Module 1 - Basic Electricity and Equipments

Basic Electricity

1. Module 1 – Basic
Electrical Knowledge
Oct 2021

2. Module 1 – Discussion Topics
1.Basic Electrical Laws
2.Description of Electrical Equipment in a Typical Distribution and
Reticulation Network.
3.Interpreting Nameplate Data
4.Interpreting Equipment Manuals
5.Standard Electrical Calculations to Determine Equipment Ratings
6.Building Blocks of a Medium and Low Voltage Network.
7.Practical Session
8.Work Place Safety

3. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Ohms Law

4. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Impedance

5. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Reactance

6. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Equations




Losses Equation

7. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Equations
Resistor Circuit
E=RxI
Inductor Circuit

Capacitor Circuit

8. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Equations
Resistor Circuit
E=RxI
Inductor Circuit

Capacitor Circuit

9. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Factor

10. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Factor

11. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Factor

12. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Factor – Practical Example

13. Module 1 – Basic Electrical Laws
Power Factor – Practical Example

14. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Electrical Equipment - Generators
–Synchronous Generators (Dynamic Rotating Electric Machine)
•Steam Generators - Normally found where waste steam is available and used for base load or standby
•Hydro Plants - Waterfalls and large rivers and used for base load or standby.
•Gas Turbines - Generally used for peak-lopping or mobile applications.
•Diesel Engines - Most popular as standby plant.
–Asynchronous Generators
•Wind Turbines.
–Inverter Type
•Wind Turbines
•Solar PV
–Storage Systems
•Concentrated Solar
•BESS (Battery Energy Storage Systems)

15. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
–Synchronous Generators
•Can operate in Island mode
•Adjust Speed and Voltage levels for
variable loads
•Can be set as Variable and constant
power factor.
•Complex Synchronisation Control
Configuration (Voltage, Phase Angle,
Frequency)

16. Synchronous Generators

Capability Curve
Module 1 – Electrical Equipment

17. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Asynchronous
Generators
–Cannot operate in Island
mode
–Simple Synchronisation
Control Configuration –
Only Voltage
–Fix Power Factor.

18. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
Torque - Speed Curve

19. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Wind Turbines (DFIG)
–Cannot operate in Island
mode
–Simple Synchronisation
Control Configuration –
Only Voltage
–Fix Power Factor.

20. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Wind Turbine (Inverter Type)
–Cannot operate in Island
mode
–Electronic
Synchronisation Control
Configuration
–Variable Power Factor.

21. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Solar PV
–Cannot operate in Island
mode
–Electronic
Synchronisation Control
Configuration
–Variable Power Factor.
–Susceptible to Cloud
Movement

22. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
Solar PV
Electrical Equipment

23. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
Solar PV
•Need Spinning Reserve to
accommodate cloud movement

24. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
Concentrated Solar
•Temperature of fluid around 1000ᵒC
•Heat exchanger to heat water to
superheated steam.

•$5000-10000/kWe

25. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Electrical Equipment – Power Lines & Cables
–Different Type of Bare Conductor
•ACSR – Aluminium Conductor Steal Reinforced
•AAC – All Aluminium Conductor
•AAAC – All Aluminium Alloy Conductors Hydro Plants

ACSR AAR/AAAR

26. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Electrical Equipment – Power Lines

27. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Electrical Equipment – Power Lines & Cables
–Arial Bundle Conductor (ABC)
•German Design
•French Design

28. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
–Arial Bundle Conductor Line Materials

30. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment

31. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Transformers
–Distribution Transformer
–Power Transformer – Generator; High Voltage Switch Yard
–Losses:
•

Losses Parameter Distribution
Transformer
Power Transformer
No-Load Losses
Eddy Currents
Hysteresis
Low High
Load Losses – Copper Losses
Resistance of Cu Windings

High Low

32. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Transformers






•Vector Groupings: Dyn11; YNd5
Double Winding Transformer
Three Winding Transformer

33. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Transformers - Tapchanger






Double Winding Transformer
Three Winding Transformer

34. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Electrical Equipment – Transformers

Transformer Fault
Transformer Nameplate

35. Module 1 – Electrical Equipment
•Overload and Fault Current Calcultations


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36. Module 1 – Earthing Systems
•Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems
These have been designated in the IEE Regulations using the letters: T, N, C and S.
These letters stand for:
T - terre (French for earth) and meaning a direct connection to earth.
N - neutral
C - combined
S - separate.
When these letters are grouped, they form the classification of a type of system.

37. Module 1 – Earthing Systems
•Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems
TT SYSTEM
A TT system has a direct connection to
the supply source to earth and a
direct connection of the installation
metalwork to earth. An example
is an overhead line supply with earth
electrodes, and the mass of earth as a
return path as shown below.

38. Module 1 – Earthing Systems
•Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems
TN-S SYSTEM
A TN-S system has the supply
source directly connected to
earth, the installation
metalwork connected to the
neutral of the supply source via
the lead sheath of the supply cable, and
the neutral and protective conductors
throughout the whole system performing
Separate functions.
The resistance around the loop P-B-N-E should
be no more than 0.8 ohms.

39. Module 1 – Earthing Systems
•Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems
TN-S SYSTEM
A TN-C-S system is as the TN-S but the
supply cable sheath is also the neutral,
i.e. it forms a combined earth/neutral
conductor known as a PEN
(protective earthed neutral)
conductor.
The installation earth and neutral are
separate conductors.
This system is also known as PME
(protective multiple earthing).
The resistance around the P-B-N-N loop should be less than 0.35 ohms.

40. THE END