modelsofcommunicationhandout-160711061345 (1).ppt

G

1. Models of Communication

2. Models of Communication
Linear Communication Model
Lasswell’s Model
Aristotle’s Model
Berlo’s SMCR Model
Transactional Model
Interactive Model
Schramm’s Model
White’s Model
Barlund’s Model
Shannon & Weaver Model

4. Linear model has defined set of
components required for a communication
to be established where
•Senderis the person who sends a
message after encoding.
•Encodingis the process of converting the
message into codes compatible with the
channel and understandable for the
receiver.
•Decodingis the process of changing the
encoded message into understandable
language by the receiver.

5. •Messageis the information sent by the
sender to the receiver.
•Channelis the medium through which
the message is sent.
•Receiveris the person who gets the
message after decoding.
•Noiseis the disruptions that are
caused in the communication process
in channel or in understandability of the
message.

6. Lasswell'scommunicationmodel
wasdevelopedbycommunication
theoristHaroldD.Lasswell(1902-
1978)in1948.Lasswell’smodelof
communication(alsoknownasaction
modelorlinearmodeloroneway
model ofcommunication) is
regardedasonethemostinfluential
communicationmodels.

8. Thefirstandearliestlinearmodelisthatof
Aristotle,whowasateacherofRhetoricandevenput
upanacademytoproducegoodspeakers.
SPEAKER
(Message)
SPEECH
(Listener)
AUDIENCE
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
EFECT
Occasion

9. There are few criticisms around
this model. Some of them are:
•There is no concept offeedback,
it is one way from speaker to
audience.
•There isno concept
ofcommunicationfailurelike
noiseandbarriers.
•This model can only be used in
public speaking.

10. In1960,DavidBerlo
postulatedBerlo'sSender-Message-Channel-
Receiver(SMCR)ModelofCommunication
fromShannonWeaver'sModelof
Communication(1949).Hedescribed
factorsaffectingtheindividualcomponents
inthecommunicationmakingthe
communicationmoreefficient.Thismodel
alsofocusesonencodinganddecoding
whichhappensbeforesendersendsthe
messageandbeforereceiverreceivesthe
messagerespectively.

12. Thereisnoconceptoffeedback,so
theeffectisnotconsidered.
Thereisnoconceptofnoiseorany
kindofbarriersincommunication.
Itisalinearmodelof
communication,thereisnotwoway
communication.
Bothofthepeoplemustbesimilar
accordingtoallthefactors
mentionedabove.

14. Transactional model of
communicationistheexchangeof
messages betweensenderand
receiverwhereeachtaketurnstosend
orreceivemessages.Here,both
"sender"and"receiver"areknownas
"communicators"andtheirrole
reverseseach timeinthe
communicationprocessasboth
processesofsendingandreceiving
occursatthesametime.

16. Without verbal response, the sender can not be
sure that the receiver got the message as
intended. Feedback is an important component in
the communication process, especially in
interpersonal communication as itgives a space to
clarify misunderstandings.
The transactional model gives the opportunity for a
lot of noise because the communication is
simultaneous. For example, when many people
are talking at the same time in a meeting, the
objective of the meeting will not be fulfilled.

17. Transactional Model Other Models
Used for interpersonal
communication
Used for Intrapersonal, interpersonal,
group or mass communications.
Senders and Receivers are known
as Communicators, they interchange
their roles
Senders and receivers are different
people
Includes the role of context and
environment
Role of context and environment are
not mentioned in other models
Includes noise and communication
barriers as factors
Not necessarily have the concept of
noise
Talks about non-verbal
communication
Ignores non-verbal communication
Simultaneousfeedback
Feedback comes later in interaction
modeland is not included in linear
model
Differences Between Transactional
and Other Communication Models

18. Thesecondmodelisthatof
ClaudeShannonandWarrenWeaver
(1948)whichgaveustheconceptof
“NOISE”.Thisisoftencalled
TelephoneModelbecauseitis
basedontheexperienceofhaving
themessageinterferedwithby
“noise”fromthetelephone
switchboardbackin1940s.

19. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication

20. Example of Shannon-Weaver model
communication process
Abusinessmansendsamessageviaphonetextto
hisworkeraboutameetinghappeningabouttheir
brandpromotion.Theworkerdoesnotreceive
thefullmessagebecauseofnoise.Itgoeslike
this:
Businessman:Wehaveameetingattheoffice
("at8am"goesmissingduetophonenetwork
disruptionornoise)
Worker(feedback):Atwhattime?

21. Sender: Businessman
Encoder: Telephone network company
Channel: Mobile network
Noise : Distraction in voice
(workplace noises)
Decoder: Mobile phone
Receiver : Worker

22. Concept of noise helps in making the
communication effective by removing
the noise or problem causing noise.
This model takes communication as a
two way process. It makes the model
applicable in general communication.
Communication is taken as quantifiable
in Shannon Weaver model.

23. It can be applied more for interpersonal
communicationthan group communication
andmass communication.
Receiver plays the passive part in the
communication process as sender plays the
primary role that sends messages.
Feedback is taken as less important in comparison
to the messages sent by the sender.
The model is taken by some critics as a
"misleading misrepresentation of the nature of
human communication" as human communication
is not mathematical in nature.

24. DeanBarnlundproposedatransactional
modelofcommunicationin1970forbasic
interpersonalcommunicationwhicharticulates
thatsendingandreceivingofmessages
happenssimultaneouslybetweenpeoplewhichis
popularlyknownasBarlund'sTransactionalModel
ofCommunication.Themodelhasbeenfurther
adaptedandreformedbyothertheorists
asGeneralTransactionalModel.Themodel
shiftedfrom thetrendoflinear
modeltodynamicandtwowaycommunication
model.

25. Components of Barlund's model

26. The model shows shared field
experience of the sender and
receiver.
Transactional model talks about
simultaneous message sending,
noise and feedback.
Barnlund’s model is taken by
critics as the most systematic
model of communication.

27. Barnlund’s model is very complex.
Both the sender and receiver must
understand the codes sent by the
other. So they must each possess
a similar "codebook". (The concept
of code book is not mentioned in
the model but understood.)

28. Interactivemodel(alsoknownas
convergencemodel)dealswithexchangeof
ideasandmessagestakingplacebothways
fromsendertoreceiverandvice-versa.
Thecommunicationprocesstakeplace
betweenhumansormachinesinbothverbal
ornon-verbalway.Thisisarelativelynew
modelofcommunicationfornew
technologieslikeweb.

30. InInteractivemodel,whenevera
sourcesendsamessagetoareceiver
(source),he/sheencodesthemessage
first.Theencodedmessageisthen
receivedbythereceiverwhereitis
decodedtogettheoriginalinformation.
Again,thereceiveractsasasource,
encodesanothermessage(alsoknows
asafeedback)andsendsitbacktothe
sender.

31. Interactive Model of
Communication
Other Models of Communication
Indirect and slow feedback Direct and fast feedback
Feedback is a whole new process
of communication
Feedback is the part of a single
communication process
For new media
For all other kinds of media like
print, news, etc.
No engagement of sender and
receiver in communication
Engagement of sender and receiver
in communication
Sender and receiver is equally
important
Sender is important and
overpowering than receiver
It can become linear if the receiver
does not respond
The receiver is bound to give some
kind of response verbal or non-
verbal
Interactive Model andOther Models Differences

32. AnexampleofInteractivemodelis
thatofWilburSchramm,whois
consideredtheFatherofMass
Communication.Hecameupwithfive
models,buttheSchrammModelin
(1995)weareconcernedwithisthe
concept that explains why
communication breakdown occurs.
Schrammassertsthatcommunication
cantakeplaceifandonlyifthereisan
overlapbetweentheFieldofExperience
oftheSpeakerandtheFieldof
ExperienceoftheListener.

33. Schramm’s Model of Communication

34. FieldofExperiencearethethingsthat
influencestheunderstandingandinterpretationof
messagelikeculture,socialbackground,beliefs,
experiences,valuesandrules.
Examples:
•apersonwhoalwayseatswithspoonisinformed
thatthathehastoeatwithhandsinthatplace,
thepersonwillgetoffendedbecausehewillthink
itisimpolitetoeatthatway.
•theteachermustdeliverhis/herlectureineither
EnglishorFilipinobecausethatisthelanguage
thatstudentsknowanduse.

35. Circular communicationgives opportunity
toboth parties to give their opinion.
As it is dynamic and ever changing model,
it is helpful in general practice.
Sender and receiver interchanges and both
are equally active.
Semantic noise included as a concept
helps in understanding problems that can
occur during interpretation of message.

36. Feedback makes it easierto know if
themessage is interpreted bythe receiver as
intended or not.
Concept of interpretation makes the
communication effective.
Field of experience (psychological effect)
helps to understand the communication
process in many other ways than the
traditional ones..
Concept of context makes the environmental
factor be included in interpretation of message
and brings change in the message value.

37. This model can not deal with multiple
levels of communication and complex
communication processes.
There can only be two sources
communicating, many sources
complicates the process and the
model can not be implemented.
Message sent and received might be
interpreted differently than intended.

38. https://prezi.com/rfcgo_zdlscc/eugene-
whites/

39. The Communication
Process