Models of health promotion

different models of health promotion

1. Models of Health Promotion Prepared & presented by : Rishab Shrestha (BPH 3 rd Batch) Submitted to : Mr. Sunil Sah Lecturer, UCMS 3/15/2019

2. Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over & to improve their health. It states that people must be able to identify & realize aspiration, to satisfy needs, & to change or cope with the environment Health is a resource for everyone’s life; not the objective of living & health promotion is not just the responsibility of health sector but goes beyond healthy lifestyle to well-being. 3/15/2019 2

3. Models of Health Promotion Model : A model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe & explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. The representation of different approaches of health promotion is primary descriptive. It is what health promoters do, and it is possible to move in and out of different approaches depending on the situation. 3/15/2019 3

4. A more analytical means of identifying heath promotion is to develop models of practice. All models seek to represent reality in some way and try to show in a simplified form how different things connect. Implicit in the use of models is a theoretical framework that explain how and why the elements in the model are connected. 3/15/2019 4

5. Using a model can be helpful because it encourages you to think theoretically, and come up with new strategies and ways of working. Models of health promotion may help to: Conceptualize or map the field of health promotion Interrogate and analyze existing practice Plan and chart the possibilities for interventions 3/15/2019 5

6. Different Models of Health Promotion Caplan & Holland (1990) Model Beattie’s (1991) Model Tones & Tilfors’s (1994) Model Tannahill (1996) Model 3/15/2019 6

7. 1. Caplan & Holland – Four Paradigm of Health Promotion More complex & theoretically driven. Attempts to unpick what determine health & ill health & therefore what activities can be used to address health issues. 4 perspectives can be generated from 2 dimension :- 3/15/2019 7 Theory of knowledge & how knowledge is generated in relation to health How society is constructed & how this impacts on health Nature of knowledge Nature of society

8. Radical Humanist Holistic view of health De-professionalization Self-help networks Radical Structuralist Health reflects structural inequalities Need to challenge inequity & radical transform society Humanist Holistic view of health Aims to improve understanding & development of self Client-led Traditional Health = absence of disease Aim is to change behavior Expert led Nature of society Nature of knowledge Subjective Objective Radical change Social regulation Fig : Caplan & Holland – Four Paradigm of Health Promotion 3/15/2019 8

9. Four paradigm of health promotion are :- Traditional perspectives relate to medical & behavior change approaches. Humanist perspectives relates to educational approaches to enable individual to use personal resources & skills. Radical humanist perspectives relates to empowerment approach. Individual are encouraged to form social, organizational & economic networks. Radical structuralist perspectives holds that structural inequalities are the cause of many problems & the role of health promotion is to address the relationship between health & social inequalities. 3/15/2019 9

10. 2. Beattie 1991 – Health promotion methods using Beattie’s typology Four paradigms of Health promotion can be generated from 2 dimension :- Mode of intervention & Focus of intervention Mode of intervention ranges from Authoritative (top-down) Negotiated (bottom up) Focus of intervention ranges from focus on individual who is responsible for his / her own health to focus on collective & roots of ill health 3/15/2019 10

11. Health persuasion Advice Education Behaviour change Mass media campaign Legislative action Legislation Policy making & implementation Health surveillance Personal counselling Counselling Education Group work Community development Lobbying Action research Skills sharing & training Group work Mode of intervention Focus of intervention Individual Collective Authoritarian Negotiated Fig : Beattie 1991 – Health promotion methods using Beattie’s typology 3/15/2019 11

12. Beattie’s typology generates 4 strategies for health promotion :- Health persuasion = Interventions directed at individuals & led by professionals. Eg - Health workers encouraging pregnant women to stop smoking. Legislative action = Interventions led by professionals but intended to protect communities. Eg - Tighter controls on food labeling Personal counseling = Interventions which are client-led & focus on personal development. Eg - health promoter is a facilitator rather than a expert. Community development = Interventions which seek to empower or enhance the skills of a group or local community. Eg - Community health worker working with local farmers group on their health issues. 3/15/2019 12

13. 3. Tones & Tilfors’s (1994) Model of Health Promotion It states interaction between 2 main sets of process for health improvement :- Development & implementation of healthy public policy Health education in which people are empowered to take control of their life Example is attempts of Jamie’s School Dinners Campaign where school meals was brought into public consciousness & lead to standards for meals & an increase in the budgets for school meals. 3/15/2019 13

14. Fig: Model of health promotion : The contribution of education to health promotion 3/15/2019 14 Healthy public policy Healthy social & physical environment HEALTH Agenda setting Healthy choices Education for health Public pressure Empowered participating community Critical consciousness raising Lobbying Advocacy Mediation Healthy promoting organization Healthy services Professional education

15. 4 . Downie et al 1996 – Tannahill’s model of Health promotion Widely accepted model of health promotion It talks about 3 overlapping sphere of activity :- Health education, Prevention & Health protection Health education : Communication to enhance wellbeing & prevent ill health through influencing knowledge & attitudes. Prevention : Reducing or avoiding the risk of disease & ill health primarily through medical interventions. Health protection : Safeguarding population health through legislative, fiscal or social measures. 3/15/2019 15

16. 4 7 2 3 Preventive services Eg :- Immunization, cervical screening, hypertension case finding, use of nicotine chewing gum to aid smoking cessation 2. Preventive health education Eg :- Smoking cessation advices & information 3. Preventive health protection Eg :- chlorination of water 4. Health education for preventive health protection Eg :- lobbying for seat belt legislation 5. Positive health education Eg :- life skills with young people 6. Positive health protection Eg :- workplace smoking policy 7. Health education aimed at positive health protection Eg :- lobbying for a ban on tobacco advertising 3/15/2019 16

17. Thanks 3/15/2019 17