Module - 1wm.pptx, module 1 BETCK104F no

waste management notes module 1 vtu 2022 scheme

1. Waste Management Course Code BETCK105F CIE Marks 50 Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P:S) 3:0:0:0 SEE Marks 50 Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 Total Marks 100 Credits 3 Exam Hours 3

2. Course objectives To learn broader understandings on various aspects of solid waste management practiced in industries. To learn recovery of products from solid waste to compost and biogas, incineration and energy recovery, hazardous waste management and treatment, and integrated waste management.

3. Course outcome (Course Skill Set) At the end of the course the student will be able to: CO1 - Apply the basics of solid waste management towards sustainable development CO2 - Apply technologies to process waste and dispose the same. CO3 - Design working models to convert waste to energy CO4 - Identify and classify hazardous waste and manage the hazard

4. Module - 1 Introduction to solid waste management Classification of solid wastes (Source And Type Based), solid waste management (SWM), elements of SWM, ESSWM (Environmentally Sound Solid Waste Management) and EST (Environmentally Sound Technologies), factors affecting SWM, Indian scenario, progress in MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management in India. Indian and global scenario of e-waste,

5. Module - 2 Waste Generation Aspects Waste stream assessment (WSA), waste generation and composition, waste characteristics (physical and chemical), health and environmental effects (public health and environmental), comparative assessment of waste generation and composition of developing and developed nations, a case study results from an Indian city, handouts on solid waste compositions. E-waste generation.

6. Module - 3 Collection, Storage, Transport And Disposal Of Wastes Waste Collection, Storage and Transport: Collection components, storage-containers/collection vehicles, collection operation, transfer station, waste collection system design, record keeping, control, inventory and monitoring, implementing collection and transfer system, a case study. Waste Disposal: key issues in waste disposal, disposal options and selection criteria, sanitary landfill, landfill gas emission, leachate formation, environmental effects of landfill, landfill operation issues, a case study.

7. Module - 4 Waste Processing Techniques & Source Reduction, Product Recovery & Recycling Purpose of processing, mechanical volume and size reduction, component separation, drying and dewatering. Source Reduction, Product Recovery and Recycling: basics, purpose, implementation monitoring and evaluation of source reduction, significance of recycling, planning of a recycling programme, recycling programme elements, commonly recycled materials and processes, a case study.

8. Module - 5 Hazardous Waste Management and Treatment Identification and classification of hazardous waste, hazardous waste treatment, pollution prevention and waste minimization, hazardous wastes management in India. E-waste recycling.

9. The wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted are called solid wastes. Any useless unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas is called solid waste. Due to rapid increase in production and hence in consumption process, human society generates and rejects solid materials regularly from various sectors such as agricultural, commercial, domestic, industrial, institutional etc. The considerable volume of waste thus generated and rejected is called solid waste. Introduction to solid waste management

10. The urban solid waste generated from domestic and commercial activities are called municipal solid waste. It is estimated that at present India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid wastes annually. Urban local bodies spend about Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per ton on solid wastes management of which: 60-70% of the amount is for collection of wastes alone. 20-30% on transportation. Hardly limited fund is spent on treatment and disposal of waste.

11. Classification of solid wastes Source based classification Based on place/location of wastes being generated. It is classified as follows: Domestic/residential Industrial Commercial Institutional Construction and demolition Municipal waste/open area street sweeping Processing and manufacturing Agriculture

12. Domestic/residential Waste Industrial Waste Commercial Waste Institutional Waste

13. Construction and demolition Waste Municipal waste/open area street sweeping Processing and manufacturing Waste Agriculture Waste

14. Type based classification Based on composition/nature of the wastes. It is classified as follows: Garbage Ashes and residues Combustible and noncombustible wastes Bulky wastes Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes Dead animals Abandoned vehicles. Construction and demolition wastes Hazardous wastes Sewage wastes

15. Garbage Ashes and residues Bulky wastes

16. Combustible and noncombustible Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes

17. Dead animals Abandoned vehicles

18. Hazardous wastes Sewage wastes

19. Functional elements of solid waste management system comprises of six basic elements including Generation of the solid waste On-site handling & storage Collection Transfer & transport Material and resource recovery Disposal

20. Generation Generation of solid waste is a result of natural, human and animal activities. Knowledge of generation of solid waste is important in the planning, designing and operation of solid waste management system. Generation has two aspects: one is the quality of solid waste and the other is the quantity of solid waste. Quality includes the sources, types and typical composition of solid waste along with its properties whereas the quantity represents the generation rates and total quantities and volumes of waste generated.

21. Waste handling Handling refers to activities associated with managing solid wastes until they are placed in the containers used for their storage before collection or return to drop-off and recycling centers. The specific activities associated with handling waste materials at the source of generation will vary depending on the types of waste materials that are separated for reuse and recycling and the extent to which these materials are separated from the waste stream. Depending on the type of collection service, handling may also be required to move the loaded containers to the collection point and to return the empty container to the point where they are stored between collections.

22. Waste storage The first phase to manage solid waste is at home level. It requires temporary storage of refuse on the premises. The individual household or businessman has responsibility for onsite storage of solid waste. For individual homes, industries, and other commercial centers, proper on-site storage of solid waste is the beginning of proper disposal, because unkept solid waste or simple dumps are sources of flies, smells and other hazards.

23. Collection The term “collection” includes not only the gathering or picking up of solid wastes from the various sources, but also loading of these wastes to the disposal site or transfer station and unloading there. While loading and unloading are similar for most collection system, the collection or pickup of waste varies with facilities and locations.

24. Transfer and transport Transfer and transport refers to the means, facilities, appurtenances used to affect the transfer of wastes from one location to another, usually more distant location. Typically, the wastes from relatively small collection vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles and then transported to distant locations. Resource recovery and processing Resource recovery is a partial solid waste disposal and reclamation process. It can be expected to achieve waste reductions in future landfill volume requirements. Resource recovery must recognize what is worth recovering and the environmental benefits.

25. Disposal Most of the organic content after segregation may be subjected to bacterial decomposition with an end product called humus or compost. The entire process involving both separation and bacterial conversion is known as composting decomposition of solid waste may be accomplished aerobically or anaerobically.

26. Environmentally sound solid waste management (ESSWM) In any waste or resource management system, we must pay attention to the interaction between human activities and the ecosystem. We have to recognize that human activities including consumption of goods/services, production of wastes, etc., Have a serious impact on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. This in turn affects human health, as the environment deteriorates. The fundamental principles of ESSWM, which take into account economic and social issues along with environmental impact consideration, include the following:

27. To ensure sustainable development of the ecosystem and human environment. To minimize the impact of human activities on the environment. To minimize the impact on the environment and maximize the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. To ensure the implementation of ESSWM through environmentally sound technologies.

28. Reduce: Minimize waste generation at the source by promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns. Reuse: Extend the life of products by using them multiple times before discarding. Recycle: Convert waste materials into new products to prevent the use of raw resources. Recover: Extract valuable resources or energy from waste through processes like composting and waste-to-energy. Dispose: Safely manage waste that cannot be reduced, reused, recycled, or recovered, typically through landfilling or incineration. Key Principles of ESSWM

29. Composting: Organic waste is decomposed into nutrient-rich soil amendments. Recycling Programs: Collection and processing of recyclable materials like paper, glass, and plastics. Waste-to-Energy: Conversion of non-recyclable waste into usable heat, electricity, or fuel. Landfilling: Controlled disposal of waste in landfills with measures to minimize environmental impact. Hazardous Waste Management: Special handling and disposal of hazardous materials to prevent contamination. Methods of ESSWM

30. Environmental Protection: Reduces pollution, conserves natural resources, and mitigates climate change. Economic Savings: Can lower waste management costs and create jobs in recycling and waste processing industries. Public Health: Reduces the spread of diseases and exposure to harmful substances. Benefits of ESSWM

31. Environmentally Sound Technologies (EST) EST refers to cost effective and energy efficient technologies. This generally perform better on the environment, as they do not pollute the ecosystem’s vital components such as air, land or water and consider the reuse, recycling or recovery of wastes.

32. EST can be categorized broadly as follows: Hard EST: This includes equipment, machines and other infrastructure with their material accessories to handle waste products and monitor/measure the quality of air, water and soil. Soft EST: This supports and complements hard technologies and include nature-based technologies and management tools. Nature-based technologies include processes and mechanisms nature uses within a specific ecosystem and its carrying capacity, while management tools include system and procedures, policy and regulatory frameworks, environmental performance standards and guidelines.

33. EST is selected based on the following generic criteria, the indicators of which may vary depending on the regions in which they are implemented: Affordability: This means low investment, reasonableness, maintenance free and durability. Validity: This refers to effectiveness, easy operation and maintenance. Sustainability: This means low impact, energy saving and cultural acceptability. Examples of EST for collection and transfer of waste Set-out container is one of the major factors that most collection system depends on. This is usually a paper or plastic bag, or Kraft paper bags in a metal or wooden frame. Set-out containers of rural areas include bags, pots, plastic or paper bags, baskets, concrete boxes, clay jars, or any kind of container available.

34. Factors affecting SWM system Many factors influence the decision-making process in the implementation of a SWM system. Some of the factors that need to be considered in developing a SWM system are listed below: Quantities and characteristics of wastes: The quantities of wastes generated generally depend on the income level of a family, as higher income category tends to generate larger quantity of wastes, compared to low-income category. The quantity ranges from about 0.25 to about 2.3 kg per person per day. One of the measures of waste composition is density, which ranges from 150 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3 . Proportion of paper and packaging materials in the waste largely account for the differences. When this proportion is high, the density is low and vice versa. The wastes of high density reflect a relatively high proportion of organic matter and moisture and lower levels of recycling

35. Climate and seasonal variations: There are regions in extreme north and south, where temperatures are very low for much of the year. High temperatures and humidity cause solid wastes to decompose far more rapidly than they do in colder climates. The frequency of waste collection in high temperature and humid climates should, therefore, be higher than that in cold climates. In sub-tropical or desert climate, there is no significant variation in moisture content of wastes due to low rainfall.

36. Physical characteristics of an urban area: In urban areas (i.e., Towns and cities), where the layout of streets and houses is such that access by vehicles is possible and door-to-door collection of solid wastes is accepted. The condition is quite different in the inner and older city areas where narrow lanes make service by vehicles difficult and impossible. Added to this is the problem of urban sprawl in the outskirts (of the cities) where population is growing at an alarming rate. Access ways are narrow, unpaved and tortuous, and therefore, not accessible to collection vehicles. Problems of solid waste storage and collection are most acute in such areas.

37. Financial and foreign exchange constraints: Solid waste management accounts for sizeable proportions of the budgets of municipal corporations. This is allocated for capital resources, which go towards the purchase of equipment's, vehicles, and fuel and labour costs. Typically, 10% to 40% of the revenues of municipalities are allocated to solid waste management. In regions where wage rates are low, the aim is to optimize vehicle productivity. The unfavorable financial situation of some countries hinders purchase of equipment and vehicles, and this situation is further worsened by the acute shortage of foreign exchange.

38. Cultural constraints: In some regions, long-standing traditions preclude the intrusion of waste collection on the precincts of households, and therefore, influence the collection system. In others, where the tradition of caste persists, recruits to the labour force for street cleaning and handling of waste must be drawn from certain sections of the population, while others will not consent to placing storage bins in their immediate vicinity. Social norms of a community more often than not over-ride what many may consider rational solutions. Waste management should, therefore, be sensitive to such local patterns of living and consider these factors in planning, design and operation.

39. Management and technical resources: Solid waste management, to be successful, requires a wide spectrum of workforce in keeping with the demands of the system. The best system for a region is one which makes full use of indigenous crafts and professional skills and/or ensures that training programs to provide a self-sustaining supply of trained workforce.

40. SWM: The Indian scenario Solid Waste Management (SWM) in India faces several challenges and opportunities due to rapid urbanization and economic growth. Here's an overview of the current scenario: Challenges: Rapid Urbanization: Increased waste generation due to urbanization puts pressure on existing management systems. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many cities lack proper waste collection, segregation, and disposal facilities. Public Awareness: Low awareness and participation in waste segregation and recycling among the public. Policy Implementation: Despite regulations, effective implementation remains a challenge. Financial Constraints: Limited financial resources for waste management infrastructure and operations.

41. SWM: The Indian scenario Opportunities: Decentralized Approach: Shift from centralized to decentralized waste management systems to improve efficiency. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government and private sectors to enhance waste management practices. Waste-to-Energy: Utilizing waste-to-energy plants to generate electricity from waste. Recycling and Reuse: Promoting recycling and reuse of materials to reduce waste and create economic opportunities. Community Engagement: Encouraging community participation in waste management initiatives

42. SWM: The Indian scenario Government Initiatives: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: A nationwide campaign aimed at cleaning streets and infrastructure to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management. Solid Waste Management Rules (2016): Guidelines for the management and handling of municipal solid waste. Waste Management Infrastructure: Investment in infrastructure for waste collection, segregation, and disposal.

43. SWM: The Indian scenario Current Practices: Door-to-Door Collection: Implemented in some cities to improve waste collection efficiency. Segregation at Source: Encouraged to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Sanitary Landfills: Used for the disposal of non-recyclable waste.

44. Waste Generation Statistics Year Per capita waste generated Kg/day) Total urban municipal waste generated (Mt/year) 1971 375 14.9 1981 430 25.1 1991 460 43.5 2000 500 48.8 2010 600 ~70.2

45. Urban waste situation in nine major Indian cities

46. Progress in MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management in India Rapid industrialization, population growth, economic development and changes of standard of living have generated more municipal solid waste in India. The quantity of solid waste generation has been increased many fold over the period. In, various studies have been given different statistics about total quantity of solid waste generation in India.

47. Lack of finance and technology has other problems in municipal solid waste management (MSWM). As per government of India estimates every year has increase about 5% annually. It is projected that by the year 2031 the MSW generation shall increase to 165 million tonnes and to 436 million tonnes by 2050.

48. Indian and global scenario of E-waste Electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. The growing quantity of E-waste from electronic industry is beginning to reach disastrous proportions. Electronic waste or E-waste comprises of old, end-of-life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, refrigerators, freezers, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc., Which have been disposed of by their original users. E-waste contains many hazardous constituents that may negatively impact the environment and affect human health if not properly managed. Various organizations, bodies, and governments of many countries have adopted and/or developed the environmentally sound options and strategies for E-waste management to tackle the ever growing threat of E-waste to the environment and human health. 

49. Present E-waste management system in India Most of the activities right from the collection, transportation, segregation, etc., Are done by unorganized sectors manually. Being a rich source of reusable and precious material, E- waste is also a good source of revenue generation for many people in India. In India, most of the operations related to E-waste such as collections, segregation, recycling, and disposals are performed manually. In absence of the adequate technologies and equipment, most of the techniques used for the recycling of E-waste are very raw and dangerous. Improper recycling and disposal operations found in different cities of India often involve the open burning of plastic waste, exposure to toxic solders and dumping of acids.

50. QUESTIONS Define solid wastes. Explain the source-based classification of solid wastes. Write a short note on solid waste management (SWM). Explain the functional elements of the solid waste management system (SWM). Explain the Environmentally Sound Solid Waste Management (ESSWM) system. Explain the Environmentally sound technologies (EST). List out and explain the solid wastes. List out the various factors affecting solid waste management system. Explain any four in detail. Write short notes on Indian scenario of solid waste management. Discuss the Municipal Solid Waste management system (MSW) in India. Analyse the global scenario of E-waste. Discuss the different technologies available for solid waste management system. Write a note on Indian and global scenario of E-waste.