Modes of intervention

This ppt contains all the information about the Modes of intervention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it

1. Modes of Intervention
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar
Assistant Professor
Department Of Swasthavritta& Yoga
1

2. Intervention
Definition-Anyattempttointerveneor
interrupttheusualsequenceinthe
developmentofdiseaseinman.
Thismaybebytheprovisionoftreatment,
education,helporsocialsupport.
2Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

3. Modes of intervention
1.Health promotion
2.Specific protection
3.Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
4.Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
3
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

4. 1. Health promotion
Definition-“Theprocessofenablingpeopleto
increasecontrolover,andtoimprove
health”.
Itisnotdirectedagainstanyparticulardisease,
butisintendedtostrengthenthehostthrougha
varietyofapproaches(intervention).
4Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

5. The well known intervention under health
promotion are -
1.Health Education
2.Environmental modifications
3.Nutritional interventions
4.Lifestyle and behavioral changes
5Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

6. Health promotion
1.Healtheducation:
Itiscosteffectiveapproach.
Largenumberofdiseasescanbeprevented
withlittleornomedicalinterventionif
peopleareinformedandencouragedto
takenecessaryprecautionsagainst
thesediseases.
6Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

7. WHO constitutionstatesthat–the
extensiontoallpeopleofthebenefitsof
medical,psychologicalandrelated
knowledgeisessentialtothefullest
attainmentofhealth.
Thetargetgroupsforeducational
effortsmayincludegeneralpublic,patients,
healthproviders,communityleadersand
decisionmakers.
7Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

8. Health promotion
2.Environmentalmodification
Provisionofsafewatersupply
Sanitarylatrinesinstallation
Insectandrodentcontrol
Improvementofhousing
Thehistoryofmedicineshownthat,many
infectiousdiseaseshavebeensuccessfully
controlledinwesterncountriesthrough
environmentalmodifications,evenpriortothe
developmentofspecificvaccinesor
chemotherapeuticdrug. 8
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

9. Health promotion
3. Nutritional interventions –
Itincludes-
a.Food distributionandnutritional
improvementofvulnerablegroups.
b.Properweaningpractices/childfeeding
programme.
c.Foodfortification
d.Nutritioneducation–balanceddiet
9Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

10. Health promotion
4.LifeStyleandbehavioralchanges-
Healtheducationisthebasicelementofall
healthactivity.
Itisofparamountimportanceinchangingthe
views,behaviorandhabitsofpeople.
Encouragephysicalactivity,hygieneandhealthy
lifestyles.
Discouragesmoking,physicalinactivity,
addiction.
Modifyingdietpatterns.
10
Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

11. 2. Specific protection
Toavoiddiseasealtogetheristheidealbut
thisispossibleonlyinalimitedmanner.
Currentlyavailableinterventionsincludes:
1.Immunization
2.Useofspecificnutrients
3.Chemoprophylaxis
4.Protectionagainstoccupationalhazards
11Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

12. 5.Protectionagainstaccidents.
6.Protectionfromcarcinogen.
7.Avoidanceofallergens.
8.Thecontrolofspecifichazardinthegeneral
environmentex.Airpollution,noisecontrol.
9.Controlofconsumerproductqualityand
safetyoffoods,drugs&cosmetics.
12Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

13. 3. Early diagnosis and prompt
treatment
WHOExpertCommitteein1973defined
earlydetectionofhealthdisordersas“the
detectionofdisturbancesofhomoeostatic
andcompensatory mechanism while
biochemical,morphologicalandfunctional
changesarestillreversible.”
Theearlierthediseaseisdiagnosed,andtreated
thebetteritisforprognosisofthecaseandinthe
preventionoftheoccurrenceofothersecondary
cases.
13Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

14. Early diagnosis-better prognosis, better prevention
of further occurrence of a disease / long term disability.
Screening
Contact Tracing
Individual exam (History, lab investigation)
Prompt treatment
1.Individual treatment
2.Mass treatment -Total mass T/M
Juvenile mass T/M
Selective mass T/M
14Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

15. 4. Disability limitation
Whenapatientreportlateinthe
pathogenesisphase,themodeof
interventionisdisabilitylimitation.
Objective:
Topreventorhaltthetransitionofthe
diseaseprocessfromimpairmentto
handicap.
15Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

16. Disability limitation
•The sequence of events leading to disability
and handicap-
Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap
16Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

17. a. Impairment
Impairmentis“anylossorabnormalityof
psychological,physiologicaloranatomical
structureorfunction.”
Ex.Lossoffoot,defectivevision,mentalretardation
Impairmentmaybe-
Visibleorinvisible
Temporaryorpermanent
Progressiveorregressive
17Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

18. Oneimpairmentmayleadtothedevelopment
ofsecondaryimpairment.
Ex.Leprosy
Primaryimpairment–damagetothenerves
Secondaryimpairment–plantarulcers
18Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

19. b. Disability
Inabilitytocarryoutcertainactivities
considerednormalforhisage,sexetc.
Definition-Disabilityis“anyrestrictionor
lackofabilitytoperformanactivityinthe
mannerorwithintherangeconsidered
normalforthehumanbeing.”
19Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

20. c. Handicap
Definition-Handicapisdefinedas-“a
disadvantageforagivenindividual,resulting
fromanimpairmentoradisability,thatlimits
orpreventsthefulfillmentofarolethatis
normal(dependingonage,sex,andsocialand
culturalfactors)forthatindividual.”
20Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

21. Concept of disability
•Accident example –
Accident –disease or disorder
Loss of foot –Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)
Can not walk –Disability
Unemployed -Handicap
21Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

22. 5. Rehabilitation
Definition-Itis“Thecombinedand
coordinateduseofmedical,social,educational
andvocationalmeasuresfortrainingand
retrainingtheindividualtothehighest
possibleleveloffunctionalability”.

22Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

23. Itincludesallmeasuresaimedat–
•Reducingtheimpactofdisablingand
handicappingconditionsand
•Enablingthedisabledandhandicappedto
achievesocialintegration
(Socialintegration-activeparticipationof
thedisabledandhandicappedpeoplein
themainstreamofcommunitylife.)
23Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

24. Rehabilitation
Medical
rehabilitation
Vocational
rehabilitation
Social
rehabilitation
Psychological
rehabilitation
24Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

25. Rehabilitation types
1.Medicalrehabilitation-restorationof
function.
2.Vocationalrehabilitation–restorationof
capacitytoearnalivelihood.
3.Socialrehabilitation–restorationoffamilyand
socialrelationship.
4.Psychologicalrehabilitation–restorationof
personaldignity&confidence.
25Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

26. Examples of rehabilitation -
Establishingschoolsforblind.
Provisionofaidsforthecrippled.
Reconstructivesurgeryinleprosy.
Musclereeducation&gradedexercisesin
neurologicaldisorderslikepolio.
Changeofprofession.
Modificationoflife.
Purpose of rehabilitation –To make productive
people out of non productive people.
26Dr. ShubhangiKshirsagar

27. 27

28. Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 28
Thank You