Models of Communication

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. COMMUNICATION MODELS

2. Linear Communication Model Lasswell’s Model Aristotle’s Model Berlo’s SMCR Model Transactional Model Shannon & Weaver Model Interactive Model Schramm’s Model Dance-helical Model COMMUNICATION MODELS

3. A. LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION communication is considered one way process the message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise the sender is more prominent in linear model of communication. applied in mass communication like television, radio, etc.

4. LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Different types of communication models based on linear model of communication are:

5. 1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

6. 1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. most widely accepted among all communication models.

7. 1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect speaker centered model highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication speaker must have a very good non-verbal communication with the audience like eye contact

8. ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR ETHOS Credibility of the speaker characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience 2. PATHOS Emotional bond f what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they will be more interested 3. LOGOS sense of reason You must present facts to the audience for them to believe in you

9. CRITICISMS OF ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION There are few criticisms around this model. Some of them are: There is no concept of feedback, it is one way from speaker to audience. There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers. This model can only be used in public speaking.

10. 1. LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also known as action model or linear model or one way model of communication ) is regarded as one the most influential communication models .

11. COMPONENTS MEANING ANALYSIS Who the communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis Says What the content of the message Content Analysis In Which Channel the medium or media Media Analysis To Whom the receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis With What Effect the feedback of the receiver to the sender Effect Analysis

12. CRITICISMS OF LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION There are few criticisms around this model. Some of them are: does not include feedback and it ignores the possibility of noise very linear and does not consider barriers in the communication process more focused on the resulting outcome and generally used for media persuasion

13. 1. BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the communication more efficient.

14. 1. BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the component is affected by many factors.

15. CRITICISMS OF BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION There are few criticisms around this model. Some of them are: There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered. There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication process. It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication. Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above.

16. B. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. both sender and receiver are known as communicators The model is mostly used for interpersonal communication and is also called circular model of communication.

17. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Different types of communication models based on transactional model of communication are:

18. SHANNON and WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (INFORMATION THEORY) Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal with Warren Weaver . Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or “ mother of all models .”

19. CONCEPTS IN SHANNON WEAVER MODEL Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message. Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine. Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message. Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the receiver who translates the message from signals. Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message. Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.

20. ADVANTAGES OF BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION There are few advantages around this model. Some of them are: Concept of noise helps in making the communication effective by removing the noise or problem causing noise. This model takes communication as a two way process. It makes the model applicable in general communication.

21. B. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION also known as convergence model deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa The communication process take place between humans or machines in both verbal or non-verbal way This is a relatively new model of communication for new technologies like web.

22. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Different types of communication models based on interactive model of communication are:

23. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’s MODEL OF COMMUNICATION built on the theory that communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver Charles Egerton Osgood popularized the notion that communication was circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants taking turns sending and receiving a message.

24. Field of experience incorporates what is mutually understood between the sender and receiver. For example, a professor of calculus would have very little luck communicating important math principles to a classroom of kindergarten students, because they do not share a field of experience that makes the message easy to understand.

25. It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates) Decoder – Who receives the message Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this interpretation only the message is received.

26. DANCE-HELICAL’s MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Frank Dance proposed a communication model inspired by a helix in 1967, known as Helical Model of Communication. A helix is a three dimensional spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone.

27. Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to existence or existing moment. Helical model gives geometrical testimony of communication. The model is linear as well as circular combined and disagrees the concept of linearity and circularity individually.

28. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of communication and it progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increases.

29. REFERENCE: https://www.businesstopia.net