Mining Methods

1. PlotMaker
Mining Methods 5
th
December 2008
VENKAT M. Team Lead – Minex, INDIA

3. Mining Methods
• Coalismined bytwomainmethods -surface
or ‘
opencast
’ mining and ‘
underground
’
mining.
• Thechoiceofmethodislargelydeterminedby
the
depth,
geology
of
the
coal
deposit
and
the
depth,
geology
of
the
coal
deposit
and
otherfactors.
• Themajorityoftheworld'scoalproductionis
comingfromOpencastmines.
• ThisscenarioissameinIndiaalso.

4. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
Drill machines (rotary/percussive)
|
SMS, emulsion, Primer, Nonel, etc
|
Shovels, Draglines, etc
|
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
|
Front-end loader, etc
|
Dumpers, Conveyors, etc
|
Coal washeries…

5. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
DRAG LINE

6. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
SURFACE MINER
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing

7. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
IN
-
PIT CRUSHING &
OPENCAST
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
IN
-
PIT CRUSHING &
CONVEYING

8. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
Coal drill
|
Permitted explosives
|
Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper
|
UNDERGROUND
Supporting
Ventilation
Pumping
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
|
Manual/ SDL/ LHD/Scraper
|
Tubs, Conveyors, etc
|
Coal washeries…
Pumping

9. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
ROAD HEADERS
CONTINUOUS MINERS
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing

10. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
SDL/ LHD/
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
SDL/ LHD/
SCRAPER

11. Mining Process
Drilling
|
Blasting
|
Loading
|
LONGWALL
UNDERGROUND
|
Hauling
|
Transporting
|
Processing/Washing
LONGWALL

12. Selection of Mining Equipment
• StrippingRatio–incaseofOpencast.
• Lifeofthemine
• Infrastructureavailable
•
Proposed
annual
output
•
Proposed
annual
output
• Technologyavailable

13. OPENCAST
MINING MINING

14. Different OC Machinery
1. Shovel + Dumper
2. Dragline
3. Surface Miner
4.
Bucket Wheel Excavator
4.
Bucket Wheel Excavator
5. In-pit crushing + Spreader

15. Schematic diagram of Opencast

16. Heavy blasting in open cast benches

17. Shovel + Dumper
1. Multi seam extraction
2. More flexibility
3. Can work in steep gradients upto 1 in 5

18. Shovel + Dumper

19. Rope Shovel and Dumper

20. Hydraulic Shovel and Dumper

21. Surface Miner
1. Selectivemining.
2. Particularly suitable for coal having
compressivestrengthbelow250kg/cm
2
.
3. Suitableingradientof1in10andflatter.

22. Surface Miner

23. Surface Miner

24. Bucket wheel excavator
1. Usedmainlyforligniteextraction.
2. Particularly suitable for coal having low
compressivestrengthupto100kg/cm
2
.

25. Bucket wheel excavator

32. DRAGLINE
1. Gradientsflatterthan1in6.
2. Seams should be free of faults & other
geologicaldisturbances.
3. DepositswithMajorStrikelength.
4.
A
hilly
property
is
not
suitable
.
4.
A
hilly
property
is
not
suitable
.
5. Depositshouldhaveatleast15yearslife.

33. DRAGLINE

35. Giant Dragline bucket

36. In-pit crusher conveyor technology

37. In-pit crusher conveyor technology

38. In-pit crusher conveyor technology

39. UNDERGROUND MINING

40. Incline entry into a seam.

41. Entrythrough a shaft

42. Entry
through a
shaft

43. Man riding systems in the mines

44. A well supported underground roadway

45. Coal train -1919, Pennsylvania

46. Drilling operation in the coal face

47. MANUAL COAL LOADING

48. LOAD HAUL DUMPER
Capacity – 2/2.7 Cu.M
Production – 150/200 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 6 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m

49. SIDE DUMP LOADER
Capacity – 1.0 Cu.M
Production – 120 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 3.5 m

50. MECHANISED DRIVAGE MACHINES
Rate of drivage –6 meters/day
Production –150 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 4 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 4.0 m

51. Continuous Miner
Rate of drivage –50 meters/day
Production –1500 Tonnes/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m

52. Mechanised Roof Bolter
Bolting -240 bolts/day
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient and flatter
Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m

53. FACE
TOP Gate
LONGWALL GENERAL LAYOUT
Bottom 
Gate
Dip direction
-
Longwall mining method includes drivage of two long roadways in coal and joining them
at the end by a perpendicular drivage forming a face.

54. LONGWALL MINING

55. SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE

56. SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE SHEARER WORKING AT LONGWALL FACE

57. POWERED ROOF SUPPORT AT LONGWALL FACE

58. LONGWALL MAIN GATE

59. NEW CONCEPTS
(Going to be implemented in INDIA) (Going to be implemented in INDIA)

60. Highwall Mining
Trench Mining
Bench Mining

61. Highwall Mining

62. Highwall Mining

63. Punch Longwall

64. Advantages
•Step change in cost and productivity
•More production capacity
•High productivity & low cost
Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction
Punch Longwall
•
Longer term and higher % of reserves extraction
•Easy logistics –near surface
•High gate road development rates feasible
•Higher and faster returns on investment
•Total investment ~ $100 million –compared with > $3 00
millions UG

65. Punch Longwall

66. Punch Longwall

67. Erection of Arches

68. Erection of Arches

69. Meshing & Lagging with special sleepers

71. Punch Longwall

72. 1st pressure
peak
Rock stress Low stress Stress
abrupt drop
2nd pressure
peak
Compact
stress
Pressure curve of top coalseam
Technical Principle Of Top Caving
Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)
goaf
Virgin
coal
Fracture
Coal
Broken Coal
caving
Working
Height
Front AFC
Rear AFC
28005600
backback back

73. Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC)

74. Modulator
Link Data Link
Antenna
(Surface or
Underground)
PED schematic operation
PC for
entering
messages.
PED Receivers can be:
•BeltPEDPersonal Receiver (shown)
•AutoPEDVehicle Receiver
•ControlPEDfor Equipment Switching
•BlastPEDfor Remote Blast Initiation
Modulator
Transmitter
Ultra Low Frequency Transmission
Through Rock

75. PED receiver cap lamps

77. Questions…
Please Please

78. VENKAT M.
TL-Minex-INDIA