Module 1 Introduction_disaster Hazard Risk Vulnerability.pdf

What is disaster? Risk and vulnerability, disaster sub groups, types of disaster

1. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Introduction:
(Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk
Disaster Management ( 3160622)
Sem - VI
KeyurNagecha
Department of Civil Engineering
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

2. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
World map of Risk 2023

3. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Natural disaster impacts by disaster sub-group: 2015 versus
2005-2014 annual average

4. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
What is Disaster?
•A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing
widespread human, material, or environmental losses which
exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own
resources
•The United Nation defines disaster as “the occurrence of a sudden
or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal
functioning of a society (community).”

5. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
What is Disaster?
•As per Disaster Management Act, 2005
–“Disaster” means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave
occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or
by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or
human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or
damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or
magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of
the affected area

6. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
What is Disaster?
•A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable
population and causes damage, casualties and disruption.
•Any hazard -flood, earthquake or cyclone which is a triggering
event along with greater vulnerability (inadequate access to
resources, sick and old people, lack of awareness etc.) would lead
to disaster causing greater loss of life and property.
–For example, an earthquake in an inhabited desert cannot be
considered a disaster, no matter how strong the intensities produced.

7. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
What is Disaster?
–An earthquake is disastrous only when it affects people, their
properties and activities.
–Thus, disaster occurs only when hazards and vulnerability meet.

8. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
What is Disaster?
•With greater capacity of the individual/ community and
environment to face these disasters, the impact of a hazard
reduces.
•three major components of understanding disaster management
–hazard,
–vulnerability and
–capacity

9. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•Underlying Causes:
•Limited access to resources
•Illness and disabilities
•Age / sex
•Poverty
•….
•Dynamic Pressure
•Lack of
•Institutions
•Education
•Training
•Skills
•Population
•Expansion
•Urbanisation
•Uncontrolled
development
•Environmental
degradation
•……
•Unsafe conditions
•Dangerous location
•Dangerous buildings
•Low income level
•Lack of
maintenance
•…..
•Triggered Event
•Earthquake
•Tsunamis
•Floods
•Cyclones
•Volcanic eruptions
•Drought
•Landslides
•War
•Technological accidents
•Environmental
Pollution
•…..

10. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
•Natural Disasters
•Triggered by natural
phenomena
•Act of GOD
•Unpredictable &
Unpreventable
•Earthquake, Floods, Cyclones,
Landslides, Tsunamis,
Draughts etc..
•Only nature is not to be
blamed
•Human endeavours are a
major contributor
•Manmade Disasters
•Triggered by Man made
hazards
•Two categories
•War & civil strife
•Technological Disasters
•Building collapse, urban fire,
road and rail accidents, serial
bomb blasts, nuclear disaster,
radiological disaster,
chemical disaster, biological
disaster etc….

11. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Vs Accident
•Accident Smaller
magnitude
•Disaster magnitude of
need and victims
involved are very large

12. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster subgroups

13. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•High Powered Committee (HPC) identified 32 disasters in the
country, categorized into five subgroups:
–1. Water and Climate related disasters.
–2. Geologically related disasters.
–3. Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear related disasters.
–4. Accident-related disasters.
–5. Biologically related disasters.

14. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•1. Water and
Climate related
disasters.
–1. Floods
–2. Cyclones
–3. Tornadoes
–4. Hailstorm
–5. Cloud Burst
–6. Heat Wave
and Cold Wave
–7. Snow
Avalanches
–8. Droughts
–9. Sea Erosion
–10. Thunder
and Lightning
–11. Tsunami

15. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•2. Geologically related disasters.
–1. Landslides and Mudflows
–2. Earthquakes
–3. Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts
–4. Mine Fires

16. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•3. Chemical, Industrial & Nuclear
related disasters.
–1. Chemical and Industrial Disasters
–2. Nuclear Disasters

17. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•4. Accident-related
disasters.
–1. Forest Fires
–2. Urban Fires
–3. Mine Flooding
–4. Oil Spill
–5. Major Building
Collapse
–6. Serial Bomb Blasts
–7. Festival related
disasters
–8. Electrical Disasters
and Fires
–9. Air, Road and Rail
Accidents
–10. Boat Capsizing
–11. Village Fire

18. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Disasters as per H.P.C.
•5. Biologically related disasters.
–1. Biological Disasters and
Epidemics
–2. Pest Attacks
–3. Cattle Epidemics
–4. Food Poisoning

19. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Hazard
•A rare or extreme natural event that threatens to adversely affect
human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster
•or
•Potentially damaging events loss of life/injury, Property damage
social and economic disruption Environmental degradation
•Examples are heavy rainfall, Earthquake, landslide, Forest fire,
Tsunami etc…..

20. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Hazard
•A natural hazard pertains “to a natural phenomenon which occurs
in proximity and poses a threat to people, structures and economic
assets caused by biological, geological, seismic, hydrological or
meteorological conditions or processes in the natural
environment.”

21. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Hazard
•There are four types of hazardous events that put societies at risk:
–1. Those based in nature: earthquake, droughts, floods, etc.
–2. Those based in violence: war, armed conflict, physical assaults, etc.
–3. Those based in deterioration: environmental degradation declining
health, education and other social services.
–4. Those based in failing industrialized society: fire, gas leakage,
transport collisions, etc.

22. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Hazard
•The extent of damage from a disaster depends on:
–1. The impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenon, and
–2. How people, environment and infrastructure are affected by that
phenomenon
•The relationship between hazard and vulnerability is best
represented as an equation:
•Hazard> Disaster< Vulnerability
•Or
•Disaster Risk =Hazard +Vulnerability

23. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
•Natural Hazards
•Triggered by natural
phenomena
•Act of GOD
•Unpredictable &
Unpreventable
•Earthquake, Floods, Cyclones,
Landslides, Tsunamis,
Draughts etc..
•Only nature is not to be
blamed
•Human endeavours are a
major contributor
•Manmade Hazards
•Triggered by Man made
•Associated with industries or
energy generation facilities
•Wars, Civil Strife, Building
collapse, Dam failure, urban
fire, road and rail accidents,
serial bomb blasts, nuclear
disaster, radiological disaster,
chemical disaster, biological
disaster etc….

24. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Hazards
•Classification of Hazards on the basis of their genesis:
–1. Geological Hazards
•Earthquake
•Tsunami
•Volcanic eruption
•Landslide
•Dam burst
•Mine Fire

25. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Hazards
–2. Water and Climate Hazards
•Tropical cyclone
•Tornado and Hurricane
•Floods
•Droughts
•Hailstorm
•Cloud bursts
•Land slide
•Heat and Cold wave
•Snow avalanche
•Sea erosion

26. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Hazards
–3. Environmental Hazards
•Environmental pollutions
•Deforestation
•Desertification
•Pest Infections
–4. Biological
•Human / Animal Epidemics
•Pest attacks
•Food Poisoning
•Biological warfares

27. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Hazards
–5. Chemical, Industrial and Nuclear accidents
•Chemical disasters
•Industrial disasters
•Oil spills
•Fires
•Nuclear disasters

28. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Types of Hazards
–6. Accident related
•Boat / Road / Train / Air crash
•Rural / Urban Fires
•Bomb Blasts
•Forest fires
•Building collapse
•Electric accidents
•Festival related accidents
•Mine flooding etc.

29. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•The extent to which a community, structure, service or
geographical area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the
impact of particular hazard, on the account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone
area
•OR
•The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard,

30. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•Indian sub-continent is amongst the world’s most disaster
vulnerable areas with:
–59% area to earthquake.
–28% to drought.
–8% to cyclones and
–12% to floods.
–25% to landslides
–50% forest area prone to forest fire

31. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various
physical, social, economical and environmental factors. Examples
may include;
–Poor design and construction of buildings
–Inadequate protection of assets
–Lack of public information and awareness
–Limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures.
–Disregard for wise environmental management

32. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
Exposure to
HAZARD
Capacity to Cope
Low
Vulnerability
Low
Vulnerability
High
Low
High Low

33. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
Exposure to
HAZARD
Capacity to Cope
Low
Vulnerability
High
Vulnerability
Low
Vulnerability
Very low
Vulnerability
High
Low
High Low

34. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•Vulnerability = HAZARD X Capacity of Society to Cope
•Factors considered for vulnerability
–Impact on human life
–Effect of environment
–Damage to property/structure

35. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•Types of Vulnerability
–1. Physical Vulnerability
–2. Socio –Economic Vulnerability

36. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•1. Physical Vulnerability
–It includes notions of who and what may be damaged or destroyed
by natural hazard such as earth-quakes or floods.
–It is based on the physical condition of people and elements at risk,
such as buildings, infrastructure etc. and their proximity, location and
nature of the hazard.
–It also relates to the technical capability of building and structures to
resist the forces acting upon them during a hazard event

37. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability

38. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
Dar es salaam Tanzania slums – Flood Hazard

39. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
Multi-Storey Building Collapse in Shimla Puts Question Mark on
Town Planning and Construction Laws

40. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
–Physical vulnerability cont….
–Unchecked growth of settlements in unsafe areas exposes the people
to the hazard.
–In case of an earthquake or landslide the ground may fail and the
houses on the top may topple or slide and affect the settlements at
the lower level even if they are designed well for earthquake forces

41. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
•2. Socio economic Vulnerability:
–The degree to which a population is affected by a hazard will not
merely lie in the physical components of vulnerability, but also on the
socio-economic conditions.
–The socio-economic condition of the people also determines the
intensity of the impact.
–For example, people who are poor and living in the seacoast don’t
have the money to construct strong concrete houses.
–They are generally at risk and loose their shelters whenever there is
strong wind or cyclone.

42. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability
Tapi river flood - SuratSlum Settlement on the bank of the river

43. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•1. Support Infrastructure
•2 Habitat or Building sector
•3. Demographic pressure
•4. Deforestation
•5. Faulty agricultural practices
•6. Dams and reservoirs
•7. Climate change
•8. Industrialization and Urbanization

44. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•1. Support Infrastructure
–Roads, Railways, Telecommunications, Power supply etc.
–These are vital for quick response and recovery of the affected area,
which is most vulnerable to damages.
–They remain out of action for long duration mainly due to lack of
maintenance and repairs,

45. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•2. Habitat or Building sector:
–Important factor contributing to vulnerability.
–Noncompliance of IS codes
–Haphazard construction
–Not following building byelaws
–Poor construction quality
–Unskilled labour.
–Etc..

46. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•3. Demographic Pressure:
–increase in population build up pressure other development works
–unhygienic conditions
–Poor living standards
–Slum areas, etc

47. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•4. Deforestation:
–Deforestation will result in weakening of soil binding forces
–Soil erosion
–Landslides
–Floods
–Droughts
–Loss of wild life etc.

48. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•5. Faulty agricultural practices:
–Jhoomingcultivation (burning the forest for agriculture)
–extra use of pesticide
–use of chemical fertilizers
–over grazing

49. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•6. Dams and reservoirs:
–Construction of dams of more height affect the ecology
–Forest area and agricultural area go under submergence.
–possibility of earthquakes
–Dam failure may cause destruction (flooding)

50. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•7. Climate Change:
–Global warming
–Rise in sea level
–Acid rains, etc.

51. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Contributing Factors to Vulnerability
•8. Industrialization and urbanization:
–Increased Pollution levels (Air, Water and Land)
–Congested townships
–Increases in urban areas
–Housing shortage
–Traffic congestion.
–more chances of accidents, etc.

52. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•India has been vulnerable, in varying
degree, to a large number of natural
as well as man-made disasters on
account of its unique geo-climatic
and socio-economic conditions.
•It is highly vulnerable to floods,
droughts, cyclones, earthquakes,
land slides, avalanches and forest
fires

53. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•Out of 35 states and union territories
in the country, 27 of them are disaster
prone.
•Almost 59% of the land area is
vulnerable to earthquakes.
•12% land area is prone to floods and
river erosion.

54. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•8% land area is prone to cyclones.
•of the 7516 km long coastline, close to
5700 km is prone to cyclones and
tsunamis.
•68% of the cultivable area is
vulnerable to drought.
•Hilly areas are at risk from landslides
and avalanches.

55. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•About 25% of the total geographical
area of India is prone to land slides.
•Brahmaputra and Gangetic basins
are most flood prone areas.

56. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•North-West region of west flowing
rivers -Krishna, Caveryand
Mahanadi -are other flood prone
areas.
•Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, West Bengal and
Pondicherry on east coast and
Gujarat on the west coast are more
prone to cyclones.

57. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•Cyclones occur in the months of
May-June and October -November
with their primary peaks in
November and secondary peaks in
May
•Entire Himalayas, Northeastern
region, Western ghats are
perennially affected by land slides.

58. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Vulnerability profile of India :
•68% of the cultivated area in the
country is vulnerable to draught
–Out of this 33% is chronically
drought prone, receiving rainfall
less than 750 mm per annum.
–35% drought prone area receives
rain fall between 750 –1125 mm
per annum.

59. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Risk
•The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses
(deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted
or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between
natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions is
known as risk
•It is a combination of the probability of an event and its negative
consequences.
•RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY

60. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Risk
•Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event
occuringin a given area over a specific time period.
•The level of risk depends upon :
–Nature of the hazard
–Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
–Economic value of those elements
•A community/locality is said to be at risk when it is exposed to
hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by its impact

61. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Risk
•he word “risk” has two distinctive connotations:
–in popular usage
•chance or possibility, such as in the risk of an accident
–technical settings
•consequences in terms of “potential losses” for some particular cause
place and period.
•It can be noted that people do not necessarily share the same
perceptions of the significance and underlying causes of different
risks

62. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Risk Management
•Risk management.
–The systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainty to
minimize potential harm and loss is called Risk management.
–It comprises risk assessment and analysis, and the implementation
of strategies and specific actions to control, reduce and transfer risks.

63. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Risk Management
•It is widely practiced by organizations to minimize risk in
investment decisions and to address operational risks such as those
of business disruption, production failure, environmental damage,
social impacts and damage from fire and natural hazards.
•Risk management is a core issue sectors such as water supply,
energy and agriculture whose production is directly affected by
extremes of weather and climate

64. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction
•The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
systematic efforts to analyze and manage the casual factors of
disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and
the environment and improved preparedness for adverse events, is
termed as disaster risk reduction.

65. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction
•Disaster risk reduction consists of the following components
–(a) Disaster risk analysis
–(b) Disaster risk prevention
–(c) Disaster risk preparedness

66. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 1.Risk assessment / Analysis
•Risk assessment / analysis
–A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by
analyzing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of
vulnerability that could pose a potential threat or harm to the
people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they
depend.

67. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 1.Risk assessment / Analysis
•It includes
–A review of (ho technical characteristics of hazards such as their
location, intensity, frequency and probability.
–.The analysis of exposure and vulnerability including the physical
social, health, economic and environmental dimensions.
–Evaluation of the effectiveness of prevailing and alternative coping
capacities in respect to likely risk scenarios

68. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 1.Risk assessment / Analysis
•Risk assessment methodology
–Step1: Consider the hazards
–Step2: Identify elements at risk and assess their vulnerabilities
–Step 3: Evaluate the risks.
–Step 4: Record your findings.
–Step 5: Review your assessment periodically.

69. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 2. Prevention & Mitigation
•Mitigation and prevention efforts aim to reduce the potential
damage and suffering that disasters can cause.
•While disaster management cannot prevent disasters, it can
prevent them from becoming compounded as a result of neglecting
causal factors and manageable risks.
•Mitigation specifically refers to actions taken that can lessen the
severity of a disaster’s impact.
•Investing in measures that limit hazards can greatly reduce the
burden of disasters.

70. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 2. Prevention & Mitigation
•Strategies that disaster management professionals implement to
protect vulnerable communities and limit hazards include the
following:
–Raising awareness about potential hazards and how to address them
–Educating the public about how to properly prepare for different
types of disaster
–Installing and strengthening prediction and warning systems

71. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 2. Prevention & Mitigation
•Managing hazards and risks means planning to minimize a
community’s vulnerability to disasters. This can involve:
–Encouraging community members to buy appropriate insurance to
protect their properties and belongings
–Educating families and businesses on how to create effective disaster
plans

72. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 2. Prevention & Mitigation
–Promoting the use of fire-retardant materials in construction
–Advocating for capital works initiatives, such as the construction and
maintenance of levees
–Building partnerships between sectors and agencies at the federal,
state, and local levels to collaborate on mitigation projects

73. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 3. Risk preparedness
•This protective process embraces measures which enable government,
communities and individual to respond rapidly to disaster situations to
cope with them effectively.
•Preparedness includes
–the formulation of viable emergency plans
–the development of warning systems,
–the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel.
–It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation
plans for areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster.

74. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Risk Reduction: 3. Risk preparedness
•Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before
a disaster event which are aimed at minimisingloss of life,
disruption of critical services, and damage when the disaster occurs

75. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public awareness in Risk Reduction
•Public awareness can be created by
–Teaching disaster management subject at school as well as college
level.
–Arranging seminars and workshops on disaster risk reduction.
–through training programs.
–Programs on television and radios.

76. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public awareness in Risk Reduction
–Publishing ‘dos’ and ‘don'ts’ during disaster.
–involving people in the disaster management programs.
–literate people about possible risks of disasters.
–Arranging “mock drill” for rescue operation.
–Involving local bodies, NGOs in the disaster management programs.

77. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public Awareness Programs
•Awareness about building construction :
–People should be aware of good quality construction, earthquake
resistant construction so that failure of structure during earthquake
can be prevented.
–good quality materials
–good workmanship
–compliance of IS codes
–following building bye-laws
–use of skilled masons

78. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public Awareness Programs
•Awareness about Environment:
–Sustainable development goals
–Afforestation
–Soil conservation
–Saving water
–less use of petroleum products, etc.

79. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public Awareness Programs
•Awareness about agriculture:
–Use of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.
–Minimum use of pesticides
–Sprinkler or drip irrigation
–controlled grazing, etc

80. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Public Awareness Programs
•Awareness about Disasters & their effects:
–The community should be aware of the various types of hazards,
their effects and mitigation measures.
–For example,
•During earthquake, people should keep emergency kit ready.
•They should identify safe places for shelters.
•They should stand in open, away from buildings.
•Drill for emergency evacuation plan etc.

81. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity
•The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources
available within a community, society or organization that can be
used to achieve agreed goals.
OR
•It may be defined as Identification of existing resources and
resources to be acquired or created. Organization and training of
personnel and coordination of such training for effective
management of disasters

82. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity
•Physical Capacity:
–People whose houses have been destroyed by the cyclone or crops
have been destroyed by the flood can salvage things from their
homes and from their farms.
–Some family members have skills, which enable them to find
employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently

83. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity
•Socio-economic Capacity:
–In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the
physical and material realm.
–Rich people have the capacity to recover soon because of their
wealth.
–In fact, they are seldom hit by disasters because they live in safe
areas and their houses are built with stronger materials.
–However, even when everything is destroyed they have the capacity
to cope up with it.

84. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity
•Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster
only when there is greater vulnerability and less of capacity to cope
with it.
•In other words the frequency of likelihood of a hazard and the
vulnerability of the community increases the risk of being severely
affected.

85. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Capacity can be defined as ‘resources, means and strengths of
community which enable them to withstand, prevent, mitigate or
recover from a disaster
•Capacity could be :
–Physical capacity -houses, farms, land, skills or people.
–Socio economic capacity -richness, safe locations, money etc.

86. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Capacity development :
–The process by which people, organizations and society develop their
capacity to achieve social and economic goals.
•Capacity development is a long term, continuing process in which
all the stake holders participate (Ministers, local authorities, NGOs,
academicians, people, ect.)

87. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
Capacity at
Enabling
Environment
Level
Capacity at
Organizational
Level
Capacity at
Individual
Level
Three interconnected levels of capacity

88. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Individual Capacity:
–improving individual skills, knowledge and performance through
training, experiences, motivation and incentives;
•Organizational Capacity:
–Improving organizational performance through strategies, plans, rules
and regulations, partnerships, leadership, organizational politics and
power structures, and strengthening organizational systems,
processes, and roles and responsibilities

89. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Enabling environment Capacity:
–Improving policy framework to address economic, political,
environmental and social factors including economic growth,
financing, labourmarkets, political context, policy and legislative
environment, class structures, and cultural aspects in a coherent and
mutually reinforcing fashion.

90. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Capacity Development Includes:
•1. Human resources development:
–It is a process of equipping individual with knowledge, skill
information, training etc. so that they can perform effectively.
•2. Organizational development:
–It includes improvement in management structure improvement in
policies, systems, strategies
–improvement in relationships between different organizations
(public, private, community)

91. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•3. Institutional development:
–It includes institutional and legal framework development.
•Land use planning
•Design as per building codes
•strictly follow building bye laws, etc

92. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Basic Components of Capacity Development
Capacity
Development
EducationTraining
Research Awareness

93. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•1. Training :
–It is a learning process. It involve acquisition of
•knowledge, skills
•change in attitude
•change in behaviour
–Training should be given to target group :
•Govt, officials
•Small contractors
•Students-technical
•School children etc

94. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•2. Education :
–Education of disaster management and mitigation should be given to
•students at different levels -from school to college.
•A subject of ‘disaster management’ should be made a part of study
curriculum

95. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•3. Research :
–Research is a systematic way of finding answers to various questions.
–Research is made on :
•Past disasters, effects
•physical, social, economic conditions
•role played by govt. NGOs and society
•short comings -equipment, money, manpower etc.

96. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•4. Awareness :
–The awareness about the hazard among people or community can
reduce the of disaster to a considerable extent.
–Public awareness can be created by :
•teaching ‘disaster management’ subject at school and college level.
•Arranging seminars and workshops on disaster management.
•through training programs
•Advertisements and programs on Print media, social media, T. V. and
radios

97. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
Capacity development during the
UNDAF (United Nations Development
Assistance Framework) cycle
Common
Country
Analysis (CCA)

98. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Capacity development during the UNDAF(United Nations
Development Assistance Framework) cycle
•Step 1:
–Engage stakeholders on capacity development (continued throughout
the process
•Step 2:
–Assess capacity assets and needs within Common Country Analysis
(CCA)

99. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Step 3:
–Define capacity development objectives linked to development goals
within the UNDAFresults framework and theaoryof change
•Step 4:
–Formulate capacity development content in programmesand
projects with results linked to development objectives

100. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Capacity Development / Capacity Building
•Step 5:
–Implement capacity development initiatives in programmesand
projects, monitor and analyseprogress and make corrective action
•Step 6:
–Evaluate capacity development

101. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster and Development
•Disasters and development are closely linked in that disasters can
destroy development initiatives and create development
opportunitiesand that schemes can both increase and decrease
vulnerability.
•The prevailing attitude has been that natural disasters, were an act
of natureand as such were beyond human control; accepting death
and damage to property was part of the costs.

102. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster and Development
•With such an attitude, most development plans were designed
without consideration for the effect disasters would have on
community plans and vice versa.
•When a disaster did occure, the response was directed at meeting
emergency needs and cleaning up.
•Now it is realisedthat much more can and need to be done to
reduce the severity of hazards and disasters.

103. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster and Development
•Relationships between disasters and development
–Disasters set back development programming destroying years of
development initiatives and Infrastructure improvement.
•e.g. transport and utility systems are destroyed by a flood.

104. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster and Development
–Rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to
initiate development programs.
•After Bhuj, Gujarat earthquake 2001, considerable development has
taken place in the field of earthquake resistant design and construction.
•Almost all the multistoried buildings in zone-Ill and IV arc built with
earthquake resistant structures.
•IS codes on earthquake resistant design and construction have been
modified

105. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster and Development
–Development programs can increase an area’s susceptibility to
disasters.
•A major increase in live stock development leads to overgrazing, which
contributes to desertification and increased vulnerability to famines.
–Development programs can be designed to decrease the
susceptibility to disasters and their negative consequences.
•Housing projects constructed under building codes designed to
withstand high winds result in less destruction during the next tropical
storms

106. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
•Positive Effects:
–Development can reduce vulnerability by increasing awareness and
by development mitigation and disaster preparedness.
–Disasters can provide development opportunities to the community
or the country.

107. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
•Negative Effects:
–Development can increase the vulnerability and can set back
development.
–Disasters can seriously disrupt development initiatives in several
ways, including loss of revenue, interruption of programs, impact on
investment climate, impact on non-formal sector and political
destabilization.

108. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
–Negative effects can be broadly described as.
–1. Loss of resources
–2. Impact on investment climate
–3. Political destabilization

109. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
–1. Loss of resources:
•Disasters affect the development through impact on capital stock and
inventory, loss of production and provision of services, due to
disruption and increased cost of goods and services
•The secondary effects include inflation, problems of payment of
balances, increase in fiscal expenditure and decrease in monetary
reserves.

110. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
•The outcome of these losses of resources include :
–loss of economic growth
–delay in development programs
–cancellation of some development programs
–There may be a shift in skilled human resources towards high visibility
recovery activity -a diversion from long term to short term needs.
–Disasters interrupt the ongoing programs and divert the resources from
originally planned uses

111. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
–2. Impact on Investment Climate:
•Disasters when occur at repeated short intervals have a negative impact
on investments, as the climate is not conducive to the investors who
seek stability and certainty and have no wish to risk their money.
•Loss of employment associated with disasters further depresses the
market demands, causes stagnation and limits overall growth.
•Disasters depresses the non-formal economy, through the direct costs
of lost equipmentsand housing and through indirect costs that include
lost employment and lost income

112. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Positive and Negative Effects of Disaster
–3. Political Destabilization
•The stress caused by the disaster often results in destabilization of the
government, especially it has mismanaged the relief and recovery
operations.
•If it could not meet the expectations of the survivors, then the
discontent of the community may translate into some part of protest,
the government may be made a scapegoat for the problems beyond its
control, and it may lead to its downfall.
•It’s a common observation that the governments were either
overthrown or collapsed after a major disaster.

113. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•The side effects of well -meaning development efforts sometimes
have disastrous consequences.
•The development projects that are implemented without taking
into consideration the existing environmental hazards may actually
increase the vulnerability to natural disasters,

114. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
–e.g. projects designed to give more employment opportunities and
more income can lure people with low income to migrate to the
project area and thus increase the population density of the area,
forcing the migrants to seek housing in the areas that were previously
avoided such as on hillsides, or in flood plains and exposing them to
the risks of landslides or floods.
–The cost of relief assistance after a landslide of flood can easily
outweigh the benefits to the economy of more jobs.

115. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•Sometimes, development projects may lead to negative political
consequence that increase the vulnerability to civil conflicts.
•Some development projects commence without fully assessing
their impact on the environment, thus can give rise to increased
vulnerability to disasters,
–e.g. the post disaster reconstruction projects may increase the
demand for wood to fortify houses, which may result in massive
deforestation, which in turn bring increased vulnerability to mud
slides and may possibly cause long term environmental changes as
well

116. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•Desertification due to drilling of wells in marginal areas, causes
population clustering around the wells.
•Loss of biological diversity due to deforestation and desertification
can also occur.
•Construction of hydro-electric dams leads to displacement of
people and salinization of soil.
•Irrigation schemes cause flooding where canals counter natural
water flow.

117. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•Lack of soil and water management, centralization of planning
process can lead to watershed erosion and famines due to lack of
organization of local governments,
•Increase in pesticides or fertilizer use to augment crop yields, cause
contamination of potable water supplies.
•Construction of chemical plant or other industries generating
employment can lead to inadvertent release of chemicals or other
toxic effluents, contamination of water sources and supplies and
causing increased health problems or even deaths

118. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•Construction of buildings on earthquake fault line may result in
injuries and deaths due to structural failure.
•Tourist places leading to concentration of tourist’s facilities on
vulnerable coastlines and unstable hills can cause exposure of large
population to risk of death/injuries/loss in storm surges, high
windstorms, tsunamis and landslide

119. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
How Development May Lead to Disasters?
•Livestock development projects can lead to severe loss of
vegetation cover and, conditions of near-desertification around
Specific natural points such as wells.
•Agricultural projects promoting cash crops may reduce the
production of staple foods

120. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management

121. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•Disaster Management Covers activities designed to maintain
control over disasters/ emerging situations and to provide a frame
work for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects of or recover
from impacts of a disaster.
•These activities may be related to :
–Preparedness
–Mitigation / Prevention
–Emergency response
–Relief and Recovery

122. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•Objective of Disaster Management:
–to reduce or avoid the human, physical and economic losses suffered
by individuals, the society and the country at large.
•The three key stages of Disaster Management Activities
–1. Before a disaster (Pre-disaster)
–2. During a disaster (disaster occurancc)
–3. After a disaster (Post-disaster)

123. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•1. Before a disaster (Pre-
disaster):
–Activities taken up to reduce
human and properly losses
caused by a potential hazard.
–For example,
•Carrying out awareness
campaigns

124. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•Strengthening the existing weak
structures
•Preparation of the disaster
management plan at household
and community level etc.
–Such risk reduction measures
taken under this stage are
termed as Mitigation and
Preparedness

125. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•2. During Disaster (Disaster
occurrence)
–Initiatives taken to ensure that
the needs and provisions of
victims are met and suffering is
minimised.

126. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
–Activities taken under this stage
are called emergency response
activities.
–As soon as a disaster strikes a
locality, immediate response and
relief activities are carried out by
the government, Non
Government Organisations
(NGOs), various religious bodies,
etc.

127. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
–This includes :
•Search and rescue of those
affected
•Provision of food, water,
clothing, shelter, sanitation etc.
•First aid, medical and trauma
care, etc.

128. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
•3. Post Disaster (After a disaster)
–Soon after the initial response
and relief phase, rehabilitation
and reconstruction initiatives are
taken up by the Government,
NGOs and various other agencies
which would help the affected
community to come back to
normalcy.

129. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Disaster Management
–Road, pavements, houses, power
supply, communication networks
are restored.
–This phase also includes
•Economical rehabilitation of
those who have lost their
livelihood.

130. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

131. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters

132. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•1984Bhopal Gas Tragedy
•Considered one of the
world's worst industrial
disasters, a gas leak occurred
at the Union Carbide
pesticide plant in Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, causing
thousands of deaths and
long-term health effects. 03-12-1984

133. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•1993 Latur Earthquake –
•This earthquake struck the
Latur and Osmanabad
districts of Maharashtra in
September 1993, resulting in
around 10,000 deaths and
extensive property damage.

134. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•1999 Odisha Cyclone
(Cyclone 05B) –
•Also known as the Super
Cyclone, it was one of the
deadliest tropical cyclones
ever recorded in the North
Indian Ocean, causing
widespread devastation in
Odisha.

135. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2001 Gujarat Earthquake –
•Occurring on India's 51st
Republic Day (January 26),
this earthquake in the Kutch
district of Gujarat was one of
the two most devastating
earthquakes to strike India in
its recorded history.

136. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake and Tsunami –
•This undersea megathrust
earthquake and subsequent
tsunami affected the entire
Indian Ocean region, including
the coastal areas of Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands in India.

137. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2005 Kashmir Earthquake –
•Although centered in
Pakistan, this earthquake
also affected the Indian
region of Jammu and
Kashmir, causing significant
damage and loss of life.

138. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2008 Bihar Flood –
•A catastrophic flood in Bihar
occurred after a breach in
the Kosi embankment. It was
one of the most disastrous
floods in Bihar's history.

139. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2013 North India Floods –
•A multi-day cloudburst in
June 2013 centered on the
North Indian state of
Uttarakhand caused
devastating floods and
landslides, becoming the
country's worst natural
disaster since the 2004
tsunami.

140. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2014 Jammu and Kashmir
Floods
•This disaster was caused by
torrential rainfall during
September 2014, resulting in
the Jhelum River flooding
and causing extensive
damage in the state.

141. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2018 Kerala Floods –
•These severe floods were
the result of unusually high
rainfall during the monsoon
season. It was the worst
flood in Kerala in nearly a
century.

142. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2020 Cyclone Amphan–
•One of the strongest storms
to hit the Bay of Bengal,
Cyclone Amphancaused
widespread damage in
Eastern India, particularly in
West Bengal and Odisha.

143. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Major Indian Disasters
•2021 Uttarakhand Flood –
•A glacier burst in
Uttarakhand's Chamoli
district led to a massive
flood, causing severe
damage and loss of life.

144. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Resilience (સ્થિતિથિાપકિા):
–The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to
adapt by resisting or changing in order toreach and maintain an
acceptable level of functioning and structure.
–This is determined by the degree to which the community has the
necessary resources and is capable of organisingitself to increase its
capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection
and to improve risk reduction measures.

145. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Response/Relief :
–The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately
after a disaster in order tosave lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety
and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected is known as
response.
–Response activities include :
•providing emergency aids to affected people
•temporary shelter
•search and rescue
•provision of food, water, clothing, sanitation etc.
•health care
•repairing of essential services etc

146. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Recovery :
–The restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities,
livelihoods and living conditions of disaster -affected communities,
including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors is called recovery.
–Recovery measures include :
•Supporting in house reconstruction or repair
•Setting up essential services.
•Recovering key social economic activities etc

147. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Community :
–Community is a group of people living in the same geographical area,
sharing resources together and having the same interests.
–A sense of community builds social cohesion and facilitates
governance systems.

148. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Climate change :
–A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g.by
using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability
of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically
decades or longer.
–Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external
forcings or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of
the atmosphere or in land use.

149. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•CBDRM: Community Based Disaster Risk Management :
–A process of disaster risk management in which at risk communities
are actively engaged in the identification/analysis, planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in order
toreduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities.

150. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Emergency Management :
–The organization and management of resources and responsibilities
for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and rehabilitation is called emergency
management
–It involves plans, structures and arrangements established to engage
the normal endeavoursof government, NGOs and private agencies in
a comprehensive and co-ordinatedmanner to respond to the whole
spectrum of emergency needs

151. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Early Warning :
–The provision of timely and effective information through identified
situations, that allows individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to
avoid or reduce risk and prepare for effective response.
–It includes,
•Understanding and mapping the hazard
•Monitoring and forecasting impending extents
•Processing and disseminating understandable
•warnings to political authorities and the population
•Undertaking appropriate and timely actions in response to the warnings

152. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Public Awareness :
–The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, the factors
that lead to disasters and the actions that can be taken individually
and collectively to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazards.
–Public awareness is a key factor in effective disaster risk reduction.
–Its development is pursued.
•for example, through the development and dissemination of
information through media and educational channels, the
establishment of information centres, networks and community and
advocacy by senior public officials and public leaders

153. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Sustainable :
–A system (natural/ecological or human) which has the capacity to
endure.
–The potential for long term maintenance of well-being, which has
ecological, economic, political and cultural dimensions.
–Sustainability requires the reconciliation of environmental, social
equity and economic demands

154. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Sustainable Development
–Development thatmeetstheneedofthepresentwithout
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
•Coping Capacity
–The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills
and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies
or disasters.

155. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Contingency planning :
–A management process that analyses specific potential events or emerging
situations that might threaten society or the environment and establishes
arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate
responses to such events and situations.
–Contingency planning results in organisedand co-ordinatedcourses of
action with clearly identified institutional roles and resources in formation
processes, and operational arrangements for specific actors at times of
need.
–Contingency planning is an important part of overall preparedness
–Contingency plans need to be regularly updated and exercised

156. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Environmental degradation :
–The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and
ecological objectives and needs. Environmental degradation can alter
the frequency and intensity of natural hazards and increase the
vulnerability of communities.
•Land misuse
•Soil erosion
•Desertification
•Wildland fires
•Loss of biodiversity
•Deforestation
•Mangrove destruction
•Land, water and air
pollution
•Climate change
•Sea level rise
•Ozone layer depletion
etc

157. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) :
–Process by which the environmental consequences of a proposed
project or programmeare evaluated, undertaken as an integral part
of planning and decision marking processes with a view to limiting or
reducing the adverse impacts of the project or programme.
–EIA is a policy tool that provides evidence and analysis of
environmental impacts of activities from conception to decision-
making.
–It is utilized extensively in national programming and project approval
processes and for international development assistance projects.

158. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Impact :
–A sudden occurancewithout prior warning. (In disaster risk context)
Positive and negative, primary and secondary long termeffects
produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly,
intended or unintended. (Results based context)

159. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Some Definitions
•Livelihood :
–A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and
social resources) and activities required for a means of living.
–A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress
and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now
and in the future.
•the assets people draw upon
•the strategics they develop to make a living.
•the context within which a Livelihood is developed
•those factors that make a livelihood more or less vulnerableto shocks and
stresses.

160. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Importance of the Subject Disaster Management
•Disaster Management covers the range of activities designed to
maintain control over disasters/ emerging situations and to provide
a framework for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects of or
recover from impacts of a disaster.
•India has been vulnerable, in varying degree, to a large number of
natural as well as man made disasters on account of its geo-climatic
and Socioeconomic conditions.

161. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Importance of the Subject Disaster Management
•It is highly vulnerable to floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes,
land slides, avalanches and forest fires.
•The government of India has prepared National Policy on Disaster
Management involving a number ofdepartment/agencies spanning
across all sectors of development.
•It is very important to include a huge mass of youth of the country
in the disaster management programmefor effective
implementation of the D.M. policy.

162. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Importance of the Subject Disaster Management
•Many universities in India have introduce ‘disaster management’ as
a special subject in all branches of engineering at B. Tech level.
•The purposes of incorporating the subject ‘Disaster Management’
in the B. Tech study are
–To create awareness about occuranceof various disasters, among the
students.

163. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Importance of the Subject Disaster Management
–To impart training involving acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of
skills, concepts, and behaviourto enhance the performance of
individuals.
–To develop capacity of youth of the country to mitigate any future
disaster.
–To reduce the vulnerability of a community, structure, services by the
impact of particular hazard.
–To respond rapidly and ellcctivclyto situations.

164. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

165. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

166. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot

167. Keyur Nagecha
V. V. P. Engineering College: Rajkot
Thank you