Module 1- Engl 152 Sentence and Paragraph Structure revised (5).pptx

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1. Module 1: The Sentence and the Paragraph Structure ENGS 152 Fundamentals of Speaking, Reading, and Writing English I

2. Description In this module you will review how to write complete sentences. You will also review English grammar and sentence construction: subjects, verbs, and objects.

3. Competencies

4. Objectives

5. Defining a Sentence A sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. Oxford Dictionary

6. Types of Sentences There are four types of sentences. A declarative makes a declaration or statement; it tells something. Example: My daughter likes to play the guitar. An interrogative sentence asks a question and has a special word order. Example: Does your daughter like to play the guitar? DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE

7. Types of Sentences An imperative sentence gives an instruction or makes a demand or request. When it is a direct order it may end with an exclamation mark and has the implied subject YOU . Example: Stop! Wait for me! Give me that! An exclamatory sentence shows a strong reaction or feeling such as curiosity, surprise, happiness, discontent, fury. It has a special word order and ends with an exclamation mark. Example: That’s great! Ouch! That’s terrible! IMPERATIVE EXCLAMATORY

8. Types of Sentences Example of sentences in English: Daniel likes college basketball and football. The weather in Washington was very cold last winter. Where were you born? Come here, please. Carla and Patricia are identical twins. Wait a minute! My father’s grandmother, who had six kids, died this year. Watch out!

9. The Parts of a Sentence A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a: subject (what the sentence is about) predicate (what is said about the subject) Examples: You speak English and Spanish excellently . Subject Predicate José and Luisa speak English to their children . Subject Predicate I like jazz and classical music . Subject Predicate

10. The Parts of a Sentence Note: The predicate always contains a verb and sometimes it is only a verb. Smoke rises . Subject Predicate There is only one exception to this -the imperative (when someone gives a command) which does not usually use a subject. It is obvious that the subject is YOU. Stop! Predicate Look out! Predicate

11. The Parts of a Sentence Sentences: always begin with a capital letter. may end with a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!). must have at least one main clause. Each main clause has an independent subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.

12. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Verb Tenses In English, the simple present tense is often called the “no time tense” because it is used to explain something that is true, or something done habitually or routinely. F or example , something that is generally accepted as a fact. Notice the verbs in these sentences from the paragraph, Chile and Brazil: These two co u ntries (they) also differ in population . The majority of people (they) in Chile speak Spanish

13. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Verb Tenses Verb Tense : The Simple Present changes according to the pronoun (he, she, it, they, we, you) that is used. Singular Plural 1st Person I speak We speak Italian. 2nd Person You speak You speak Italian. 3rd Person He/she/it speaks (The man/Susan) They speak Italian.

14. Simple Present Tense Watch the following YouTube video on the Simple Present Tense: Retrieved from https://youtu.be/AnrvGwUNdHA Please read the following pdf on the Simple Verb Tense: National Geographic Learning (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/grex1_su3.pdf

15. Grammar and Sentence Construction: Subjects, Verbs, and Objects Every sentence has a subject and verb in English. The subject is the person or thing that performs the action and it comes before the verb. Example: Lucas Rivera plays the piano. He practices the piano everyday. Lucas likes classical music a lot. He goes to piano class every Saturday.

16. Grammar and Sentence Construction: Subjects, Verbs, and Objects Every sentence has a subject and verb in English. The verb is usually the action word in the sentence and comes after the subject. Example: Lucas Rivera plays the piano. He practices the piano everyday. Lucas likes classical music a lot. He goes to piano class every Saturday.

17. Grammar and Sentence Construction: Subjects, Verbs, and Objects A sentence without a subject, verb, or a complete thought is called a fragment . Incorrect: Joe is my friend. Works at a restaurant in Caguas. María and Franco are best friends. Study at the university. Correct: Joe is my friend. He works at a restaurant in Caguas. María and Franco are best friends. They study at the university.

18. Subject-Verb Agreement In a sentence the subject must agree with its verb. Use the singular verb form if the subject is singular and the plural form of the verb if the subject is plural. Subject-Verb Agreement in the Present Tense If the subject is a singular noun, the agreeing verb must end in – s or - es Alice dances every Saturday. My father reads the newspaper early every morning. He eats healthy foods and fruits. If the subject is a plural noun, the agreeing verb does not change. Alice and Diana dance every Saturday. My parents read the newspaper early every morning. They eat healthy foods and fruits. If the subject is the pronoun I or you , the agreeing verb does not change. I dance every Saturday. You eat healthy foods and fruits.

19. Subject-Verb Agreement and Irregular Verbs With irregular verbs sometimes subject-verb agreement is confusing. When irregular verbs change tense, they change forms. Regular verbs that change from the present to the past tense require an addition of –ed: play changes to played . However, the irregular verbs have changes depending on the subject. Example: The verb be has five main forms (am, is, are, was, were) Singular Subject Present Tense Singular Subject Past Tense Plural Subject Present Tense Plural Subject Past Tense I am I was We are We were You are You were You are You were He is She is It is He was She was It was They are They were

20. Sentences with There+Be In English, when we want to say that something exists, we use the following sentence structure: There is a wallet on the desk. There are thirty students enrolled in the Spanish course. There was a meeting yesterday afternoon. There were many new students at the university this semester.

21. Capitalization and Punctuation Sentences in paragraphs begin with a capital letter. The names of countries, geographical areas, nationalities, and proper nouns are capitalized. Declarative sentences end in a period. The following sentences have been capitalized correctly along with end punctuation: the geography of the country of turkey is unique ( Inc T he geography of the country of T urkey is unique . 2. the asian part is much larger than the european part T he A sian part is much larger than the E uropean part . turkey has coasts on the mediterranean sea and the black sea T urkey has coasts on the M editerranean S ea and the B lack S ea . the eight countries that shate a border with turkey are armenia, azerbaijan, bulgaria, georgia, greece, iran, iraq, and syria T he eight countries that share a border with T urkey are A rmenia, A zerbaijan, B ulgaria, G eorgia, G reece, I ran, I raq, and S yria .

22. Capitalization and Punctuation Sentences in paragraphs begin with a capital letter. The names of countries, geographical areas, nationalities, and proper nouns are capitalized. Declarative sentences end in a period. The following sentences have been capitalized correctly along with end punctuation : the geography of the country of turkey is unique ( Inc T he geography of the country of T urkey is unique . 2. the asian part is much larger than the european part T he A sian part is much larger than the E uropean part . turkey has coasts on the mediterranean sea and the black sea T urkey has coasts on the M editerranean S ea and the B lack S ea . the eight countries that shate a border with turkey are armenia, azerbaijan , bulgaria , georgia , greece , iran , iraq , and syria T he eight countries that share a border with T urkey are A rmenia, A zerbaijan , B ulgaria, G eorgia, G reece , I ran , I raq, and S yria .

23. Closing Activity: The Sentence Review 1. Clear sentences are the basic building blocks of good paragraphs and essays. 2. Sentences in English always: begin with a capital letter end with a period (.), question mark (?), or exclamation point (!) have a subject and a verb 3. In a sentence the subject must agree with its verb. 4. A sentence without a subject, verb, or complete sentence is called a fragment . 5. When we want to say something exists, we use: there is , there are, there was, there were *Remember that as you write, you can always return to look at the material again.

24. Congratulations! You have completed the first part of Module1: The Sentence Structure. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

25. Paragraph Structure: Description In the second part of Module 1, you will study the four features of the paragraph, simple verb tenses, and writing mechanics. You will also identify and analyze main ideas, supporting details, and conclusions in readings.

26. Competencies Communication Understand, interpret, and express ideas coherently and correctly in paragraphs. Critical Thinking Analyze different parts (topic sentence, supporting details, conclusion) of paragraphs

27. Objectives Upon the completion of this part of Module 1, students will: identify the four features of the paragraph: indentation, topic sentence with the main idea, relevant sentences to the topic, and concluding sentence. use simple verb tenses. practice capitalization and punctuation. analyze main ideas, supporting details, and conclusions in readings.

28. What is a Paragraph? A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic or idea. In order for a paragraph to be effective, it must begin with a topic sentence, have sentences that support the main idea of that paragraph, and maintain a consistent flow. Letter word sentence PARAGRAPH essay Access the following YouTube video through the following link to review the paragraph structure: What is a Paragraph? https://youtu.be/JQRoAiVyR0k

29. Developing a Paragraph A topic sentence may be developed by: Click on the following link to access the Power Point Presentation on The Paragraph: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ppt/paragraph.pps giving details giving examples telling an incident

30. Four Features of the Paragraph The first line of a paragraph is indented. A paragraph has a topic sentence that states the main idea. All the sentences in a paragraph are about one topic. The last sentence, or concluding sentence usually states the main point again or summarizes the main idea of the paragraph.

31. Access the following YouTube videos through the following links: https://youtu.be/NLzKqujmdGk https://youtu.be/mHX54ERt0fk Let’s review the paragraph structure!

32. Parts of the Paragraph: Indentation The first line of a paragraph should always be indented about six spaces or the first tab on a keyboard. This space before the first sentence is called indentation. Example of indentation in a paragraph: _____Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the most indestructible of pests.

33. Parts of the Paragraph: Topic Sentence A topic sentence expresses a complete thought and is stated in one sentence. The topic sentence is usually located at the beginning and is the foundation for the paragraph. This is the topic sentence. Indestructible Pests Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to destroy them . We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the most indestructible of pests.

34. Sample Topic Sentences

35. Watch the following YouTube videos about Topic Sentences :

36. Developing the Main Idea of the Paragraph: Supporting Sentences

37. Example of Supporting Sentences Chile and Brazil Chile and Brazil are two important countries in South America. Although they are near each other, they are very different in geography, population, and language. The easiest difference to see is in geography. Brazil is the largest nation in South America and takes up almost half of the entire South American continent. Brazil is so large that it shares a border with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. In contrast, Chile is a very narrow country along the Pacific coast of South America. The widest point in this long country is only 160 miles (258 kilometers). These two countries also differ in population. Brazil is home to almost 200 million people, but only about 17 million live in Chile. Finally, these two countries differ in national languages. Like most countries in South America, the majority of people in Chile speak Spanish. In Brazil, however, the most commonly known language is Portuguese because the Portuguese settled in Brazil in 1500. These three differences make these countries extremely interesting.  

38. The Concluding Sentence The last sentence usually states the main point again or summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Often a key word or phrase from the topic sentence appears in the concluding sentence. In addition, it can offer a suggestion, an opinion, or a prediction. Indestructible Pests Through the centuries, rats have managed to survive all our efforts to destroy them. We have poisoned them and trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded , and burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted after World War II. In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of ours continue to prove that they are the most indestructible of pests.

39. Example of Concluding Sentence Chile and Brazil Chile and Brazil are two important countries in South America. Although they are near each other, they are very different in geography, population, and language. The easiest difference to see is in geography. Brazil is the largest nation in South America and takes up almost half of the entire South American continent. Brazil is so large that it shares a border with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador. In contrast, Chile is a very narrow country along the Pacific coast of South America. The widest point in this long country is only 160 miles (258 kilometers). These two countries also differ in population. Brazil is home to almost 200 million people, but only about 17 million live in Chile. Finally, these two countries differ in national languages. Like most countries in South America, the majority of people in Chile speak Spanish. In Brazil, however, the most commonly known language is Portuguese because the Portuguese settled in Brazil in 1500. These three differences make these countries extremely interesting.  

40. Review A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic or idea. A paragraph has: 1. Topic sentence 2. Supporting sentences 3. Concluding sentence The four features of the paragraph are: 1. First line is indented. 2. It has a topic sentence with the main idea. 3. All of the sentences relate to the topic. 4. The last sentence restates the main idea.

41. Activity 1.0-Discussion Board Writing Task: Getting to Know You I would like to know a little about you, so please answer the following questions in complete sentences. Remember to carefully review Module 1 which provides exercises on writing correct sentences in English. What is your name and where are you from? Where do you study? What year are you in? What are you studying? What things do you like to do during your free time?

42. Tasks/Assignments Activity/Tasks 1.1. Provide correct capitalization and end punctuation for the following sentences: (10pts) on Sunday, I will see the movie, star wars and eat at chili’s. she is from orlando , Florida. Hurricane maria was formed in the atlantic ocean on the route from Africa. Mike and sylvia visited central park in new york . The tallest mountain in the world is mount Everest. People from Brazil are called brazilians and speak portuguese .

43. Tasks/Assignments Activity/Tasks 1.2 If the sentence has correct capitalization, choose(C) and (I) if it has incorrect capitalization. (10pts) 1. ___c__ Big Ben of London is a clock. 2. ___i__ I drove east to the city and turned north. 3. ___i__ My family supports the American cancer society. 4. ___c__ Yellowstone National Park is a great Park. 5. ___c__ I work for the New York Times. 6. ___i__ She is a republican and proud of it. 7. ___i__ The Emancipation proclamation was issued in 1862. 8. ___c__ Buddhists have been around a very long time. 9. ___i__ The Sidney Opera House is a gorgeous building. 10.__c__ The Bronze Age lasted for several thousand years.  

44. Tasks/Assignments Activity/Tasks 1.3 Read the following paragraph and answer the questions: Reasons for Not Voting Although voting is one of the main ways that people of a country can participate in their future, some citizens choose not to vote. Some people decide not to vote because they think that their one vote will not matter. Other people do not vote because they are not interested in politics. Another reason that some people choose not to vote is that they do not know a lot about history and global issues. Finally, in some elections, people choose not to vote because they do not like any of the candidates in the election. People’s reasons for not voting vary considerably.

45. Tasks/Assignments Activity/Tasks 1.3 (10pts) 1. After reading the paragraph titled: Reasons for not Voting , indicate what is its topic sentence (main subject and controlling idea) __________________________________________________________ 2. In the paragraph, one sentence is not directly related to the topic. Write the sentence that is not related to the topic. ___________________________________________________________ 3. Mention the three reasons why many people do not vote. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

46. References Folse, K.S., Muchmore-Vokoun, A., Vestri Solomon, E. (2014). Great Writing 2: Great Paragraphs. (4th ed.). National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning: Boston, MA . ---. ( 2005). Great Sentences for Great Paragraphs. (2 nd ed.) Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston, MA.

47. You tube video What is a Sentence? Grammar Monster. Retrieved from http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/sentences.htm Sentence Fragments. (Nov. 15, 2002). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/r-Wcr4Wgf7U How To: Fragments or Complete Sentences. (Feb. 1, 2017). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/cWp79M9ewWY How to Write Complete Sentences. (May 1, 2014). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ8faQgi6UE Howcast.com (May 1, 2014). How to Write a Complete Sentence. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ8faQgi6UE

48. Electronic References The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/fragments-and-run-ons/ Brawdy, Sarah. (2014, August 18). 4 Types of Sentences. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/pf9LWnnADzw Aboutyourenglish.com. (2010, August 29). Parts of the Sentence . Retrieved from https://youtu.be/CRcApYRzoqE

49. Electronic References Khan Academy. (2016, August 26). Recognizing Sentence Fragments. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/xpoZBnXHg3E mmmEnglish. (2017, October 16). Subject-Verb Agreement: Common Errors. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/LfJPA8GwTdk Daily English. (2016, September 27). List of Irregular Verbs . Retrieved from https://youtu.be/a7InhLXLPfc Espresso English. (2017, December 17). Irregular Verbs in English: Learn English Verbs. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/4zhFJlCAbGU

50. Electronic References ESOL and English Teacher. (2017, April 9). Paragraphs Part 1: What is a Paragraph ? Retrieved from https://youtu.be/JQRoAiVyR0k Writing Tutorial Services. Paragraphs & Topic Sentences . Retrieved from https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topicsentences.html Murrillo, P. (2008, October 15). What is a Paragraph? Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/Prof_Pat_Muri/what-is-a-paragraph-presentation

51. Electronic References Smart English. (2012, November 15). Paragraph Structure. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/NLzKqujmdGk Wilcox, B. (2017, September 12). Paragraphs: Parts of a Paragraph . Retrieved from https://youtu.be/mHX54ERt0fk Avatar Institute of English. (2017, August 10). How to Write a Good Paragraph . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1J9ZPVydrc&feature=youtu.be Extra English Practice. (2017, June 5). Basic Grammar: Simple Present Tense . Retrieved from https://youtu.be/AnrvGwUNdHA Capital Community College. The Paragraph PPT. Retrieved from http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ppt/paragraph.pps National Geographic Learning (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/grex1_su3.pdf