MJOSHI_SELECTED PLANT FAMILIES for forestry .pptx

The presentation is about selected plant species that are predominantly used in forestry sector.

1. SELECTED PLANT FAMILIES Meenakshi Joshi, IFS Principal CASFOS, Dehradun

2. Selected families of dicotyledons DIPTEROCARPACEAE family name comes from the type genus  Dipterocarpus  which is derived from  Greek  words di   "two", pteron  "wing", and   karpós  "fruit"; the words combined refer to the two-winged fruit available from trees of that genus   Dipterocarps trace their history back millions of years, to the Gondwana supercontinent, and are integral to Asian forests such as Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh

3. a  family  of 16 genera and about 695 known species of mainly  tropical  lowland  rainforest   trees Their distribution is  pantropical , from northern  South America  to  Africa ,   Seychelles ,  India ,  Indochina ,  Indonesia ,  Malaysia  and  Philippines The greatest diversity of Dipterocarpaceae occurs in  Borneo The largest genera are  Shorea  (196 species),  Hopea  (104 species),  Dipterocarpus  (70 species), and  Vatica  (65 species) Many are large forest-emergent species, typically reaching heights of 40–70 m, some even over 80 m T he tallest known living specimen ( Shorea faguetiana ) 93.0 m tall Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-present-and-past-distribution-of-Dipterocarps-in-India-and-abroad_fig4_347835678

4. Economic Importance Species of this family are of major importance in the  timber trade . Some species are now  endangered  as a result of overcutting, extensive  illegal logging , and habitat conversion. They provide  valuable woods , aromatic  essential oils , balsam, and  resins , and are a source for  plywood .

5. Important species Shorea robusta (Sal) Dipterocarpus turbinatus ( Gurjan )-Andaman, Assam, W.Bengal Dipterocarpus macrocarpus - Assam Dipterocarpus indicus -Assam ,West Coast Hopea parviflora- valuable timber in Karnataka , Kerala (Malabar Ironwood) Vateria indica (Vella pine)-used as White Damar/Indian copal / Dhup –Karnataka ,Kerala

6. Shorea robusta Dipterocarpus turbinatus

7. Vateria indica , the white dammar is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae . It is endemic to the Western Ghats mountains in India . It is threatened by habitat loss . It is a large canopy or emergent tree frequent in tropical wet evergreen forests of the low and mid-elevations

8. MELIACEAAE/MAHOGANY/NEEM FAMILY Includes 50 Genera and 1400 species In India it is represented by 20 genera and 70 species Widely distributed in tropics of both hemispheres Mostly woody ,few shrubs Characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous, apparently bisexual (but actually mostly cryptically unisexual) flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Fruit :Berry ,capsule ,drupe SEED: winged Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.

9. Important species Azadirachta indica (Neem, Margosa tree) Cedrela toona/Toona ciliate (Tun)/Indian Mahogany,cultivated for wood,flowers yield dye called Vasanti Melia azadirach (Indian lilac, China berry tree) Melia dubia Soymida febrifuga –(Indian redwood) Dry forests of Rajasthan,very hard durable for const work,agri implements Sweitenia mahogoni (Mahogony) Chukrasia velutina Chloroxylon swietiena (satinwood tree)-Dry deciduous forests,used for ornamental work,Beautiful tree with shining wood)

10. Chukrasia velutina

11. Melia dubia Commonly known as Malabar Neem, Maha Neem, Gora Neem, or Barma Dhek . This is one of the most important industrial tree species that has rapidly expanded in the Indian subcontinents in recent decades. M. dubia is a tree of tropical and subtropical regions which is mainly cultivated for its widely important industrial and medicinal qualities. Yield It achieves up to 40 feet height within two years of planting. It is reported that a 10-year- old plantation of Melia dubia has the potential to yield on an average up to 40 tonnes of biomass per acre per year . Earns revenue of Rs. 350 per cubic foot from the 5th year onwards.

12. LEGUMINOSAE /Fabaceae (700 G enera , 17000sp in world,350 sp occur in INDIA Papilionaceae / (Pea family) Dalbergia sisoo ( Shisham ) Dalbergia latifolia(kali shisham ) Butea monosperma (Dhak) Ougeinia oojeinensis (Kala palas ) Erythrina suberosa Pterocarpus santalinus (Red sanders/ Raktchandan ) Pterocarpus marsupium ( Bijasal )

13. Caesalpiniaceae/ Caesalpinioideae ( Amaltas family ) Trees or shrubs with alternate, compound leaves; extra-floral nectaries or glands are common on the rachis Peacock flower family Cassia fistula ( Amaltas ) Delonix regia ( Gulmohar /Indian peacock tree) Tamarindus indicus ( Imli ) Hardwickia binnata (charcoal making) Bauhinia variegata

14. sub family - Mimosaceae ( Mimosoideae ) It includes 40 genera and 2000 species. The members are mostly distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In India it is represented by 12 genera and 90 species. Characters of Mimosaceae: Herbs (Mimosa), climbers (Entada) and trees (Acacia, Albizzia) and hydrophytic (Neptunia oleracea). Many members are xerophytic (Acacia, Prosopis). leaves bipinnate and stipulate, stipule may be modified into spines; Cymose head (Acacia), spike or racemose ( Dichrostachys and Prosopis ) flowers actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, small, tetra or pentamerous; calyx and corolla valvate; petals connate below, stamens number varies from 4 (Mimosa) to many (Acacia, Albizzia); carpel one; fruit legume.

15. Floral formula &Floral diagram

16. Important species Acacia catechu (katha) Acacia nilotica (Babul) Acacia arabica (Gum Arabic) Acacia auriculiformis Albizzia lebbeck (Siris) Leucaena leucocephala ( Subabul ) Prosopis cineraria ( Khejri ) Prosopis juliflora Mimosa pudica

17. Economic Importance of Mimosaceae The sub-family is not of much economic importance. A few members are however useful. Acacia catechu serves as a host for the lac insects. From this plant Katha is also obtained. Gum arabic is obtained from the barks of A. nilotica (syn. A. arabica) and A. Senegal. Saresh - a type of gum – is obtained from Albizzia lebbek. Bark of Acacia yields tannin which is used in leather tanning. The wood of Adenanthera pavonina is powdered and yields a red dye. Prosopis spicigera is grown as a hedge plant and also as a wind breaker in Rajasthan to check spreading desert, acts as water indicator. Durable timber is obtained from Acacia melanoxylon, Lysistoma sabicu , Xylia dolabriformis (Iron wood)

18. Mimosa pudica (Touch me not) Albizzia lebbeck

19. Samanea saman (Rain tree)

20. Acacia auriculiformis Acacia catechu (katha)

21. Family-COMBRETACEAE (White mangrove family) Terminalia alata (Sain) 1.8% tanins Terminalia belerica - ( Trifala ) fruit tannins (BAHERA) Terminalia chebula - ( Trifala ) Myrobalans (HRAR) Terminalia arjuna - Tussar worms host tree Anogeissus latifolia -Axle wood (gum exuding from the trunk is used in cali coprinting , paper-sizing and confectionery). Terminalia tomentosa (Sain)/crocodile bark tree Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper) ornamental Terminalia catappa (Indian almond,Andaman almond)

22. Terminalia tomentosa sain /Indian laurel

23. Myrtaceae /Eucalyptus/Myrtle family Australia is main centre of distribution of Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus – (Blue gum tree/Mysore gum) ; Nilgiris ;Eucalyptus oil Eucalyptus tereticornis in UP, Haryana, Punjab Eucalyptus camaldulensis for sand dune stabilization in Rajasthan Eucalyptus grandis in Kerela Eucalyptus hybrid in Bihar, up Andhra Callistemon viminalis (BOTTLE BRUSH) Psidium guvajava ( amrud )

24. UNIQUE CHARCTERISTICS Eucalyptus forest Brazil

25. Jamun ( Syzygium cumini ) Callistemon viminalis (BOTTLE BRUSH/CHIL ) Psidium guvajava ( Amrud )

26. Verbenaceae/Teak family Mostly annual or perennial herbs, may be shrubs or trees (Tectona) or rarely woody climbers or halophyte ( Avicennia ) in tropical shores The family is of fairly great economic importance wood of Tectona grandis (Teak, Sagwan ) is extremely hard and lasting. The wood is largely used in manufacturing of ships and good quality furniture. wood of Gmelina arborea is used in making drums, sitars and other musical instruments Medicinal :The roots of Clerodendron are used in asthma and cough. The decoction of leaves of Lantana camara is given in tetanus and rheumatism. The leave’s juice of Gmelina arborea is used in gonorrhoea , cough and ulcers bark of Avicennia is used in tanning.

27. Important species Avicennia alba (White mangrove): A tree of Sunderban with long pneumatophore and viviparous seeds. Callicarpa arborea (H. Ghiwala Clerodendron ( Clerodendrum L) Duranta repens Lantana indica Tectona grandis Verbana officinalis Vitex negundo

28. Duranta repens Verbena officinalis Tectona grandis Tectona grandis leaf and flowers

29. Salicaceae/willow family The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants . Willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods Populus spp (Poplars) /Cottonwood tree Genus Populus found only in Northern Hemisphere between 30degrees North to 45 degrees North latitude Dioecious Only 2 species are found in India: Populus ciliate (Himalayan poplars) Populus euphratica Populus deltoides found in temperate zone but raised in India in tropical areas also G3 and G8 are clones of Populus deltoides 3 CHARACTERISTICS Fast growing Reproduce vegetatively Hybridise freely

30. Poplars in Agroforestry

31. RUBIACEAE/CINCHONA/COFFEE FAMILY Adina cordiflora - Toys, pencils Anthocephalus cadamba - Kadamb-Tea boxes,plywood Mitragyna parviflora- shaving brushes Coffee arabica -coffee Adina cordiflora- Anthocephalus cadamba Mitragyna parviflora-shaving

32. Other families Malvaceae - Cotton family- Gossypium arboretum Tiliaceae -Jute family Rhamnaceae -Ber Family Casuarinaceae -(Beefwood family) Casuarina equisetifolia Rhizophoraceae-Mangrove family Sapindaceae -( Soapnut family) Sapindus ( Rheetha ) Rutaceae -Citrus family Anacardiaceae -Mango/cashew family

33. Other families Apocynaceae - Alstonia scholaris Ebenaceae -Tendu family (Diospyros melanoxylon) Fagaceae-Beech/Quercus family Lauraceae -Cinnamomum camphora (camphor),Cinnamomum zeylanicum(cardamom) Lythraceae -lagerstroemia parviflora Moraceae-Mulbery family- Ficus,Kathal Oleaceae-Olive family- Nyctanthes arbor tristis (Parijat) Euphorbiaceae –(Rubber family) Emblica officinalis (amla),Hevea brassiliensis (rubber)

34. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

35. MONOCOT FAMILIES LILIACEAE ORCHIDACEAE MUSACEAE ASPARAGACEAE ( Agave sislana ) ARECACEAE ( PALMS) GRAMINEAE CYPERACEAE

36. PALMS DATE PALM EUROPEAN FAN PALM COCONUT

37. Family Musaceae – Banana Family

38. GRAMINEAE/POACEAE

39. ORCHIDACEAE

40. gRAMINEAE REEDS ( Reed is a common name for several tall, grass-like plants of wetlands) Arunda donax Ochlandra travancorica Rayon grade pulp Bamboos

41. Canes or rattans are long, slender stems of certain trailing or climbing palms. They are rated as minor forest products, in spite of the fact that they are probably the most important forest products after timber. They belong principally the palm family of the genus Calamus . The genus Calamus consists of about 390 species found in the evergreen forests of the tropical and sub-tropical regions of which 30 species occur in India, distributed chiefly in the Himalayas, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and the Andamans.

42. GYMNOSPERMS

43. CONIFERAE Members of this order constitute common conifers Include both fossil and present day living members Reached max dev during late Jurassic or early Cretaceous and then began decline DISTRIBUTION Dominant forest vegetation in temperate regions of the world and also places of high altitudes In India in North and East except Podocarpus wallichiana which is found in South India SIX FAMILIES Pinaceae Cupressaceae Podocarpaceae Araucariaceae Taxaceae Taxodiaceae

44. DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS HABIT Mostly tree, rarely shrubs Resin canals are present Annual rings are distinct LEAVES- evergreen, rigid, acicular FLOWER(CONES)-Male and female SEEDS-Often winged and nut like in a leathery or woody shell ,naked, cotyledons 2-16

45. PINACEAE-Important species Pinus sp.-90 species, needle like leaves in bundles or fascicles 1. Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine) leaves in bundle of 5 Grows in the Himalayas between 1800-3500 m 2. Pinus roxburghii ( Chir pine) leaves in bundle of 3 Grows in Himalayas between 450-2250m Yields resin and timber 3. Pinus gerardiana -Chilgoza pine Kashmir and parts of HP 4.Pinus kesiya (Khasi pine)-found in NE Pinus wallichiana Pinus roxburghii

46. Pinus gerardiana

47. Pinus kesiya

48. Cedrus deodara Grows between 1800-2700 m in Western Himalayas Most important timber tree of Western Himalyas

49. THE FIRS Abies spectabilis grows between 3300-4200m in W Himalayas

50. SPRUCE Tall evergreen trees found in NW Himalayas between 2100-3300m

51. CUPRESACEAE Cupressus cashmeriana , the Bhutan cypress or Kashmir cypress, is a species of evergreen conifer native to the eastern Himalaya in Bhutan and adjacent areas of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. [ Now in vulnerable category, IUCN list retrieved in 2006 ]. It is also introduced in China and Nepal.

52. Juniperus indica , the black juniper, is a juniper native to high-altitude climates in the Himalaya, occurring in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and China. It is of interest as the highest elevation woody plant known, reported growing as high as 5,200 metres in southern Tibet; the lowest limit being 2,600 m.

53. PODOCARPACEAE

54. ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis robusta (Kauri pine)

55. Araucaria excelsa Cultivated in India as ornamental trees

56. TAXACEAE Taxus baccata , Taxus is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae

57. TAXODIACEAE Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Redwood or Sugi : The Sugi tree is Japan's national tree, and there can be found as an ancient temple tree. It is widely planted in China and India as a timber and forest tree