Modernism & postmodernism in architecture

modernism and postmodernism in field of architecture.

1. Modernist Postmodernist Architecture By: Harshita Singh B.Arch 5A ASAP

2. Comparision between Modernist & Postmodernist Architecture Modernist Architecture Postmodernist Architecture Duration : late 19 th - early 20 th century Late 20 th -21 st century Predecessor : Nordic Classicism Modernist Architecture Modernism is efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernization of society.  Postmodernism refers to t he functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics. Major concept : Form follows function pluralism,  double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and  contextualism .

3. Modernism Modernism  is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in  Western society  in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The term is often applied to modernist movements at the turn of the 20th century, with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernization of society. 

4. Influential Architects Notable architects important to the history and development of the modernist movement include:  Ludwig Mies van der Rohe   Le Corbusier Walter Gropius Erich Mendelsohn Frank Lloyd Wright  Louis Sullivan   Gerrit Rietveld  Bruno Taut  Arne Jacobsen  Oscar Niemeyer  Alvar Aalto

5. Context There are multiple lenses through which the evolution of modern architecture may be viewed. Some historians see it as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and thus the Enlightenment . Modern architecture developed , as a result of social and political revolutions .  Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments. Still other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against  eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian and Edwardian architecture. With the Industrial Revolution, the availability of newly-available building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the invention of new building techniques.

6. Characterstics Common themes of modern architecture include: the notion that "Form follows function", a dictum originally expressed by Frank Lloyd Wright's early mentor Louis Sullivan, meaning that the result of design should derive directly from its purpose simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of "unnecessary detail" materials at 90 degrees to each other visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements) the related concept of "Truth to materials", meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen rather than concealed or altered to represent something else use of industrially-produced materials; adoption of the machine aesthetic particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines

7. T he Guggenheim Museum Situated   in Manhattan , New York City, it is the permanent home of a renowned and continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early  Modern and  contemporary art. Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, was conceived as a "temple of the spirit ". Its design was inspired by a "Ziggurat" Babylonian temple pyramid, inverted . The Museum Guggenhein exhibits a great difference to the buildings in the vicinity because of its spiral shape, marked by the mergeing of triangles, ovals, arcs, circles and squares, which correspond to the concept of organic architecture  Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, continuous spiral along the outer edges of the building to end just under the ceiling skylight . The materials used in its construction were basically precast concrete blocks. The white paint used on the internal walls makes the works of art stand out. The skylight is supported by steel joints.

8. The Guggenheim Museum

9. Sectional Elevation

10. Wainwright Building   Known as the Wainwright State Office Building, it is a 10-story red brick office building at  St. Louis, Missouri . The Wainwright Building is among the first skyscrapers in the world. It was designed by  Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan (father of modern architecture)  in the Palazzo style and built between 1890 and 1891 . It exemplifies Sullivan's theories about the tall building, which included a tripartite (three-part) composition (base-shaft-attic) based on the structure of the classical column. The base contained retail stores that required wide glazed openings. Above it the semi-public nature of offices up a single flight of stairs are expressed as broad windows in the curtain wall. A cornice separates the second floor from the grid of identical windows of the screen wall, where each window is "a cell in a honeycomb, nothing more ".  The building's windows and horizontals were inset slightly behind columns and piers, as part of a “vertical aesthetic”

11. Plan of building

12. The ornamentation for the building includes a wide frieze below the deep cornice , which expresses the formalized yet naturalistic celery-leaf foliage.   It has rich decorative patterns in low relief, varying in design and scale with each story. The frieze is pierced by unobtrusive bull's-eye windows that light the top-story floor, originally containing water tanks and elevator machinery, t he building includes embellishments of terra cotta .

13.  bull's-eye windows that light the top-story floor, originally containing water tanks and elevator machinery Details of ornamentation done

14. Postmodernity Postmodernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building which had been abandoned by the modern style.

15. Characterstics The characteristics of postmodernism allow its aim to be expressed in diverse ways. These characteristics include the use of sculptural forms, ornaments, anthropomorphism and materials which perform  trompe l'oeil . These physical characteristics are combined with conceptual characteristics of meaning , including pluralism,  double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and  contextualism . The sculptural forms, not necessarily organic, were created with much ardor . Each building’s forms are nothing like the conforming rigid ones of Modernism. These forms are sculptural and are somewhat playful. These forms are not reduced to an absolute minimum; they are built and shaped for their own sake. Postmodernism, with its sensitivity to the building’s context, did not exclude the needs of humans from the building. The characteristics of Postmodernism were rather unified given their diverse appearances. The most notable among their characteristics is their playfully extravagant forms and the humour of the meanings the buildings conveyed.

16. Influential Architects Some of the best-known and influential architects in the Postmodern style are: Aldo Rossi Barbara Bielecka Ricardo Bofill John Burgee Terry Farrell Michael Graves Helmut Jahn Jon Jerde Edward Jones Philip Johnson Hans Kollhoff Ricardo Legorreta Frank Gehry

17. Petronas Twin Tower   Twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Designed by: Argentine American architect César Pelli . Constrction period:3 years i.e. march 1993-march 1996 Floor area: 395,000 m2 (4,252,000 sq ft ). The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of Malaysia's Muslim religion . The Petronas Towers feature a diamond-faceted facade consisting of 83,500 square metres (899,000  sq   ft ) of stainless steel extrusions. In addition, a 33,000-panel curtain wall cladding system resides within the towers . the stainless steel element of the towers entices the illustrious sun, highlighting the magnificent towers, they are composed of 55,000 square metres (590,000  sq   ft ) of 20.38-millimetre (0.802 in) laminated glass to reduce heat by reflecting harmful UV rays .

18. Petronas Twin Tower Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

19. The towers feature a double decker  skybridge  connecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors.  The bridge is 170 m (558  ft ) above the ground and 58 m (190  ft ) long, weighing 750 tons. The main bank of Otis Lifts is located in the centre of each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the lower deck of the lift taking passengers to even-numbered floors and upper deck to odd-numbered floors. To reach an odd-numbered floor from ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck of the lift . On the top of each tower is a pinnacle standing 73.5 metres (241  ft ) tall .  Each pinnacle is composed of 50 unique parts making up the main components: the spire, mast ball and ring ball. Together these parts weigh 176 tons . The interiors of the towers highlight the Malaysian cultural inspiration to the design through traditional aspects such as fabric and carvings typical of the culture, specifically evident in the foyer of the entrance halls in the towers.

20. Sky bridge at height of 170m above G.L. Comparitive height of varios sky skrapper One of the Petronas Towers spires

21. the Petronas Twin Towers floor plan design adopted a simple Islamic geometric forms of two interlocking squares creating a shape of eight-points stars with the semi-circles softening in the inner angles. Plan of 17 th floor

22. Harold Washington Library The  Harold Washington Library Center  is the central library for the Chicago Public Library  System. The building contains approximately 756,000 square feet (70,200 m 2 ) of space . Architects: Hammond, Beeby and Babka . Exterior:- The exterior evokes the design of the Rookery, Auditorium and the  Monadnock  buildings. The bottom portion is made of large granite blocks. Red brick makes up the majority of the exterior. These two portions draw on the Beaux-Art style . On the north, east and south sides of the build are five story tall arched windows. Between the windows are rope friezes . The pediments and most of the west side facing Plymouth Court are glass, steel and aluminum with ornamentation hearkening to the Mannerist   style.  the roof was ornamented with seven large, painted aluminum   acroteria  designed by Kent Bloomer with owl figures by Raymond Kaskey .

23. Detailed exterior elements Elevation at western face

24. Interior :- All public doors lead to the lobby. The corridor goes east then south then west and opens south to the lobby. The lower level houses the Cindy  Pritzker  Auditorium, Multi-Purpose Room and Exhibit Hall. The central lobby is two stories tall. On the east side, the Popular Library is housed. The second floor houses the Thomas Hughes Children’s library . Plan of Harold Washington library

25. Neue Staatsgalerie The   Neue Staatsgalerie  in Stuttgart, Germany, was designed by the British firm James Stirling, Michael Wilford and Associates, although largely accredited solely to partner James Stirling. The building has been claimed as the  epitome  of Post-modernism. It was constructed in the 1970s and opened to the public in 1984. The building incorporates warm, natural elements of travertine and sandstone in classical forms, to contrast with the industrial pieces of green steel framing system and the bright pink and blue steel handrails.  The building's most prominent feature is a central open-top rotunda. This outdoor, enclosed space houses the sculpture garden. It is circumvented by a public footpath and ramp that leads pedestrians through the site. This feature allows the public to reach the higher elevation behind the museum from the lower front of the building's main face.

26. Side views of Neue Staatsgalerie 3D view of Neue Staatsgalerie

27. Plan of Neue Staatsgalerie Ground Floor First Floor

28. UTOPIAN IDEAS

29. Utopia is derived form two Greek terms ‘ ou ’ – meaning ‘not’ or ‘no’ ‘ topos ’ – meaning ‘place’ no – place THE WORD WAS FIRST COINED BY SIR THOMAS MORE IN HIS BOOK ‘UTOPIA ’ IN 1516

30.  The built environment that we live in today was largely shaped by Modernism. The buildings we inhabit, the chairs we sit on, the graphic design that surrounds us have all been created by the aesthetics and the ideology of Modernist design.  Modernism was not conceived as a style but a loose collection of ideas. It was a term which covered a range of movements and styles that largely rejected history and applie`d ornament, and which embraced abstraction .  Modernists had a utopian desire to create a better world. They believed in technology as the key means to achieve social improvement and in the machine as a symbol of that aspiration.  All of these principles were frequently combined with social and political beliefs (largely left-leaning) which held that design and art could, and should, transform society.

31. Searching for utopia The carnage of the First World War led to widespread utopian fervour, a belief that the human condition could be healed by new approaches to art and design – more spiritual, more sensual, or more rational.  The desire to connect art and life led to a spirit of collaboration between artists and designers, with architects playing a leading role.   Focusing on the most basic elements of daily life – housing and furniture, domestic goods and clothes – they reinvented these forms for a new century.

32. Communist utopia The Russian Revolution of 1917 set out to build utopia . Art was to become part of everyday life, and technology was to be extended to its limits and beyond . Avant-garde architects and artists threw themselves into the collective effort. They evolved new theories and institutions, developed new types of buildings and produced all kinds of innovative propaganda .

33. Social utopia Designers and artists working from a socialist perspective believed that utopia could be achieved within existing social and economic structures . With new materials like glass, iron, and steel made available by the Industrial Revolution, modernist architects took to their drafting tables to imagine entirely new cities that supported utopian ideals and were devoid of the corrupted bourgeois sentiments often blamed for many of society's dilemmas . Some utopian visions focused on new technology, others on open, untouched landscapes, and still others were based on new social orders, but all were united under radically avant-garde and cutting-edge architecture.

34. Garden city- Core garden city principles: Strong community Ordered development Environmental quality These were to be achieved by : Unified ownership of land toprevent individual land. Speculation and maximizecommuntiy benefits. Careful planning to providegenerous  living and  workingspace while maintaining naturalqualities . Social mix and good communityfacilities . Limit to growth of each gardencity . Local participation in decisionabout development. The original Garden city  Conceptby ebenezer   howard , 1902

35. It is an ideal city industry isbalanced with agriculture,housing carefully distributed,and transport rationalised Along with brickfields, factories and markets are children’s cottage homes,industrial schools, convalescent homes, asylums for the blind and deaf, and even afarm for epileptics. This is a city for the strong and weak, and where the weak growin strength.

36. Le corbusier La ville contemporaine (Concentric city) 1922 -Three zones Central city Protected green belt Factories & satellite towns

37. Central city Rectangle containing two cross axial highways At its heart was a six-level transport interchange – centre for motor, rail lines ( underground and main-line railways) and roof of which is air-field 24 cruciform skyscrapers – 60 storeyed office building with density 1200 ppa and covers 5% of the ground Surrounding skyscrapers was apartment district – 8 storey buildings arranged in zigzag rows with broad openspaces with density of 120 people.

38. La ville radiuse (radiant city) Le corbusier rearranged the key features of the Ville Contemporaine . The basic ideas of free circulation and greenery were still present, but the just position of different land-uses had changed . For example, the central area was now residential instead of a skyscraper office core .

39. The skyscrapers (business area) of the Ville Contemporaine were rearranged away from the city center at the ‘head ’…The ‘body’ was made up of acres of housing strips laid out in a stepping plan to generate semi-courts and harbours of greenery containing tennis courts , playing fields and paths. Traffic pattern – an orthogonal system with super imposed diagonals & the civic center is on the main axis Light manufacturing, freight yards and heavy industries at the bottom

40. Through the 1920s and 1930s, modern “master” Le Corbusier experimented with a series of highly utopian urban planning concepts, stemming from his visions of an ideal city that hoped to reunite citizens with a highly ordered and open environment, elevating culture on a universal basis. In 1925, he proposed the "Plan Voisin ," an idealistic mega-project that called for the bulldozing of central Paris and replacing it with monolithic 60-story towers set within an organized street grid and ample green space. Corbusier believed the efficient plan could transform society by raising the standard of living for all socioeconomic levels, thus sparing the country another revolution. The plan was outright rejected.

41. Broadacre city frank lloyd wright A NEW FREEDOM FOR LIVING IN AMERICA An acre of ground minimum for the individual Boadacre City makes no changes in existing system of land surveys Has a single seat of government for each county Administration by radio and flight Architectural features determined by the character and topography of region No major and minor axis Plot - 2 miles square units of division One acre – 165 x 264 feet Four sector plan Sector a – sector b – sector c – sector d

42. No private ownership of public needs No land lord and tenant No ‘housing’. No subsistance homesteads No traffic problem. No back and forth haul No railroads. No street cars No grade crossings No poles. No wires in sight No ditches alongside roads No headlights. No light fixtures No glaring cement roads or walks No tall buildings except as isolated in parks No slums. No scum No public ownership of private needs

43. THE PLAN

44. MESA CITY Organic Architecture PAOLO SOLERI 1960 A QUEST FOR AN ENVIRONMENT IN HARMONY WITH MAN 1. Fragmented attempts to introduce corposity into the urban morphology, a phenomenon of the arcological concept 2. A preoccupation of the ecological aspect of every phenomenon on this planet, including the human phenomenon 3. The unequivocally stated conviction that the city is ultimately the most relevant aesthetic phenomenon on this earth and, consequently, that the characteristic genesis of the city is an act of creation, through the paths of discovery and invention PROJECT MESA CITY – regional development in west America The land is internationalized under a world government authority Thus the sheltering of man is based on his worth, not on his clan

45. THE PLAN A City for about 2000,000 Towns and villages of rural character, producing and processing foodstuffs and Their derivatives 3. Industrial complexes downstream of water reservoirs 4. Special structures intended as multipurpose social facilities, living and working. Their morphology is such as to capture and make use of cosmic energy – radiation, Winds, water, tides 5. A linear city developing along a man-made waterway 6. A connective network of roads, railroads and bridges 7. An ecological organization of nature within the new balance demanded by large Social aggregates Area – 10km x 35km Man made park – 150m to 200m wide and 15km long with dikes and lakes Main elements – man-made park, theological complex, a library-museum 34 villages of about 3000 people each Cluster of 5 villages around civic and shopping Each village – on a ground 1000m in dia with 200m-400m dia garden in center Farming ground outside – 200m – 400m for orchards and vegetables High density housing on both sides of the central man-made park 3 towers 1000m high at the south end – one for transit population, one for people Connected with learning complex and one is residence of the govt and its employees

46. 1970 ARCOSANTI Experimental town – 25 acres(0.1 sqkm ) Concept – ARCOLOGY which combines architecture and ecology City of future contained within single megastructure , and aiming to maximize social Benefits and minimum costs of land, energy and raw materials. Planned community for 5000 people in a single-structure solar-powered

47. Tange Kenzo The pursuit of new urbanism in Japan in the postwar period often took the form of utopian speculations that reflected currents of socio-ideological changes and diverse local conditions. This dissertation examines the issue of utopianism in contemporary urbanism through an investigation of the Japanese Metabolist movement, and in particular, Tange Kenzo's works of urban design in the 1960s . The utopian nature of Metabolism was manifested in Tange's seminal works during the 1960s: the Plan for Tokyo, Yamanashi Communications Center , the Redevelopment Plan for Skopje, and the Osaka Expo.  Serving as a polemical alternative to the official plans of Tokyo, this project posed itself to fundamentally transform its urban structure for the imminent arrival of a post-industrial age, and heralded the architect's later works

48. Plan for tokyo

49. The design was a radical plan for the reorganization and expansion of the capital in order to cater for a population beyond 10 million The design was for a linear city that used a series of nine kilometre modules that stretched 80 km across Tōkyō Bay from Ikebukuro in the north west to  Kisarazu  in the south east . The perimeter of each of the modules was organised into three levels of looping highways, as Tange was adamant that an efficient communication system would be the key to modern living. The modules themselves were organised into building zones and transport hubs and included office, government administration and retail districts as well as a new Tōkyō train station and highway links to other parts of Tōkyō . Residential areas were to be accommodated on parallel streets that ran perpendicular to the main linear axis and like the Boston Bay project, people would build their own houses within giant A-frame structures .  plan incorporated three elements both on the land and the sea and included a looped highway that connected all the  prefectures  around the bay .

50. Shizuoka Press and Broadcasting Tower

51. Expo '70 was a world's fair held in  Suita,Osaka , Japan between March 15 and September 13, 1970. The theme of the Expo was "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." In Japanese Expo '70 is often referred to as Ōsaka Banpaku . This was the first world's fair held in Japan. The master plan for the Expo was designed by the Japanese architect  Kenzo Tange  

52. YONA FRIEDMAN-spatial city The Spatial City is the most significant application of "mobile architecture". It is a spatial, three-dimensional structure raised up on piles which contains inhabited volumes, fitted inside some of the "voids", alternating with other unused volumes. It is designed on the basis of trihedral elements which operate as "neighbourhoods" where dwellings are freely distributed . This structure introduces a kind of merger between countryside and city and may span: - certain unavailable sites, - areas where building is not possible or permitted (expanses of water , marshland ), - areas that have already been built upon (an existing city), above farmland .  Raised plans increase the original area of the city becoming three-dimensional. The tiering of the spatial city on several independent levels, one on top of the other, determines "spatial town-planning" both from the functional and from the aesthetic viewpoint. The tiering of the spatial city on several independent levels, one on top of the other, determines "spatial town-planning" both from the functional and from the aesthetic viewpoint. 

53. The lower level may be earmarked for public life and for premises designed for community services as well as pedestrian areas. The piles contain the vertical means of transport (lifts, staircases ). The superposition of levels should make it possible to build a whole industrial city, or a residential or commercial city, on the same site. In this way, the Spatial City forms what Yona Friedman would call an "artificial topography ". This grid suspended in space outlines a new cartography of the terrain with the help of a continuous and indeterminate homogeneous network with a major positive outcome: this modular grid would authorize the limitless growth of the city . The spaces in this grid are rectangular and habitable modular "voids", with an average area of 25-35 square meters . Only one half of the spatial city would be occupied. The "fillings" which correspond to the dwellings only actually take up 50% of the three-dimensional lattice, permitting the light to spread freely in the spatial city. This introduction of elements on a three-dimensional grid with several levels on piles permits a changeable occupancy of the space by means of the convertibility of the forms and their adaptation to multiple uses.