Miss Modley_LS_Skeletal system_Grade 11.pdf

skeletal system

1. LIFE SCIENCES : GRADE 11
THE
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Miss Modley

2. BONES
Hyaline Cartilage
This type of connective tissue that is made up of
a substance that is less harder than bone. These
“Bones” can be found in your nose,ears,joints, rib
cage intervetebral discs,

3. Bones allocated to the right
ankle
Supporting body weight.
Providing body balance.
Shock absorption.
Transferring ground forces.
Compensating for proximal
malalignment.
Substituting hand function in
individuals (Individuals who
were amputated or are
paralysed)

4. Label and draw the following diagram
in your workbooks

5. Longitudanal section of a Femur

6. Blood supply within a bone
Microscopic anatomy structure of the bone:
Youtube Video
Microscopic video
analysis

7. These are medical conditions that
impact the health of the bones
and requires treatment or
theraphy.
Skeletal system Diseases and Disoders

8. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis silently weakens your bones, which can
make you more likely to experience a bone fracture
(broken bone). This condition affects women mostly.
Cause : Aging, Hormone deficiencies, low calcium
diet, malnutrition, hyprthyroidism, genetic disorders,
unhealthy lifestyle factors

9. What does osteoporosis do to the bone?
With osteoporosis, there is reduced bone density and structure in the spongy
bone, as well as thinning of the cortical bone.
When your bones have thinned to the point that osteoporosis is diagnosed,
the physical structure — and soundness — of your bones has changed. In
particular:
the cortical bone becomes thinner; and
the spongy bone becomes less dense with bigger spaces forming between
the bony structure of struts, which also become thinner.

10. Symptoms of Osteoporosis
Back pain, caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
Loss of height over time.
A stooped posture.
A bone that breaks much more easily than expected.
Consistent neck or back pain.

12. Treatment for Osteoporosis
Exercise. Weight-bearing physical activity and exercises that
improve balance. The more active and fit you are as you age,
the less likely you are to fall and break a bone.
Good nutrition. Eat a healthy diet and make certain that
you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D.
Quit smoking. Smoking cigarettes speeds up bone loss.
Limit alcohol. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in
moderation. For healthy women, that means up to one drink a
day. For healthy men, it would be up to two drinks a day.

13. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory
disorder that can affect more than just your
joints. In some people, the condition can damage
a wide variety of body systems, including the
skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. It is
also classified as a autoimmune disorder.
Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune
system mistakenly attacks your own body's
tissues.

14. Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Tender, warm, swollen joints
Joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after
inactivity
Fatigue, fever and loss of appetite

15. Rheumatoid arthritis in the hands &
fingers

16. Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Regular blood tests, X-Rays,, mRi scans
Occupational theraphy
Surgery to repair damaged joints
Medications
apply eat and cold to joints
Do not partake in straneous activity

17. Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children,
usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D
deficiency.
Often diagnosed in infants and children.
Vitamin D helps your child's body absorb calcium and
phosphorus from food. Not enough vitamin D makes it difficult
to maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in bones,
which can cause rickets.
If left untreated, rickets can lead to:Failure to grow, An
abnormally curved spine, Bone deformities, Dental defects and
seizures.
Rickets

19. Symptoms of Rickets
Signs and symptoms of rickets can include:
Delayed growth
Delayed motor skills
Pain in the spine, pelvis and legs
Muscle weakness
Because rickets softens the areas of growing tissue at the ends of a
child's bones (growth plates), it can cause skeletal deformities such as:
Bowed legs or knock knees
Thickened wrists and ankles

20. Causes of Rickets
A child's body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium and phosphorus
from food. Rickets can occur if your child's body doesn't get enough
vitamin D or if his or her body has problems using vitamin D properly.
Occasionally, not getting enough calcium or lack of calcium and
vitamin D can cause rickets.
Some children are born with or develop medical conditions that affect the
way their bodies absorb vitamin D.

21. Treatment for rickets
Adding vitamin D or calcium to the diet generally
corrects the bone problems associated with rickets.
When rickets is due to another underlying medical
problem, your child may need additional
medications or other treatment. Some skeletal
deformities caused by rickets may require corrective
surgery
Sunlight :Because your body can naturally make
vitamin D when you’ve been exposed to
sunlight, encouragement to get outside and get
some sunshine is likely.
Bow leg surgery: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3wIYSxuvQUs

22. Bone Fracture
A bone fracture is the medical
definition for a broken bone.
Fractures are usually caused by
traumas like falls, car accidents or
sports injuries.
But some medical conditions and
repetitive forces (like running) can
increase your risk for experiencing
certain types of fractures

25. Joints:
Joints can simply be defined as the point or the location within the
musculoskeletal system, where two or more bones connect together.
The primary functions of Joints are to connect bones within our body. Apart
from this, it also helps us to move, rotate and also bear weight.
A joint is classified as a connective tissue.
The connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle, to the tendons that
attach muscles to bones, and to the skeleton that supports the positions of
the body, connective tissue provides protection ,support and most
importantly connct other tissues.

27. Muscles
Muscles are pieces of soft tissue throughout your
body. They help you do everything from holding
your body still to running a marathon. Muscles also
move and support your organs
Did you know your heart
is a muscle too?

28. Sprains and Cramps
A muscle cramp is a sudden,
unexpected tightening of one or
more muscles. Sometimes called a
charley horse, a muscle cramp can
be very painful
A sprain is a stretching or tearing of
ligaments — the tough bands of
fibrous tissue that connect two
bones together in your joints. The
most common location for a sprain
is in your ankle.