MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS

1. MISCELLANEOUS Presented By: Ms. Sayali Dilip Powar (Master of Pharmacy ) 14/06/2020 1

2. Content DRUG USED IN DEADDICTION DEUGS USED IN CPR & EMERGENCY VITAMINS & MINERALS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS ANTIDOTES ANTIVENOM VACCINES & SERA 14/06/2020 2

3. DRUG USED IN DEADDICTION 14/06/2020 3

4. Definition ADDICTION : Addiction is a psychological and physiological dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse that effects the central nervous system in such a way that withdrawal symptoms are experienced when the substance is discontinued

5. Alcohol Opioids Cannabis Cocaine Amphetamines and other sympathomimetics

6. Commonly used psychotropic substance Hallucinogens Sedatives and hypnotics, for example, barbiturates Inhalants, for example, volatile solvents Nicotine

7. Consequences of substance abuse Physical dependence, psychological dependence Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviours such as poor diet Impairs social and occupational functioning, creating personal, professional, financial, and legal problems

8. De-Addiction Drug rehabilitation is a term for the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment , for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine.

9. 1.Primary prevention: Reduction of over prescribing by doctors Identification and treatment of family members who may be contributing to the drug abuse. Introduction of social changes is likely to affect drinking patterns in the population as a whole. This is made possible by: Putting up the price of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.

10. Secondary prevention: Early detection and counselling Motivational interviewing A full assessment including an appraisal of current medical, psychological and social problems. Detoxification with benzodiazepines (diazepam).

11. 3. Tertiary prevention: Alcohol deterrent therapy (Disulfiram) Other therapies include assertiveness training, teaching , behaviour counselling, supportive psychotherapy Agencies concerned with alcohol- related problems

12. Financial management Developing the work habit Stress management Family counselling, to reduce interpersonal conflicts, which may otherwise trigger relapse.

13. Treatment Treatment includes medication for depression or other disorders, counselling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts. Some rehab centres include meditation and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process.

14. Treatme n t 1. Behavioural Therapy Pharmacotherapies Counselling Rehabilitation

15. Patient and family teaching Teach the patient/family about the physical, psychological and social complications of drug and alcohol abuse use. Inform the patient/family that psychoactive substances may alter a person’s mood, perceptions, consciousness or behaviour. Explain to the family that the patient may use lies , or manipulation

16. `1 CPR

17. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart attack or BREATHING PROMBLE , in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.

18. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation is a technique of basic life support for oxygenating the brain and heart

19. Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

20. APPROACH SAFELY! WATCH OBSERVE Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

21. CHECK RESPONSE Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

22. Shake shoulders gently Ask “Are you all right?” If he responds Leave as you find him. Find out what is wrong. Reassess regularly. CHECK RESPONSE

23. SHOUT FOR HELP Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

24. OPEN AIRWAY Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

25. OPEN AIRWAY Head tilt and chin lift lay rescuers non-healthcare rescuers

26. OPEN AIRWAY Head tilt, chin lift + jaw thrust

27. CHECK BREATHING Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

28. CHECK BREATHING Look, listen and feel for NORMAL breathing Do not confuse agonal breathing with NORMAL breathing

29. Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

30. 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 108 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

31. CHEST COMPRESSIONS Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest Place other hand on top Interlock fingers Compress the chest When possible change CPR operator every 2 min

32. RESCUE BREATHS Approach safely Check response Shout for help Open airway Check breathing Call 112 30 chest compressions 2 rescue breaths

33. Pinch the nose Take a normal breath Place lips over mouth Blow until the chest rises Take about 1 second Allow chest to fall Repeat

34. Adrenaline Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the main drug used during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Atropine Atropine as a single dose of 3mg is sufficient

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36. VITAMINS Vitamins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Vitamins are called micronutrients because they are needed in only very small quantities. They all have chemicals names but they are usually referred to by letters.

37. VITAMINS - Two main categories Water soluble B C Fat Soluble A D E K

38. Vitamin A – 2 forms; Retinol and Beta- Carotene Retinol Named because of its concern with retina of eye Beta-Carotene Plant sources Present with chlorophyll in plants, converted to Vitamin A in gut wall

39. Vitamin A - Retinol and Beta-Carotene Functions Regulates growth Promotes healthy skin Maintenance of healthy tissues Helps eye adapt to dim light The moisturising vitamin! Sources Retinol - Cod liver oil, Liver, Dairy products , Egg yolk Beta-Carotene Dark green leafy vegetables, Broccoli, Carrots, Deep orange fruits and vegetables

40. Vitamin A - Retinol and Beta-Carotene Effects of deficiency Retarded growth, malformed bones Long term-may lead to night blindness Susceptibility to infection Excess beta-carotene may lead to liver and bone damage

41. Vitamin D -Calciferols Functions Absorption and laying down of calcium and phosphorous in bones and teeth Regulates calcium balance between bones and blood Prevents rickets Sources Sunlight conversion Fish liver oils Dairy products Oily fish Margarine

42. Vitamin D -Calciferols Effects of deficiency *Rickets in children and *osteomalacia in adults **Osteoporosis Dental caries * Conditions where bones are soft and cannot take weight of body ** Bones become light, less dense and prone to fractures

43. Vitamin E - Tocopherol Functions Protects tissues against damage Promotes normal growth and development Helps in normal red blood cell formation Sources Pure vegetable oils Wheat wholemeal bread and Cereals egg yolk nuts sunflower seeds

44. Vitamin E - Tocopherol Effects of deficiency Deficiency is very rare but it could affect the central nervous system

45. Vitamin K - Napthoquinone Functions Needed for blood clotting, which means it helps wounds heal properly. There is increasing evidence that vitamin K is also needed to help build strong bones. Sources Green leafy veg Vegetable oil Cereals

46. Vitamin K - Napthoquinones Effects of deficiency Deficiency is very rare but individuals with liver damage and new born infants are at a higher risk

47. Vitamin B 1 - Thiamin Functions Essential for release of energy from carbohydrates Necessary for appetite and good health Needed for normal functioning of nervous system S o u rc e s Meat Oatmeal Breakfast cereals Wheat Fortified white flour Milk Eggs V e g e t a b l e s

48. Vitamin B 1 - Thiamin Deficiency Fatigue, d e p r e ssi o n, irritability Beri-beri - disease of nervous system

49. Vitamin B 2 -Riboflavin Functions Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats Growth, repair, development of body tissues - healthy skin, eyes and tongue The principal growth promoting factor in the vitamin B complex S o u r c e s Milk Cheese Eggs Yeast extracts Green Vegetables

50. Vitamin B 2 -Riboflavin Deficiency Loss of appetite Swollen tongue, cracked lips, eye infection,

51. Vitamin B3 -Niacin Functions Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats Needed for normal functioning of nervous system Sources Meat , Yeast extracts Yeast Bran, wheat, flour Some pulses, dried fruit

52. Vitamin B3 -Niacin Deficiency Fatigue, d e p r e s s i o n , irritability

53. Vitamin B9 -Folic Acid Functions Red blood cell formation Development of brain, spinal cord and skeleton in foetus Reduces risk of neural tube defects May play role preventing heart attacks, strokes and cancer Sources Fortified cereals Green leafy vegetables Potatoes bread Milk Wheat

54. Vitamin B9 -Folic Acid Deficiency Fatigue in mild cases Anaemia in severe cases Neural tube defects Important to take folic acid prior to conception and vital during first 3 months pregnancy

55. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid Functions immune system Formation of connective tissue, collagen Helps absorption of iron Prevents scurvy Promotes healing of wounds and healthy blood vessels Acts as antioxidant, protects cholesterol Sources , green peppers, kiwi, citrus fruits, s t ra w b e rr i e s, spinach, cabbage, broccoli

56. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Weakening of connective tissue Susceptibility to infection Incomplete iron absorption Delayed healing of wounds Prevent scurvy - pale skin with spots, bleeding, soft gums.

57. MINERALS Our body requires mineral elements for a variety of functions. They are also known as micronutrients.

58. MINERALS Trace Minerals - are iron, zinc and iodine. Major Minerals - are sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus.

59. MINERALS Minerals have 4 major functions: Body building – teeth and bones Control of body processes, especially the nervous system Essential part of body fluids and cells Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy

60. Iron Functions Production of haemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen in the blood Sources Red meat Kidney Liver Eggs Bread Green veg Deficiency Anaemia

61. Calcium Functions Teeth and bones. Blood clotting. Nerve and muscle contraction. Heart regulation Sources Dairy products fortified white bread oily fish green veg nuts and seeds citrus fruits. Deficiency Stunted growth can cause rickets, osteoporosis.

62. Phosphorus Fu nc tio ns Bones and teeth with calcium. Muscle contraction Sources Dairy products Nuts Meat Fish foods rich in calcium Deficiency Rarely deficient but could cause tiredness and depression

63. S o di um Functions Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature, helps you sweat when body temp rises. Sources Cheese smoked meats Fish processed foods table salt . Deficiency Deficiency is highly unlikely

64. Potassium Sources Banana Functions Muscle contraction and in maintaining fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle and for normal body growth. Deficiency Dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms

65. Zinc Sources Meat Oats Eggs Nuts Functions Everything from acne to diabetes. Aids the immune system. Needed for the senses of smell and taste. Deficiency Dry skin, acne, Muscle spasms

66. Iodine Functions Thyroid gland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) and body metabolism Sources Animal and plat life from the sea Milk Eggs Yogurt Deficiency Particularly in children, fall in the production of thyroid hormones

67. Vaccines & sera Vaccine: A substance used to stimulate production of antibodies and provide immunity against disease. Sera/serum: liquid that injected into someone's blood to protect them against poison or disease.( antisnake venom serum ) 14/06/2020 67

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78. Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive drugs , also known as  immunosuppressive agents ,  immunosuppressants  and  antirejection medications  are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system. 14/06/2020 78

79. WHEN THEY ARE USED ? 14/06/2020 79

80. WHEN THEY ARE USED ? 14/06/2020 80

81. CLASSIFICATION 14/06/2020 81

82. EXAMPLES  PREDNISONE HYDROCORTISONE CYCLOSPORINE TACROLIMUS 14/06/2020 82

83. 14/06/2020 83 THANK YOU ……..