetite
Energy transferEnergy transfer
DNA and RNA synthesisDNA and RNA synthesis
Part of phospholipidsPart of phospholipids
As buffer in the form of phosphoric acidAs buffer in the form of phosphoric acid
Part of hypdroxyapetite Part of hypdroxyapetite
Toxicity Toxicity
Only possible from phosphuros supplements, Only possible from phosphuros supplements,
can cause calcium excretion from the body..can cause calcium excretion from the body..
Deficiency
Dietary inadequacy is not likely if protein and
calcium intake are adequate
Only possible from phosphuros supplements, Only possible from phosphuros supplements,
can cause calcium excretion from the body..can cause calcium excretion from the body..
Deficiency
Dietary inadequacy is not likely if protein and
calcium intake are adequate
MagnesiumMagnesium
Second most abundant intracellular cation in the Second most abundant intracellular cation in the
bodybody
60% is found I bones60% is found I bones
26% in muscle26% in muscle
Remainder in soft tissues and body fluidsRemainder in soft tissues and body fluids
Second most abundant intracellular cation in the Second most abundant intracellular cation in the
bodybody
60% is found I bones60% is found I bones
26% in muscle26% in muscle
Remainder in soft tissues and body fluidsRemainder in soft tissues and body fluids
FunctionsFunctions
Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-
dependent enzyme reactions.dependent enzyme reactions.
Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins,
phosphorylation of glucose and its derivativesphosphorylation of glucose and its derivatives
Formation of cAMP Formation of cAMP
Regulates nerve and muscle function, including Regulates nerve and muscle function, including
the actions of the heart, has a role in the blood the actions of the heart, has a role in the blood
clotting process and ion the immune systemclotting process and ion the immune system
Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-Stabilize the structure of ATP in ATP-
dependent enzyme reactions.dependent enzyme reactions.
Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, Synthesis of fatty acids and proteins,
phosphorylation of glucose and its derivativesphosphorylation of glucose and its derivatives
Formation of cAMP Formation of cAMP
Regulates nerve and muscle function, including Regulates nerve and muscle function, including
the actions of the heart, has a role in the blood the actions of the heart, has a role in the blood
clotting process and ion the immune systemclotting process and ion the immune system
DeficiencyDeficiency
Related to secondary causes (vomiting, diarrhea)Related to secondary causes (vomiting, diarrhea)
Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, personality Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, personality
changes, anorexia, nausea, tetany, convulsions changes, anorexia, nausea, tetany, convulsions
and coma.and coma.
Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia occur first Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia occur first
combined with impairment of individual combined with impairment of individual
responsiveness to PTHresponsiveness to PTH
Related to secondary causes (vomiting, diarrhea)Related to secondary causes (vomiting, diarrhea)
Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, personality Symptoms: tremors, muscle spasms, personality
changes, anorexia, nausea, tetany, convulsions changes, anorexia, nausea, tetany, convulsions
and coma.and coma.
Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia occur first Hypercakalemia and hypercalcemia occur first
combined with impairment of individual combined with impairment of individual
responsiveness to PTHresponsiveness to PTH
ToxicityToxicity
Can exhibit bone calcifiicationCan exhibit bone calcifiication
Can exhibit bone calcifiicationCan exhibit bone calcifiication
SulfurSulfur
Component of protein structuresComponent of protein structures
Present in thiamine and biotinPresent in thiamine and biotin
Sulfur is also involved with maintaining the acid-Sulfur is also involved with maintaining the acid-
base balance of the bodybase balance of the body
Component of protein structuresComponent of protein structures
Present in thiamine and biotinPresent in thiamine and biotin
Sulfur is also involved with maintaining the acid-Sulfur is also involved with maintaining the acid-
base balance of the bodybase balance of the body
DeficiencyDeficiency
Do not occur; basic structure of the human cellDo not occur; basic structure of the human cell
Do not occur; basic structure of the human cellDo not occur; basic structure of the human cell
26
ELECTROLYTESELECTROLYTES
ELECTROLYTESELECTROLYTES
WMSU BSND Review 200727
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• • electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could conduct electric electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could conduct electric
currents: salts, acids, basescurrents: salts, acids, bases
• • attract waterattract water
• • cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• • anions: Clanions: Cl
--
, HCO, HCO
33
--
(bicarbonate), HPO (bicarbonate), HPO
44
2-2-
(biphosphate), SO (biphosphate), SO
44
2-2-
(sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate(sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate
• • ions in the bodyions in the body
intracellular ions: contained within cell: potassium, intracellular ions: contained within cell: potassium,
phosphatephosphate
extracellular ions: sodium, chlorideextracellular ions: sodium, chloride
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
• • electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could conduct electric electrolytes: ions, charged particles that could conduct electric
currents: salts, acids, basescurrents: salts, acids, bases
• • attract waterattract water
• • cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++cations: Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++
• • anions: Clanions: Cl
--
, HCO, HCO
33
--
(bicarbonate), HPO (bicarbonate), HPO
44
2-2-
(biphosphate), SO (biphosphate), SO
44
2-2-
(sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate(sulfate), lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate
• • ions in the bodyions in the body
intracellular ions: contained within cell: potassium, intracellular ions: contained within cell: potassium,
phosphatephosphate
extracellular ions: sodium, chlorideextracellular ions: sodium, chloride
WMSU BSND Review 200728
Functions of ElectrolytesFunctions of Electrolytes
A. maintain water balanceA. maintain water balance
B. maintain stable electrochemical neutralityB. maintain stable electrochemical neutrality
within the bodywithin the body
C. regulate pH balanceC. regulate pH balance
D. regulate osmotic pressure across cell D. regulate osmotic pressure across cell
membranesmembranes
passing of water from an area of less passing of water from an area of less
concentration to one of greater concentration concentration to one of greater concentration
across a semipermeable membraneacross a semipermeable membrane
Functions of ElectrolytesFunctions of Electrolytes
A. maintain water balanceA. maintain water balance
B. maintain stable electrochemical neutralityB. maintain stable electrochemical neutrality
within the bodywithin the body
C. regulate pH balanceC. regulate pH balance
D. regulate osmotic pressure across cell D. regulate osmotic pressure across cell
membranesmembranes
passing of water from an area of less passing of water from an area of less
concentration to one of greater concentration concentration to one of greater concentration
across a semipermeable membraneacross a semipermeable membrane
WMSU BSND Review 200729
Mechanisms Controlling Mechanisms Controlling
Electrolyte Balance in the Body Electrolyte Balance in the Body
A. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or vasopressinA. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or vasopressin: :
function: water retention function: water retention blood pressure or volume, blood pressure or volume,
blood concentrationblood concentration pituitary gland releases pituitary gland releases
ADH ADH diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water
B. AngiotensinB. Angiotensin: function: blood vessel constriction : function: blood vessel constriction
C. AldosteroneC. Aldosterone: function: Na Retention: function: Na Retention
angiotensin angiotensin stimulates adrenal glands to release stimulates adrenal glands to release
aldosterone aldosterone kidneys retain more Na and water kidneys retain more Na and water
Mechanisms Controlling Mechanisms Controlling
Electrolyte Balance in the Body Electrolyte Balance in the Body
A. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or vasopressinA. Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH) or vasopressin: :
function: water retention function: water retention blood pressure or volume, blood pressure or volume,
blood concentrationblood concentration pituitary gland releases pituitary gland releases
ADH ADH diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water diuresis, kidneys reabsorb water
B. AngiotensinB. Angiotensin: function: blood vessel constriction : function: blood vessel constriction
C. AldosteroneC. Aldosterone: function: Na Retention: function: Na Retention
angiotensin angiotensin stimulates adrenal glands to release stimulates adrenal glands to release
aldosterone aldosterone kidneys retain more Na and water kidneys retain more Na and water
30
SodiumSodium
Blood pressure and volume maintenance Blood pressure and volume maintenance
Major cation in the extracellular fluidMajor cation in the extracellular fluid
Transmission of nerve impulsesTransmission of nerve impulses
Blood pressure and volume maintenance Blood pressure and volume maintenance
Major cation in the extracellular fluidMajor cation in the extracellular fluid
Transmission of nerve impulsesTransmission of nerve impulses
Asborption and excretionAsborption and excretion
Readily absorbed from the intestine and carried Readily absorbed from the intestine and carried
to the kidneys, where it is filtered and returned to the kidneys, where it is filtered and returned
to the blood to maintain appropriate levels..to the blood to maintain appropriate levels..
99-95% of normal sodium loss through urine99-95% of normal sodium loss through urine
Readily absorbed from the intestine and carried Readily absorbed from the intestine and carried
to the kidneys, where it is filtered and returned to the kidneys, where it is filtered and returned
to the blood to maintain appropriate levels..to the blood to maintain appropriate levels..
99-95% of normal sodium loss through urine99-95% of normal sodium loss through urine
RegulationRegulation
Sodium balance is regulated by aldosterone .Sodium balance is regulated by aldosterone .
When blood sodium level rises, the thirst When blood sodium level rises, the thirst
receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the
thirst sensationthirst sensation
Estrogen causes sodium and water retention. Estrogen causes sodium and water retention.
(menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and taking oral (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and taking oral
contraceptives)contraceptives)
Sodium balance is regulated by aldosterone .Sodium balance is regulated by aldosterone .
When blood sodium level rises, the thirst When blood sodium level rises, the thirst
receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the receptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the
thirst sensationthirst sensation
Estrogen causes sodium and water retention. Estrogen causes sodium and water retention.
(menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and taking oral (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and taking oral
contraceptives)contraceptives)
DeficiencyDeficiency
DehydrationDehydration
Headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduce Headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduce
ability to concentrate, loss of memory and ability to concentrate, loss of memory and
appetite.appetite.
HyponatremiaHyponatremia
DehydrationDehydration
Headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduce Headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduce
ability to concentrate, loss of memory and ability to concentrate, loss of memory and
appetite.appetite.
HyponatremiaHyponatremia
ToxicityToxicity
HypertensionHypertension
EdemaEdema
HypertensionHypertension
EdemaEdema
PotassiumPotassium
Major cation of intracellular fluidMajor cation of intracellular fluid
With sodium, involved in maintaining normal With sodium, involved in maintaining normal
water balance, osmotic equilibrium and acid-water balance, osmotic equilibrium and acid-
base regulation.base regulation.
Neuromuscular activityNeuromuscular activity
Promotes cellular growthPromotes cellular growth
Na/K ATPase pumpNa/K ATPase pump
Major cation of intracellular fluidMajor cation of intracellular fluid
With sodium, involved in maintaining normal With sodium, involved in maintaining normal
water balance, osmotic equilibrium and acid-water balance, osmotic equilibrium and acid-
base regulation.base regulation.
Neuromuscular activityNeuromuscular activity
Promotes cellular growthPromotes cellular growth
Na/K ATPase pumpNa/K ATPase pump
DeficiencyDeficiency
Similar to magnesiumSimilar to magnesium
Toxicity
Occurs only from supplementation
Symptoms are similar to those of deficiency:
muscle weakness, vomiting cardiac arrest
Similar to magnesiumSimilar to magnesium
Toxicity
Occurs only from supplementation
Symptoms are similar to those of deficiency:
muscle weakness, vomiting cardiac arrest
ChlorideChloride
KEY Anion in the extracellular fluidsKEY Anion in the extracellular fluids
Component of hydrochloric acid.Component of hydrochloric acid.
Deficiency
Rare, only during if severe vomiting occur
Toxicity
FVD
KEY Anion in the extracellular fluidsKEY Anion in the extracellular fluids
Component of hydrochloric acid.Component of hydrochloric acid.
Deficiency
Rare, only during if severe vomiting occur
Toxicity
FVD
Microminerals Microminerals
They are…They are…
A.k.a. Trace minerals
Group of minerals needed by the body in minute
amounts to perform certain fxns.
Minerals that can be supplied by an average mixed diet
since the amounts needed are very small.
As usual, less amounts taken would lead to deficiency
while excessive amounts lead to toxicity.
A.k.a. Trace minerals
Group of minerals needed by the body in minute
amounts to perform certain fxns.
Minerals that can be supplied by an average mixed diet
since the amounts needed are very small.
As usual, less amounts taken would lead to deficiency
while excessive amounts lead to toxicity.
ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL
MICROMINERALSMICROMINERALS
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Manganese (Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Iodine (I
2
)
Cobalt (Co)
Chromuim (Cr)
Molybdenum (Md)
Flourine (F
2
)
MICROMINERALSMICROMINERALS
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Manganese (Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Iodine (I
2
)
Cobalt (Co)
Chromuim (Cr)
Molybdenum (Md)
Flourine (F
2
)
IRON IRON
Distribution Distribution
Most abundant in the body
Amount varies with age, sex, nutrition, general
health, & size of iron stores
About 25% is found in lever, spleen & bone
marrow; small amounts in transport form in the
blood & about 5% in every cell a constituent of
certain enzymes & chromatin
Most abundant in the body
Amount varies with age, sex, nutrition, general
health, & size of iron stores
About 25% is found in lever, spleen & bone
marrow; small amounts in transport form in the
blood & about 5% in every cell a constituent of
certain enzymes & chromatin
FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
Used to produce RBC carry oxygenated blood to
exercising muscles & enables us to exercise with
vigor w/c helps burn more calories.
An active component of tissue enzymes
involved in the conversion of beta carotine to
vitamin A
For hemoglobin formation
Used to produce RBC carry oxygenated blood to
exercising muscles & enables us to exercise with
vigor w/c helps burn more calories.
An active component of tissue enzymes
involved in the conversion of beta carotine to
vitamin A
For hemoglobin formation
UTILIZATION UTILIZATION
Majority is present in food in ferric form.
Absorption occurs to the same extent in the
stomach, but greatest in the upper duodenum.
Majority is present in food in ferric form.
Absorption occurs to the same extent in the
stomach, but greatest in the upper duodenum.
Factors affecting the absorption of Factors affecting the absorption of
FeFe
Form of ironForm of iron
Type of ironType of iron
Body needsBody needs
Bulk in the dietBulk in the diet
Size of doseSize of dose
Presence of phytic & Presence of phytic &
oxalic acidsoxalic acids
Presence of citrates, Presence of citrates,
sugar, & some animo sugar, & some animo
acidsacids
Presence of tanninsPresence of tannins
Intake of CoffeeIntake of Coffee
Presence of ascorbic acid Presence of ascorbic acid
Direction & Direction &
malabsorption malabsorption
syndromes syndromes
FeFe
Form of ironForm of iron
Type of ironType of iron
Body needsBody needs
Bulk in the dietBulk in the diet
Size of doseSize of dose
Presence of phytic & Presence of phytic &
oxalic acidsoxalic acids
Presence of citrates, Presence of citrates,
sugar, & some animo sugar, & some animo
acidsacids
Presence of tanninsPresence of tannins
Intake of CoffeeIntake of Coffee
Presence of ascorbic acid Presence of ascorbic acid
Direction & Direction &
malabsorption malabsorption
syndromes syndromes
Sources of ironSources of iron
Clams Clams
CerealCereal
OystersOysters
Organ meatsOrgan meats
Soy beans Soy beans
Pumpkin seeds Pumpkin seeds
White beansWhite beans
Blackstrap molassesBlackstrap molasses
LentilsLentils
SpinachSpinach
Liver sausageLiver sausage
LiverLiver
Faggots Faggots
Shrimps (canned)Shrimps (canned)
Tongue oxTongue ox
Sesame seedsSesame seeds
Clams Clams
CerealCereal
OystersOysters
Organ meatsOrgan meats
Soy beans Soy beans
Pumpkin seeds Pumpkin seeds
White beansWhite beans
Blackstrap molassesBlackstrap molasses
LentilsLentils
SpinachSpinach
Liver sausageLiver sausage
LiverLiver
Faggots Faggots
Shrimps (canned)Shrimps (canned)
Tongue oxTongue ox
Sesame seedsSesame seeds
Recommended Nutrient intakesRecommended Nutrient intakes
Men, 19 yrs above – 12 mgMen, 19 yrs above – 12 mg
Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg
Pregnant women – 27-28 mgPregnant women – 27-28 mg
Lactating women – 27-30 mg Lactating women – 27-30 mg
Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg
Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg
Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg
Girls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mgGirls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mg
Men, 19 yrs above – 12 mgMen, 19 yrs above – 12 mg
Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg Women, 16-64 – 27 mg; 65+ - 10mg
Pregnant women – 27-28 mgPregnant women – 27-28 mg
Lactating women – 27-30 mg Lactating women – 27-30 mg
Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg Infants, 6-11 mos – 10 mg
Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg Children, 1-9 y.o. – 8-11 mg
Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg Boys, 10-18 yrs – 13-20 mg
Girls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mgGirls, 10-18 yrs – 19-21 mg
DEFICIENCYDEFICIENCY
Can lead to anemia, characterized by a reduction in Can lead to anemia, characterized by a reduction in
size or number of RBC or in the quantity of Hgb or size or number of RBC or in the quantity of Hgb or
both, resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to both, resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to
carry oxygen. This may be due to several causes:carry oxygen. This may be due to several causes:
2.2.Presence of inhibitions during iron absorption causes Presence of inhibitions during iron absorption causes
malabsorption anemia malabsorption anemia
3.3.Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12 Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12
deficiency deficiency
4.4.Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood loss in Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood loss in
pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood donation leads to pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood donation leads to
hemorrhagic anemia hemorrhagic anemia
Can lead to anemia, characterized by a reduction in Can lead to anemia, characterized by a reduction in
size or number of RBC or in the quantity of Hgb or size or number of RBC or in the quantity of Hgb or
both, resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to both, resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to
carry oxygen. This may be due to several causes:carry oxygen. This may be due to several causes:
2.2.Presence of inhibitions during iron absorption causes Presence of inhibitions during iron absorption causes
malabsorption anemia malabsorption anemia
3.3.Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12 Inadquate info of RBCs due to Vitamin B12
deficiency deficiency
4.4.Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood loss in Excessive excretion of Fe caused by blood loss in
pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood donation leads to pregnancy, parasitism, or in blood donation leads to
hemorrhagic anemia hemorrhagic anemia
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
one of the most common nutritional one of the most common nutritional
deficiency diseases in the RP. Usually occurs deficiency diseases in the RP. Usually occurs
among infants, children, pregnant & lactating among infants, children, pregnant & lactating
women & elderly. women & elderly.
one of the most common nutritional one of the most common nutritional
deficiency diseases in the RP. Usually occurs deficiency diseases in the RP. Usually occurs
among infants, children, pregnant & lactating among infants, children, pregnant & lactating
women & elderly. women & elderly.
ToxicityToxicity
Excessive amount of Fe in the body is known asExcessive amount of Fe in the body is known as
HEMOSIDEROSISHEMOSIDEROSIS
It may be caused by exessive Fe intake through It may be caused by exessive Fe intake through
use of supplements. use of supplements.
Excessive intake of Fe is common among Excessive intake of Fe is common among
Bantus who cook their food in iron pots. Bantus who cook their food in iron pots.
Another kind of overload is hemochromatosis, Another kind of overload is hemochromatosis,
w/c could be a genetically transmitted disease. w/c could be a genetically transmitted disease.
Excessive amount of Fe in the body is known asExcessive amount of Fe in the body is known as
HEMOSIDEROSISHEMOSIDEROSIS
It may be caused by exessive Fe intake through It may be caused by exessive Fe intake through
use of supplements. use of supplements.
Excessive intake of Fe is common among Excessive intake of Fe is common among
Bantus who cook their food in iron pots. Bantus who cook their food in iron pots.
Another kind of overload is hemochromatosis, Another kind of overload is hemochromatosis,
w/c could be a genetically transmitted disease. w/c could be a genetically transmitted disease.
ZINCZINC
DistributionDistribution
Average adult body contains a total of 1.4 – 2.5 Average adult body contains a total of 1.4 – 2.5
gm Zinc (Zn). gm Zinc (Zn).
Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, lungs, Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, lungs,
endocrine glands, & spermatozoa: the skeletal endocrine glands, & spermatozoa: the skeletal
muscles usually represent the greatest muscles usually represent the greatest
proportion (60%) of the total body. proportion (60%) of the total body.
Average adult body contains a total of 1.4 – 2.5 Average adult body contains a total of 1.4 – 2.5
gm Zinc (Zn). gm Zinc (Zn).
Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, lungs, Present in pancreas, liver, kidney, lungs,
endocrine glands, & spermatozoa: the skeletal endocrine glands, & spermatozoa: the skeletal
muscles usually represent the greatest muscles usually represent the greatest
proportion (60%) of the total body. proportion (60%) of the total body.
FunctionsFunctions
Important factor in host immune defensesImportant factor in host immune defenses
Has been associated with stored insulinHas been associated with stored insulin
Plays a role in the acceleration of wound healing Plays a role in the acceleration of wound healing
& for a normal sense of taste & for a normal sense of taste
Necessary for the dev’t of the male reproductive Necessary for the dev’t of the male reproductive
fxns & spermatogenesis, specifically in the fxns & spermatogenesis, specifically in the
formation of testosterone formation of testosterone
Essential component of several metalloenzymesEssential component of several metalloenzymes
Important factor in host immune defensesImportant factor in host immune defenses
Has been associated with stored insulinHas been associated with stored insulin
Plays a role in the acceleration of wound healing Plays a role in the acceleration of wound healing
& for a normal sense of taste & for a normal sense of taste
Necessary for the dev’t of the male reproductive Necessary for the dev’t of the male reproductive
fxns & spermatogenesis, specifically in the fxns & spermatogenesis, specifically in the
formation of testosterone formation of testosterone
Essential component of several metalloenzymesEssential component of several metalloenzymes
utilizationutilization
Absrobed mainly in the upper jejunum. This Absrobed mainly in the upper jejunum. This
may come from food or from the may come from food or from the
enteropancreatic circulation of endogenous Zn. enteropancreatic circulation of endogenous Zn.
Transported by a carrier into the mucosal cells, Transported by a carrier into the mucosal cells,
picked up by albumin & taken into the liver picked up by albumin & taken into the liver
before redistribution to the other tissuesbefore redistribution to the other tissues
Excretion is mainly through feces. Excretion is mainly through feces.
Absrobed mainly in the upper jejunum. This Absrobed mainly in the upper jejunum. This
may come from food or from the may come from food or from the
enteropancreatic circulation of endogenous Zn. enteropancreatic circulation of endogenous Zn.
Transported by a carrier into the mucosal cells, Transported by a carrier into the mucosal cells,
picked up by albumin & taken into the liver picked up by albumin & taken into the liver
before redistribution to the other tissuesbefore redistribution to the other tissues
Excretion is mainly through feces. Excretion is mainly through feces.
Food sourcesFood sources
MilkMilk
Meat Meat
LiverLiver
Oysters Oysters
Eggs Eggs
Nuts Nuts
Legumes Legumes
Whole grainsWhole grains
cerealcereal
MilkMilk
Meat Meat
LiverLiver
Oysters Oysters
Eggs Eggs
Nuts Nuts
Legumes Legumes
Whole grainsWhole grains
cerealcereal
Deficiency Deficiency
Slow growth Slow growth
Alopecia Alopecia
Hypospermia Hypospermia
Delayed sexual maturationDelayed sexual maturation
White cell defects White cell defects
Impaired dark adaptation (night blindness)Impaired dark adaptation (night blindness)
Delayed wound healingDelayed wound healing
Slow growth Slow growth
Alopecia Alopecia
Hypospermia Hypospermia
Delayed sexual maturationDelayed sexual maturation
White cell defects White cell defects
Impaired dark adaptation (night blindness)Impaired dark adaptation (night blindness)
Delayed wound healingDelayed wound healing
SELENIUM SELENIUM
Greatest concentration is found in liver, kidney, Greatest concentration is found in liver, kidney,
heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel
Total amt. in the body is 5-20 mgTotal amt. in the body is 5-20 mg
Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E deficiency Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E deficiency
No physiological mechanism that controls Se No physiological mechanism that controls Se
absorption absorption
One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent
free radicals from damaging normal cells. free radicals from damaging normal cells.
A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP) A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP)
w/c is responsible for inactivating the peroxides w/c is responsible for inactivating the peroxides
that causes oxidation or rancidity of fats. that causes oxidation or rancidity of fats.
heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel heart, spleen, mails, & tooth enamel
Total amt. in the body is 5-20 mgTotal amt. in the body is 5-20 mg
Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E deficiency Reduce or prevent effects of Vit. E deficiency
No physiological mechanism that controls Se No physiological mechanism that controls Se
absorption absorption
One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent One of the antioxidant nutrientsthat prevent
free radicals from damaging normal cells. free radicals from damaging normal cells.
A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP) A component of glutathione peroxidase (GP)
w/c is responsible for inactivating the peroxides w/c is responsible for inactivating the peroxides
that causes oxidation or rancidity of fats. that causes oxidation or rancidity of fats.
2 major forms of Se2 major forms of Se
Selenomothionine – derived ultimately from Selenomothionine – derived ultimately from
plants plants
Selenocysteine – from animalsSelenocysteine – from animals
Selenomothionine – derived ultimately from Selenomothionine – derived ultimately from
plants plants
Selenocysteine – from animalsSelenocysteine – from animals
Food sourcesFood sources
Organ meats Organ meats
Muscle meats Muscle meats
Seafoods Seafoods
Whole grain cerealsWhole grain cereals
Dairy products Dairy products
Garlic Garlic
Organ meats Organ meats
Muscle meats Muscle meats
Seafoods Seafoods
Whole grain cerealsWhole grain cereals
Dairy products Dairy products
Garlic Garlic
Recommended Nutrient IntakesRecommended Nutrient Intakes
31 mcg for adult men & women 31 mcg for adult men & women
Additional 4 mcg for pregnany woemnAdditional 4 mcg for pregnany woemn
Additional 9 mg for lactating mothers Additional 9 mg for lactating mothers
31 mcg for adult men & women 31 mcg for adult men & women
Additional 4 mcg for pregnany woemnAdditional 4 mcg for pregnany woemn
Additional 9 mg for lactating mothers Additional 9 mg for lactating mothers
Absorption Absorption
Rate is dependent upon source, form, solubility Rate is dependent upon source, form, solubility
of the selenium compound, & the dietary ratio of the selenium compound, & the dietary ratio
of Selenium to sulfur. of Selenium to sulfur.
Much is ingested through the form of seleno-Much is ingested through the form of seleno-
amino acid. amino acid.
Forms of cancer associated with Se are also Forms of cancer associated with Se are also
those influenced by high fat & lower fiber diets, those influenced by high fat & lower fiber diets,
such as in cases of colon, rectum, prostate, & such as in cases of colon, rectum, prostate, &
breast cancers. breast cancers.
Rate is dependent upon source, form, solubility Rate is dependent upon source, form, solubility
of the selenium compound, & the dietary ratio of the selenium compound, & the dietary ratio
of Selenium to sulfur. of Selenium to sulfur.
Much is ingested through the form of seleno-Much is ingested through the form of seleno-
amino acid. amino acid.
Forms of cancer associated with Se are also Forms of cancer associated with Se are also
those influenced by high fat & lower fiber diets, those influenced by high fat & lower fiber diets,
such as in cases of colon, rectum, prostate, & such as in cases of colon, rectum, prostate, &
breast cancers. breast cancers.
DeficiencyDeficiency
Cardiomyopathy – primary heart muscle disease Cardiomyopathy – primary heart muscle disease
Muscle inflamation Muscle inflamation
Growth retardation Growth retardation
Cardiomyopathy – primary heart muscle disease Cardiomyopathy – primary heart muscle disease
Muscle inflamation Muscle inflamation
Growth retardation Growth retardation
Toxicity Toxicity
20 – 30 times more than the requirement can 20 – 30 times more than the requirement can
lead to Se toxicity. lead to Se toxicity.
Signs observed include: loss of hair & nails, Signs observed include: loss of hair & nails,
dental carries, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, dental carries, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy,
irritability, & fatigue. irritability, & fatigue.
20 – 30 times more than the requirement can 20 – 30 times more than the requirement can
lead to Se toxicity. lead to Se toxicity.
Signs observed include: loss of hair & nails, Signs observed include: loss of hair & nails,
dental carries, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, dental carries, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy,
irritability, & fatigue. irritability, & fatigue.
ManganeseManganese
Only about 10-20 mg of Mn is present in the Only about 10-20 mg of Mn is present in the
adult body. adult body.
A component of cell enzymes pyruvate A component of cell enzymes pyruvate
cocarboxylase, & superoxide dismutase cocarboxylase, & superoxide dismutase
Acts as a catalyst for a number of enzymes Acts as a catalyst for a number of enzymes
necessary in glucose, protein, & fat metabolism. necessary in glucose, protein, & fat metabolism.
Plays a role in the formation of urea as part of Plays a role in the formation of urea as part of
enzyme arginase enzyme arginase
Increases storage of thiamine & is needed for Increases storage of thiamine & is needed for
bone dev’t. bone dev’t.
adult body. adult body.
A component of cell enzymes pyruvate A component of cell enzymes pyruvate
cocarboxylase, & superoxide dismutase cocarboxylase, & superoxide dismutase
Acts as a catalyst for a number of enzymes Acts as a catalyst for a number of enzymes
necessary in glucose, protein, & fat metabolism. necessary in glucose, protein, & fat metabolism.
Plays a role in the formation of urea as part of Plays a role in the formation of urea as part of
enzyme arginase enzyme arginase
Increases storage of thiamine & is needed for Increases storage of thiamine & is needed for
bone dev’t. bone dev’t.
Absorption Absorption
Through the intestine is minimal, a portion is Through the intestine is minimal, a portion is
rejected by the intestine is excreted by feces. rejected by the intestine is excreted by feces.
Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., & Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., &
transported, loosely-bound with CHON to the transported, loosely-bound with CHON to the
tissues for storage & utilization. tissues for storage & utilization.
The amount is utilized by the tissues is The amount is utilized by the tissues is
ultimately discarded to the bile w/c returns to ultimately discarded to the bile w/c returns to
the intestines & excreted w/ other body wastes. the intestines & excreted w/ other body wastes.
Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Mn Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Mn
AbsorptionAbsorption
Through the intestine is minimal, a portion is Through the intestine is minimal, a portion is
rejected by the intestine is excreted by feces. rejected by the intestine is excreted by feces.
Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., & Small quantity is absorbed in the S.I., &
transported, loosely-bound with CHON to the transported, loosely-bound with CHON to the
tissues for storage & utilization. tissues for storage & utilization.
The amount is utilized by the tissues is The amount is utilized by the tissues is
ultimately discarded to the bile w/c returns to ultimately discarded to the bile w/c returns to
the intestines & excreted w/ other body wastes. the intestines & excreted w/ other body wastes.
Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Mn Large intake of Calcium & Fe depresses Mn
AbsorptionAbsorption
Food sources Food sources
NutsNuts
Whole grain Whole grain
Dried legumes Dried legumes
Tea Tea
Green, leafy vegetables Green, leafy vegetables
Dried fruits Dried fruits
NutsNuts
Whole grain Whole grain
Dried legumes Dried legumes
Tea Tea
Green, leafy vegetables Green, leafy vegetables
Dried fruits Dried fruits
Recommended nutrient intakes Recommended nutrient intakes
Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day
Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day
Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day
Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg / day Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg / day
Adolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg / dayAdolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg / day
Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day Adult males (19 up) – 2-3 mg / day
Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day Adult females (19 up) – 1.8 mg / day
Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day Children (1-12) - 1.2-1.9 mg / day
Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg / day Adolesecent girls (13-18) – 16 mg / day
Adolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg / dayAdolescent boys (13-18) – 2.2 mg / day
Deficiency Deficiency
Weight loss Weight loss
DermatitisDermatitis
Nausea Nausea
Hypocholesterolemia Hypocholesterolemia
Changes in color & growth of hair & nails Changes in color & growth of hair & nails
Weight loss Weight loss
DermatitisDermatitis
Nausea Nausea
Hypocholesterolemia Hypocholesterolemia
Changes in color & growth of hair & nails Changes in color & growth of hair & nails
Toxicity Toxicity
Workers exposed experienced asthenia, apathy, Workers exposed experienced asthenia, apathy,
anorexia, headache, muscle cramps, & speech anorexia, headache, muscle cramps, & speech
disturbances disturbances
Workers exposed experienced asthenia, apathy, Workers exposed experienced asthenia, apathy,
anorexia, headache, muscle cramps, & speech anorexia, headache, muscle cramps, & speech
disturbances disturbances
COBALTCOBALT
FXNS & DISTRIBUTIONSFXNS & DISTRIBUTIONS
Found only in trace amounts in the body Found only in trace amounts in the body
Important as a constituent in Vitamin B12 (for Important as a constituent in Vitamin B12 (for
RBC formation)RBC formation)
For normal fxning of all cells, particularly bone For normal fxning of all cells, particularly bone
marrow, Nervous system, & the GITmarrow, Nervous system, & the GIT
Quickly excreted in the urineQuickly excreted in the urine
Small amount is excreted in the feces & sweatSmall amount is excreted in the feces & sweat
Found only in trace amounts in the body Found only in trace amounts in the body
Important as a constituent in Vitamin B12 (for Important as a constituent in Vitamin B12 (for
RBC formation)RBC formation)
For normal fxning of all cells, particularly bone For normal fxning of all cells, particularly bone
marrow, Nervous system, & the GITmarrow, Nervous system, & the GIT
Quickly excreted in the urineQuickly excreted in the urine
Small amount is excreted in the feces & sweatSmall amount is excreted in the feces & sweat
Food sourcesFood sources
Widely distributed in nature Widely distributed in nature
Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are rich sources. Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are rich sources.
Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water, fish, & milk Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water, fish, & milk
are good sources. are good sources.
Widely distributed in nature Widely distributed in nature
Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are rich sources. Liver, kidney, oysters & clams are rich sources.
Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water, fish, & milk Lean beef, veal, poultry, salt, water, fish, & milk
are good sources. are good sources.
Requirements Requirements
Restricted to the body’s need for vitamin B12. it Restricted to the body’s need for vitamin B12. it
is an integral part of the vitamin, hence is an integral part of the vitamin, hence
cobalamincobalamin is the other name given for vitamin is the other name given for vitamin
B12. B12.
Restricted to the body’s need for vitamin B12. it Restricted to the body’s need for vitamin B12. it
is an integral part of the vitamin, hence is an integral part of the vitamin, hence
cobalamincobalamin is the other name given for vitamin is the other name given for vitamin
B12. B12.
Deficiency & toxicityDeficiency & toxicity
Result to pernicious anemiaResult to pernicious anemia
Excess cobalt may result inExcess cobalt may result in
POLYCYTHEMIAPOLYCYTHEMIA , increase in number of , increase in number of
RBCs, & Hyperplasia of the bone marrow. RBCs, & Hyperplasia of the bone marrow.
Result to pernicious anemiaResult to pernicious anemia
Excess cobalt may result inExcess cobalt may result in
POLYCYTHEMIAPOLYCYTHEMIA , increase in number of , increase in number of
RBCs, & Hyperplasia of the bone marrow. RBCs, & Hyperplasia of the bone marrow.
CHROMIUMCHROMIUM
FXNs & DistributionFXNs & Distribution
Required trace nutrient for man total body content of Required trace nutrient for man total body content of
Cr is about 6-10 mg. Cr is about 6-10 mg.
Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low fasting blood Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low fasting blood
sugar levels & to improve faulty uptake of sugar by sugar levels & to improve faulty uptake of sugar by
body tissues. body tissues.
As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), its As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), its
physiological role is to assist insulin in moving through physiological role is to assist insulin in moving through
glucose through the membrane into the cell. glucose through the membrane into the cell.
Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & cholesterol in Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & cholesterol in
the liver. the liver.
Required trace nutrient for man total body content of Required trace nutrient for man total body content of
Cr is about 6-10 mg. Cr is about 6-10 mg.
Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low fasting blood Cr has the ability to raise abnormally low fasting blood
sugar levels & to improve faulty uptake of sugar by sugar levels & to improve faulty uptake of sugar by
body tissues. body tissues.
As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), its As part of Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), its
physiological role is to assist insulin in moving through physiological role is to assist insulin in moving through
glucose through the membrane into the cell. glucose through the membrane into the cell.
Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & cholesterol in Stimulates the synhtsis of fatty acids & cholesterol in
the liver. the liver.
Food sources Food sources
Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, whole grain Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, whole grain
cereals, vegetables (30-50 ppm), meat, & cereals, vegetables (30-50 ppm), meat, &
brewer’s yeast. brewer’s yeast.
Fruits contain trace amounts depeding on the Fruits contain trace amounts depeding on the
soil, species, & the seasonsoil, species, & the season
Drinking water may supply up to 10 mcg/LDrinking water may supply up to 10 mcg/L
Imitation from industrial waste may be Imitation from industrial waste may be
dangerous & hazardous. dangerous & hazardous.
Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, whole grain Includes corn oil (500 ppm), clams, whole grain
cereals, vegetables (30-50 ppm), meat, & cereals, vegetables (30-50 ppm), meat, &
brewer’s yeast. brewer’s yeast.
Fruits contain trace amounts depeding on the Fruits contain trace amounts depeding on the
soil, species, & the seasonsoil, species, & the season
Drinking water may supply up to 10 mcg/LDrinking water may supply up to 10 mcg/L
Imitation from industrial waste may be Imitation from industrial waste may be
dangerous & hazardous. dangerous & hazardous.
Requirement Requirement
50-200 mcg/day – normal adults50-200 mcg/day – normal adults
10-60 mcg/day – infants 10-60 mcg/day – infants
20-200 mcg/day – children & adolescents20-200 mcg/day – children & adolescents
50-200 mcg/day – normal adults50-200 mcg/day – normal adults
10-60 mcg/day – infants 10-60 mcg/day – infants
20-200 mcg/day – children & adolescents20-200 mcg/day – children & adolescents
Deficiency Deficiency
Glucose intoleranceGlucose intolerance
Increased incidence of diabetesIncreased incidence of diabetes
Decreased glycogen reservesDecreased glycogen reserves
Retarded growthRetarded growth
Disturbed amino acid metabolism. Disturbed amino acid metabolism.
Glucose intoleranceGlucose intolerance
Increased incidence of diabetesIncreased incidence of diabetes
Decreased glycogen reservesDecreased glycogen reserves
Retarded growthRetarded growth
Disturbed amino acid metabolism. Disturbed amino acid metabolism.
Toxicity Toxicity
Excess intake as a result of inhalation of Cr Excess intake as a result of inhalation of Cr
from industrial wastes has been associated with from industrial wastes has been associated with
an increased incidence of bronchial cancer. an increased incidence of bronchial cancer.
Corrosive to the skin & mucous membrane of Corrosive to the skin & mucous membrane of
the respiratory & intestinal tracks. the respiratory & intestinal tracks.
Excess intake as a result of inhalation of Cr Excess intake as a result of inhalation of Cr
from industrial wastes has been associated with from industrial wastes has been associated with
an increased incidence of bronchial cancer. an increased incidence of bronchial cancer.
Corrosive to the skin & mucous membrane of Corrosive to the skin & mucous membrane of
the respiratory & intestinal tracks. the respiratory & intestinal tracks.
FLUORINEFLUORINE
FXNs & distributionFXNs & distribution
Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & trace Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & trace
amounts in the thyroid glands & skinamounts in the thyroid glands & skin
Ingested fluorides are completely ionized & Ingested fluorides are completely ionized &
rapidly absorbed to be used up by the bones & rapidly absorbed to be used up by the bones &
teeth. teeth.
About 50% is rapidly excreted in the urine. About 50% is rapidly excreted in the urine.
Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Al Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Al
salts. salts.
Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & trace Found primarily in the bones & teeth, & trace
amounts in the thyroid glands & skinamounts in the thyroid glands & skin
Ingested fluorides are completely ionized & Ingested fluorides are completely ionized &
rapidly absorbed to be used up by the bones & rapidly absorbed to be used up by the bones &
teeth. teeth.
About 50% is rapidly excreted in the urine. About 50% is rapidly excreted in the urine.
Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Al Absorption of F may be retarded by Ca & Al
salts. salts.
Crystals of hydroxyapatile w/c normally appear Crystals of hydroxyapatile w/c normally appear
in the teeth are replaced with crystals of in the teeth are replaced with crystals of
fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & are more fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & are more
resistant to cardiogenic cation of acids in the resistant to cardiogenic cation of acids in the
mouth)mouth)
F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth forms a F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth forms a
more stable compound thus reducing dental more stable compound thus reducing dental
carries & minimizing bone loss. carries & minimizing bone loss.
F is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis. F is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis.
in the teeth are replaced with crystals of in the teeth are replaced with crystals of
fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & are more fluoroapetite (less solube in acid & are more
resistant to cardiogenic cation of acids in the resistant to cardiogenic cation of acids in the
mouth)mouth)
F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth forms a F in the dentin & enamel of the teeth forms a
more stable compound thus reducing dental more stable compound thus reducing dental
carries & minimizing bone loss. carries & minimizing bone loss.
F is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis. F is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis.
Sources & requirement Sources & requirement
Water is the major source of F; may be obtained from Water is the major source of F; may be obtained from
natural resources or through fluoridation. natural resources or through fluoridation.
Food sources contain with little F w/ the exception Food sources contain with little F w/ the exception
of:of:
3.3.Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, chinese tea)Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, chinese tea)
4.4.Ordinary tea – 0.457mg/100gmOrdinary tea – 0.457mg/100gm
5.5.Coffee – 0.250 mg/100gmCoffee – 0.250 mg/100gm
6.6.Soybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gmSoybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gm
7.7.Sea food – about 5-10 ppmSea food – about 5-10 ppm
Water is the major source of F; may be obtained from Water is the major source of F; may be obtained from
natural resources or through fluoridation. natural resources or through fluoridation.
Food sources contain with little F w/ the exception Food sources contain with little F w/ the exception
of:of:
3.3.Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, chinese tea)Tea – contains as much as 100ppm (dry, chinese tea)
4.4.Ordinary tea – 0.457mg/100gmOrdinary tea – 0.457mg/100gm
5.5.Coffee – 0.250 mg/100gmCoffee – 0.250 mg/100gm
6.6.Soybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gmSoybeans – 0.40-0.67 mg/100gm
7.7.Sea food – about 5-10 ppmSea food – about 5-10 ppm
Other sourcesOther sources
FLUORIDE – CONTAINING DENTRIFICESFLUORIDE – CONTAINING DENTRIFICES
Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the dentrifice used. Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the dentrifice used.
Due to the relative inability of young children to Due to the relative inability of young children to
control their swallowing reflex. control their swallowing reflex.
An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is ingested An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is ingested
each time the teeth is brushed. each time the teeth is brushed.
FLUORIDE – CONTAINING DENTRIFICESFLUORIDE – CONTAINING DENTRIFICES
Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the dentrifice used. Children <5 yrs 26-35% of the dentrifice used.
Due to the relative inability of young children to Due to the relative inability of young children to
control their swallowing reflex. control their swallowing reflex.
An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is ingested An average of 0.30 mg of fluoride is ingested
each time the teeth is brushed. each time the teeth is brushed.
Philippine Recommendation for safe Philippine Recommendation for safe
& adequate daily dietary intake& adequate daily dietary intake
Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11 mo Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11 mo
(0.5mg)(0.5mg)
Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg
Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9 mg; (19 Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9 mg; (19
above) 3.0 mg. above) 3.0 mg.
Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0 mg; (7-9) Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0 mg; (7-9)
1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg 1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg
Recommended dosage ranges from 0.25 mg – Recommended dosage ranges from 0.25 mg –
1.0 mg/day. 1.0 mg/day.
& adequate daily dietary intake& adequate daily dietary intake
Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11 mo Infants – 0-6 months (0.01 mg); 6-11 mo
(0.5mg)(0.5mg)
Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg Adolescent & adult females – 2.5 mg
Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9 mg; (19 Adolsecent male – (13-18) 2.5-2.9 mg; (19
above) 3.0 mg. above) 3.0 mg.
Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0 mg; (7-9) Children – (1-3 yrs) 0.7 mg; (4-6) 1.0 mg; (7-9)
1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg 1.2 mg; (10-12) 1.7-1.8 mg
Recommended dosage ranges from 0.25 mg – Recommended dosage ranges from 0.25 mg –
1.0 mg/day. 1.0 mg/day.
Deficiency & toxicityDeficiency & toxicity
Lack of fluorine increases the risk of dental Lack of fluorine increases the risk of dental
cariescaries
Excess fluorine will cause molting of the enamel Excess fluorine will cause molting of the enamel
or dental fluorosis. or dental fluorosis.
Lack of fluorine increases the risk of dental Lack of fluorine increases the risk of dental
cariescaries
Excess fluorine will cause molting of the enamel Excess fluorine will cause molting of the enamel
or dental fluorosis. or dental fluorosis.
CRIPPLING SKELETAL FLUOROSIS CRIPPLING SKELETAL FLUOROSIS
Advanced stage of fluoride intoxicationAdvanced stage of fluoride intoxication
Calcification of the tendons & ligaments & a Calcification of the tendons & ligaments & a
progressive hypermineralization of the skeleton progressive hypermineralization of the skeleton
particularly the spinal column & pelvis. particularly the spinal column & pelvis.
Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg of F/day Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg of F/day
for 10-20 years. for 10-20 years.
Advanced stage of fluoride intoxicationAdvanced stage of fluoride intoxication
Calcification of the tendons & ligaments & a Calcification of the tendons & ligaments & a
progressive hypermineralization of the skeleton progressive hypermineralization of the skeleton
particularly the spinal column & pelvis. particularly the spinal column & pelvis.
Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg of F/day Results in the ingestion of 10-25 mg of F/day
for 10-20 years. for 10-20 years.
MOLYBDENUMMOLYBDENUM
About 9 mg of Mo is present in the body. About 9 mg of Mo is present in the body.
Though very small, it is as important to health Though very small, it is as important to health
as B vitamins & magnesiumas B vitamins & magnesium
Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, adrenal Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, adrenal
glands & BC. Also present in bound form as glands & BC. Also present in bound form as
an integral part of various enzyme molecules. an integral part of various enzyme molecules.
3.3.Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of xanthine to Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of xanthine to
uric acid. uric acid.
4.4.Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the
oxydaion of aldehydes to corresponding the oxydaion of aldehydes to corresponding the
oxydation of corresponding carboxylic acidoxydation of corresponding carboxylic acid
Though very small, it is as important to health Though very small, it is as important to health
as B vitamins & magnesiumas B vitamins & magnesium
Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, adrenal Mo is concentrated in the kidneys, adrenal
glands & BC. Also present in bound form as glands & BC. Also present in bound form as
an integral part of various enzyme molecules. an integral part of various enzyme molecules.
3.3.Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of xanthine to Xanthine oxidase – oxidation of xanthine to
uric acid. uric acid.
4.4.Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the Liver aldehyde oxidase – catalyzing the
oxydaion of aldehydes to corresponding the oxydaion of aldehydes to corresponding the
oxydation of corresponding carboxylic acidoxydation of corresponding carboxylic acid
3. Sulfite oxidase – degradation of sulfur derived 3. Sulfite oxidase – degradation of sulfur derived
from amino acids. from amino acids.
Mo is readily absorbed from the GIT, excreted Mo is readily absorbed from the GIT, excreted
via urine. via urine.
High sulfate diets increase urinary excretion of High sulfate diets increase urinary excretion of
Mo. Mo.
from amino acids. from amino acids.
Mo is readily absorbed from the GIT, excreted Mo is readily absorbed from the GIT, excreted
via urine. via urine.
High sulfate diets increase urinary excretion of High sulfate diets increase urinary excretion of
Mo. Mo.
Food sources & requirementsFood sources & requirements
Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 ppm)Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 ppm)
Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm)Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm)
Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich sources of Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich sources of
Mo.Mo.
Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm)Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm)
Dark green leafy vegies are fair sourcesDark green leafy vegies are fair sources
Other vegies & fruits in general are poor sources Other vegies & fruits in general are poor sources
Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 ppm)Legumes like dried peas & beans (3-5 ppm)
Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm)Lean meats & poultry (2-5 ppm)
Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich sources of Milk & milk prods. are relatively rich sources of
Mo.Mo.
Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm)Whole grain cereals (0.6-5 ppm)
Dark green leafy vegies are fair sourcesDark green leafy vegies are fair sources
Other vegies & fruits in general are poor sources Other vegies & fruits in general are poor sources
Infants – 15-40 mcg/day Infants – 15-40 mcg/day
Children- 25-150 mcgChildren- 25-150 mcg
Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg are Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg are
recommended for adequacy recommended for adequacy
Children- 25-150 mcgChildren- 25-150 mcg
Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg are Adolecents & adults – 75-250 mcg are
recommended for adequacy recommended for adequacy
Deficiency & Toxicity Deficiency & Toxicity
Toxicity has not been observed in human Toxicity has not been observed in human
beings. In experimental animals, it is beings. In experimental animals, it is
characterized by diarrhea, anemia, & depressed characterized by diarrhea, anemia, & depressed
growth rate. growth rate.
High intake can alter the activity of alkaline High intake can alter the activity of alkaline
phosphatase & produce certain bone phosphatase & produce certain bone
abnormalities. abnormalities.
Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo might cause Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo might cause
gout-like symptoms. gout-like symptoms.
Toxicity has not been observed in human Toxicity has not been observed in human
beings. In experimental animals, it is beings. In experimental animals, it is
characterized by diarrhea, anemia, & depressed characterized by diarrhea, anemia, & depressed
growth rate. growth rate.
High intake can alter the activity of alkaline High intake can alter the activity of alkaline
phosphatase & produce certain bone phosphatase & produce certain bone
abnormalities. abnormalities.
Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo might cause Doses above 10-15 mg/day, Mo might cause
gout-like symptoms. gout-like symptoms.
OTHER TRACE OTHER TRACE
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
OTHER TRACE OTHER TRACE
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
ELEMENTSELEMENTS
LEADLEAD
Can cause health problems in children. Can cause health problems in children.
Found in paint in old buildings, leaded gasoline, Found in paint in old buildings, leaded gasoline,
colored newsprints, etc. colored newsprints, etc.
High levels can affect the child’s mental dev’t, High levels can affect the child’s mental dev’t,
possibly causing retardation & neurological possibly causing retardation & neurological
handicaps.handicaps.
In adults, can be connected to CV disease. Diets In adults, can be connected to CV disease. Diets
low in Ca can increase Pb absorption & decrease low in Ca can increase Pb absorption & decrease
its excretion. its excretion.
Can cause health problems in children. Can cause health problems in children.
Found in paint in old buildings, leaded gasoline, Found in paint in old buildings, leaded gasoline,
colored newsprints, etc. colored newsprints, etc.
High levels can affect the child’s mental dev’t, High levels can affect the child’s mental dev’t,
possibly causing retardation & neurological possibly causing retardation & neurological
handicaps.handicaps.
In adults, can be connected to CV disease. Diets In adults, can be connected to CV disease. Diets
low in Ca can increase Pb absorption & decrease low in Ca can increase Pb absorption & decrease
its excretion. its excretion.
BORONBORON
Concentrated in leaves & fruits. Concentrated in leaves & fruits.
Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca, phosphorous, & Mg; may Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca, phosphorous, & Mg; may
affect parathormone action; the formation of the active form of affect parathormone action; the formation of the active form of
calciferol. calciferol.
Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation estrogen; plays Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation estrogen; plays
a role in pyramidine metabolism by stimulating RNA synthesis in a role in pyramidine metabolism by stimulating RNA synthesis in
plants. plants.
Deprivation results in growth retardation. Deprivation results in growth retardation.
Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, & Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, &
lethargy. It also induces urinary excretion of riboflavin. lethargy. It also induces urinary excretion of riboflavin.
Concentrated in leaves & fruits. Concentrated in leaves & fruits.
Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca, phosphorous, & Mg; may Bo affects mineral metabolism of Ca, phosphorous, & Mg; may
affect parathormone action; the formation of the active form of affect parathormone action; the formation of the active form of
calciferol. calciferol.
Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation estrogen; plays Reduces Ca loss & increases levels of circulation estrogen; plays
a role in pyramidine metabolism by stimulating RNA synthesis in a role in pyramidine metabolism by stimulating RNA synthesis in
plants. plants.
Deprivation results in growth retardation. Deprivation results in growth retardation.
Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, & Toxicity: (signs) nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, &
lethargy. It also induces urinary excretion of riboflavin. lethargy. It also induces urinary excretion of riboflavin.
ALUMINUMALUMINUM
Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in processed cheese, Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in processed cheese,
& as an ingredient in analgesics & antacids. & as an ingredient in analgesics & antacids.
Adults contain 50-60 mg. Adults contain 50-60 mg.
When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the sites most When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the sites most
affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; in the brain, has been affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; in the brain, has been
associated with Alzheimer’s disease & some other dementia. associated with Alzheimer’s disease & some other dementia.
Excess Al binds to ferretinExcess Al binds to ferretin
Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption & excess Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption & excess
aluminum may cause anemia even without iron deficiency. aluminum may cause anemia even without iron deficiency.
Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in processed cheese, Used to form kitchen utensils & an additive in processed cheese,
& as an ingredient in analgesics & antacids. & as an ingredient in analgesics & antacids.
Adults contain 50-60 mg. Adults contain 50-60 mg.
When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the sites most When Al accumulates, the brain & bones are the sites most
affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; in the brain, has been affected; inhibit mineralization of bones; in the brain, has been
associated with Alzheimer’s disease & some other dementia. associated with Alzheimer’s disease & some other dementia.
Excess Al binds to ferretinExcess Al binds to ferretin
Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption & excess Iron deficiency may enhance Aluminum absorption & excess
aluminum may cause anemia even without iron deficiency. aluminum may cause anemia even without iron deficiency.
CADMIUMCADMIUM
Found in kidneys & liverFound in kidneys & liver
Food sources are seafood & whole grainsFood sources are seafood & whole grains
Can damage the proximal tubule eventually Can damage the proximal tubule eventually
resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are affected. resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are affected.
High levels are associated with hypertensionHigh levels are associated with hypertension
Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke. Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke.
Excess may cause growth retardation, impaired Excess may cause growth retardation, impaired
reproduction, & even cancer.reproduction, & even cancer.
Found in kidneys & liverFound in kidneys & liver
Food sources are seafood & whole grainsFood sources are seafood & whole grains
Can damage the proximal tubule eventually Can damage the proximal tubule eventually
resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are affected. resulting in proteinuria if kidneys are affected.
High levels are associated with hypertensionHigh levels are associated with hypertension
Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke. Most Cd are found in cigarette smoke.
Excess may cause growth retardation, impaired Excess may cause growth retardation, impaired
reproduction, & even cancer.reproduction, & even cancer.
ARSENICARSENIC
Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails. Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails.
Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested.Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested.
May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its role is still May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its role is still
unclear. unclear.
Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins. Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins.
Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources
Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching muscles, Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching muscles,
GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & changes in the GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & changes in the
pigmentation fingernails & skin. pigmentation fingernails & skin.
Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring
concentrations in hair & urine, rather than those of blood. concentrations in hair & urine, rather than those of blood.
Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails. Usually found in the skin, hair, & nails.
Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested.Rapidly excreted in the urine if ingested.
May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its role is still May be involved in phospolipid metabolism but its role is still
unclear. unclear.
Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins. Has a special affinity in keratin & other proteins.
Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources Shellfish, fish, & shrimps are good sources
Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching muscles, Chronic toxicity is characterized by weakness, aching muscles,
GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & changes in the GIT probs, peripheral neuropathy, & changes in the
pigmentation fingernails & skin. pigmentation fingernails & skin.
Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring Detection of levels of arsenic is best made through monitoring
concentrations in hair & urine, rather than those of blood. concentrations in hair & urine, rather than those of blood.
105
WATERWATER
WATERWATER
106
Characteristics and Facts About WaterCharacteristics and Facts About Water
• • classified as BOTH a food and nutrientclassified as BOTH a food and nutrient
• • one of the most importantone of the most important
10% water loss in the body 10% water loss in the body illness illness
20% water loss in the body 20% water loss in the body death death
Characteristics and Facts About WaterCharacteristics and Facts About Water
• • classified as BOTH a food and nutrientclassified as BOTH a food and nutrient
• • one of the most importantone of the most important
10% water loss in the body 10% water loss in the body illness illness
20% water loss in the body 20% water loss in the body death death
107
Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight
as Water and Locationas Water and Location
• • Water makes up to 60 % of the total bodyWater makes up to 60 % of the total body
weight of an adult and 75% of that of an weight of an adult and 75% of that of an
infantinfant
• • Body water tends to decrease as body fat Body water tends to decrease as body fat
increases increases
Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight
as Water and Locationas Water and Location
• • Water makes up to 60 % of the total bodyWater makes up to 60 % of the total body
weight of an adult and 75% of that of an weight of an adult and 75% of that of an
infantinfant
• • Body water tends to decrease as body fat Body water tends to decrease as body fat
increases increases
108
Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight
as Water and Locationas Water and Location
Body weight
% of Total Body
Weight
composed of H
2
0
Normal-weight
person
60
Obese person 50
Lean person 70
Percentage of Body Weight Percentage of Body Weight
as Water and Locationas Water and Location
Body weight
% of Total Body
Weight
composed of H
2
0
Normal-weight
person
60
Obese person 50
Lean person 70
109
Water is located in fluid compartmentsWater is located in fluid compartments
1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of 1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of
body weightbody weight
2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 % 2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 %
of body weightof body weight
3. Small amounts are in3. Small amounts are in
Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluidSynovial fluidSynovial fluid
Ocular fluidOcular fluidBones and cartilagesBones and cartilages
Water is located in fluid compartmentsWater is located in fluid compartments
1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of 1. Within the cells ( intracellular water) – 40% of
body weightbody weight
2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 % 2. Outside the cells (extracellular water) – 20 %
of body weightof body weight
3. Small amounts are in3. Small amounts are in
Cerebrospinal fluidCerebrospinal fluidSynovial fluidSynovial fluid
Ocular fluidOcular fluidBones and cartilagesBones and cartilages
110
Functions of Water in the BodyFunctions of Water in the Body
H
2
O
Transport Agent
Reactant
Tissue Lubricant
Helps maintain body temp
Solvent
Functions of Water in the BodyFunctions of Water in the Body
H
2
O
Transport Agent
Reactant
Tissue Lubricant
Helps maintain body temp
Solvent
111
Movement of Water Between Movement of Water Between
Fluid CompartmentsFluid Compartments
1. Edema – Accumulation of water in tissues1. Edema – Accumulation of water in tissues
2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids from tissues2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids from tissues
Movement of Water Between Movement of Water Between
Fluid CompartmentsFluid Compartments
1. Edema – Accumulation of water in tissues1. Edema – Accumulation of water in tissues
2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids from tissues2. Dehydration – An excess loss of fluids from tissues
112
Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the
Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between
Compartments Compartments
1. Osmosis1. Osmosis
- movement of water from a low-solute - movement of water from a low-solute
concentration to a high-solute concentration concentration to a high-solute concentration
through a membrane permeable to water onlythrough a membrane permeable to water only
- Solutes cannot pass across the membrane - Solutes cannot pass across the membrane
osmotic pressureosmotic pressure
- Osmotic pressure varies directly with the - Osmotic pressure varies directly with the
concentration of solutesconcentration of solutes
- Movement occurs until equilibrium is established- Movement occurs until equilibrium is established
Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the
Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between
Compartments Compartments
1. Osmosis1. Osmosis
- movement of water from a low-solute - movement of water from a low-solute
concentration to a high-solute concentration concentration to a high-solute concentration
through a membrane permeable to water onlythrough a membrane permeable to water only
- Solutes cannot pass across the membrane - Solutes cannot pass across the membrane
osmotic pressureosmotic pressure
- Osmotic pressure varies directly with the - Osmotic pressure varies directly with the
concentration of solutesconcentration of solutes
- Movement occurs until equilibrium is established- Movement occurs until equilibrium is established
113
2. Osmolality2. Osmolality
- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent
A. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic pressureA. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic pressure
B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000
thth
of an osmole of an osmole
Criteria to determine the osmolality of a solutionCriteria to determine the osmolality of a solution
A. The number of solute particles in a solutionA. The number of solute particles in a solution
concentration of a solutionconcentration of a solution osmolalityosmolality
B. Size of the particlesB. Size of the particles
smaller particles smaller particles osmolalityosmolality
Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the
Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between
Compartments Compartments
2. Osmolality2. Osmolality
- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent- the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent
A. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic pressureA. Osmole – the standard unit of measure of osmotic pressure
B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000B. Milliosmole (mOsm) – equals 1/1000
thth
of an osmole of an osmole
Criteria to determine the osmolality of a solutionCriteria to determine the osmolality of a solution
A. The number of solute particles in a solutionA. The number of solute particles in a solution
concentration of a solutionconcentration of a solution osmolalityosmolality
B. Size of the particlesB. Size of the particles
smaller particles smaller particles osmolalityosmolality
Mechanisms Responsible for the Mechanisms Responsible for the
Shifting of Fluids Between Shifting of Fluids Between
Compartments Compartments
114
Osmolality of Body FluidsOsmolality of Body Fluids
-Osmolality of normal body fluids Osmolality of normal body fluids ~ 300 mOsm/kg~ 300 mOsm/kg
1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal
- No net change occurs in the RBC- No net change occurs in the RBC
2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is 2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is than that of than that of
the RBCthe RBC
- results to movement of water - results to movement of water RBC RBC
3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that
of the RBCof the RBC
- water moves out of the RBC - water moves out of the RBC RBC shrink RBC shrink
Osmolality of Body FluidsOsmolality of Body Fluids
-Osmolality of normal body fluids Osmolality of normal body fluids ~ 300 mOsm/kg~ 300 mOsm/kg
1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal1. Isotonic – osmolalities of the plasma & the RBC are equal
- No net change occurs in the RBC- No net change occurs in the RBC
2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is 2. Hypotonic – the osmolality of the plasma is than that of than that of
the RBCthe RBC
- results to movement of water - results to movement of water RBC RBC
3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that3. Hypertonic – osmolarity of the plasma is higher than that
of the RBCof the RBC
- water moves out of the RBC - water moves out of the RBC RBC shrink RBC shrink
115
Table 1. Water Balance Table 1. Water Balance
(Average figures in ml) (Average figures in ml)
Source Water Intake
Fluids 1400
Water in food 700
Water from cellular
oxidation of food
200
1 g CHO = 0.6 g water
1 g CHON = 0.4 g water
1 g Fat = 1.0 g water
TOTAL 2300
Table 1. Water Balance Table 1. Water Balance
(Average figures in ml) (Average figures in ml)
Source Water Intake
Fluids 1400
Water in food 700
Water from cellular
oxidation of food
200
1 g CHO = 0.6 g water
1 g CHON = 0.4 g water
1 g Fat = 1.0 g water
TOTAL 2300
116
Water BalanceWater Balance
• • The amount of water taken in daily is The amount of water taken in daily is
approximately equivalent to the amount lostapproximately equivalent to the amount lost
when intake > output (edema)when intake > output (edema)
when intake < output (dehydration)when intake < output (dehydration)
Water BalanceWater Balance
• • The amount of water taken in daily is The amount of water taken in daily is
approximately equivalent to the amount lostapproximately equivalent to the amount lost
when intake > output (edema)when intake > output (edema)
when intake < output (dehydration)when intake < output (dehydration)
117
Table 2. Water Balance Table 2. Water Balance
(Average output in ml) (Average output in ml)
Normal Temp Hot Weather Prolonged
Exercise
Urine 1400 1200 500
Water in
Feces
100 100 100
Skin (sweat) 100 1400 5000
Insensible
loss
Skin
Respiratory
Tract
350 350 350
250 250 650
TOTAL 2300 3300 6600
Table 2. Water Balance Table 2. Water Balance
(Average output in ml) (Average output in ml)
Normal Temp Hot Weather Prolonged
Exercise
Urine 1400 1200 500
Water in
Feces
100 100 100
Skin (sweat) 100 1400 5000
Insensible
loss
Skin
Respiratory
Tract
350 350 350
250 250 650
TOTAL 2300 3300 6600
118
Water BalanceWater Balance
• • Water intake = Water output Water intake = Water output metabolic metabolic
equilibriumequilibrium
• • Factors Affecting Water BalanceFactors Affecting Water Balance
1. Intake: thirst and appetite1. Intake: thirst and appetite
note: when water intake is insufficient to meet note: when water intake is insufficient to meet
needs needs conservation of water from kidneys and conservation of water from kidneys and
intestineintestine
2. Excretion: endocrine glands, environmental 2. Excretion: endocrine glands, environmental
temperaturetemperature
• • fluid intake APPROXIMATES urine outputfluid intake APPROXIMATES urine output
Water BalanceWater Balance
• • Water intake = Water output Water intake = Water output metabolic metabolic
equilibriumequilibrium
• • Factors Affecting Water BalanceFactors Affecting Water Balance
1. Intake: thirst and appetite1. Intake: thirst and appetite
note: when water intake is insufficient to meet note: when water intake is insufficient to meet
needs needs conservation of water from kidneys and conservation of water from kidneys and
intestineintestine
2. Excretion: endocrine glands, environmental 2. Excretion: endocrine glands, environmental
temperaturetemperature
• • fluid intake APPROXIMATES urine outputfluid intake APPROXIMATES urine output
119
• • Water intakeWater intake
SourcesSources
1. Water1. Water
2. Other fluids2. Other fluids
3. Water bound in foods3. Water bound in foods
fruits and vegetables: 60-69% waterfruits and vegetables: 60-69% water
meat and fish: 37-85%meat and fish: 37-85%
dried foods: 2-12%dried foods: 2-12%
fatty foods: 0-minimalfatty foods: 0-minimal
Water Balance
• • Water intakeWater intake
SourcesSources
1. Water1. Water
2. Other fluids2. Other fluids
3. Water bound in foods3. Water bound in foods
fruits and vegetables: 60-69% waterfruits and vegetables: 60-69% water
meat and fish: 37-85%meat and fish: 37-85%
dried foods: 2-12%dried foods: 2-12%
fatty foods: 0-minimalfatty foods: 0-minimal
Water Balance
120
Water BalanceWater Balance
4. Metabolic water: from oxidation 4. Metabolic water: from oxidation
100 g CHO 100 g CHO oxidation oxidation 55 ml water 55 ml water
100 g CHON 100 g CHON 41 ml water 41 ml water
100 g fat 100 g fat oxidation oxidation 107 ml water 107 ml water
GIT GIT direct absorption into blood & lymph direct absorption into blood & lymph
Vasopressin or Antidiuretic HormoneVasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses
diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in
kidney tubuleskidney tubules
Water BalanceWater Balance
4. Metabolic water: from oxidation 4. Metabolic water: from oxidation
100 g CHO 100 g CHO oxidation oxidation 55 ml water 55 ml water
100 g CHON 100 g CHON 41 ml water 41 ml water
100 g fat 100 g fat oxidation oxidation 107 ml water 107 ml water
GIT GIT direct absorption into blood & lymph direct absorption into blood & lymph
Vasopressin or Antidiuretic HormoneVasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses(ADH):secreted by pituitary gland; suppresses
diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in diuresis and stimulates water reabsorption in
kidney tubuleskidney tubules
121
Water OutputWater Output
1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration
2. Lungs: vapor in expired air2. Lungs: vapor in expired air
3. GIT: feces3. GIT: feces
4. Kidneys: urine4. Kidneys: urine
5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, vomiting, 5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, vomiting,
diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form burns, ulcerative diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form burns, ulcerative
discharge, skin diseases and injuries, pregnancy (for discharge, skin diseases and injuries, pregnancy (for
increased extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid), increased extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid),
lactation (for milk secretion)lactation (for milk secretion)
Water OutputWater Output
1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration1. Skin: sweat and insensible perspiration
2. Lungs: vapor in expired air2. Lungs: vapor in expired air
3. GIT: feces3. GIT: feces
4. Kidneys: urine4. Kidneys: urine
5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, vomiting, 5. Others: tears, saliva, stomach suction, vomiting,
diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form burns, ulcerative diarrhea, bleeding, drainage form burns, ulcerative
discharge, skin diseases and injuries, pregnancy (for discharge, skin diseases and injuries, pregnancy (for
increased extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid), increased extracellular fluid space and amniotic fluid),
lactation (for milk secretion)lactation (for milk secretion)
122
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of EstimationFluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Body Weight
Adults, y ml/kg
Young active, 15-30 40
Average, 25-55 35
Older, 55-65 30
Elderly, > 65 25
Note: + 15 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg at age > 50
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of EstimationFluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Body Weight
Adults, y ml/kg
Young active, 15-30 40
Average, 25-55 35
Older, 55-65 30
Elderly, > 65 25
Note: + 15 ml/kg in excess of 20 kg at age > 50
123
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of EstimationFluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Body Weight
Children, kg
1-10 100
11-20 + 50 ml/kg in excess
of 10 kg
21 or more + 20 ml/kg in excess
of 20 kg
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of EstimationFluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Body Weight
Children, kg
1-10 100
11-20 + 50 ml/kg in excess
of 10 kg
21 or more + 20 ml/kg in excess
of 20 kg
124
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Energy Intake 1 ml/kcal for adults
1.5 ml/ kcal for infants
Nitrogen + energy intake100 ml/g Nitrogen intake
plus 1 ml/kcal
Body Surface Area1500 ml/m
Reference: 2002 RENI
Allowances for WaterAllowances for Water
Method of Estimation Fluid Requirements,
ml/kg
Energy Intake 1 ml/kcal for adults
1.5 ml/ kcal for infants
Nitrogen + energy intake100 ml/g Nitrogen intake
plus 1 ml/kcal
Body Surface Area1500 ml/m
Reference: 2002 RENI
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