Module 3- Deciosion Making and Cognition.ppt

A good ppt

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Chapter 8
Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

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Chapter Preview
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
Thinking
Intelligence
Language
Thinking, Problem-Solving, and
Health and Wellness

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The Cognitive Revolution
cognition –how information is processed
and manipulated when remembering,
thinking, and knowing
1950s: psychology resumes focus on the
mind and mental processes
computers: an analogy for the mind/brain
-artificial intelligence (AI)

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The Computer Analogy

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Thinking
concepts –mental categories used to
group objects, events, and characteristics
prototype model –all instances of a
concept are compared to a prototype
(ideal example) of that concept

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Steps in Problem Solving
1.Find and frame problem
2.Develop good problem-solving
strategies (subgoals, algorithms,
heuristics)
3.Evaluate solutions
4.Rethink and redefine problems and
solutions over time

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Problem-Solving Obstacles
fixation
-using a prior strategy only
functional fixedness
-fixated on usual functions

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Reasoning
mental activity of transforming
information to reach conclusions
inductive reasoning
-driven by data; bottom-up; specific general
deductive reasoning
-driven by logic; top-down; general specific

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Reasoning
and Decision Making

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Decision Making
evaluating alternatives and making
choices among them
attempting to maximize outcome

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Reasoning and
Decision Making
System I –automatic
rapid, heuristic, intuitive
System II –controlled
slower, effortful, analytical

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Decision-Making Biases
Confirmation Bias
search only for info that supports our ideas
Hindsight Bias
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
Availability Heuristic
predict probability based on ease of recall
Base-Rate Fallacy
ignore info about general principles
Representativeness Heuristic
make judgments based on stereotypes

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Critical Thinking
thinking reflectively and productively and
evaluating the evidence
mindfulness –alert and mentally present
open-mindedness –receptive to new ways
of looking at things

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Emotion and Cognition
moods influence the way we think
bad moods >> use careful logic to solve
problems
good moods >> efficiency, originality,
creativity, ignore irrelevant info

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Creative Thinking
Divergent versus Convergent Thinking
Characteristics of Creative Thinkers
brainstorm
flexibility and playful thinking
inner motivation
willingness to face risk
objective evaluation of work

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Intelligence
What is intelligence?
definitions of intelligence reflect culture
U.S. –Spearman’s g
measuring intelligence
-validity
-reliability
-standardization

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Intelligence Tests: Criteria

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Intelligence Tests
Binet –Mental Age (MA)
Stern –Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
normal distribution
Stanford-Binet Test

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Intelligence:
Normal Distribution

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Influences on Testing
Cultural Bias in Testing
culture-fair tests (e.g., Raven Progressive Matrices)
Genetic Influences on Intelligence
heritability
increases with age
Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Flynn effect

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The Flynn Effect

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Variations in Intelligence
Giftedness: usually IQ ≥ 130
Terman –socially well adjusted and
successful as adults
importance of innate ability
Intellectual disability: usually IQ < 70
organic versus cultural-familial disabilities
mild, moderate and severe/profound
adaptive behavior deficits (conceptual,
social, practical)

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Theories of
Multiple Intelligences
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence

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Theories of
Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s Frames of Mind
verbal mathematical
spatial bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal intrapersonal
naturalist existentialist
musical

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Language
Language
form of spoken, written, or signed
communication based on symbols
Infinite Generativity
ability to produce an endless number of
meaningful sentences

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Structure of Language
Phonology-basic phonemes (sounds)
Morphology-rules for word formation
Syntax-rules for combining words to form
phrases and sentences
Semantics-meaning of words and sentences
Pragmatics-use of language

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Language and Cognition
Can you think without using language?
Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesize
“language determines thought”
role of cognition in language
role of language in cognition

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Gender and Language
Gender Differences in Language
Are women more talkative?

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Influences on Language
Biological Influences
language universals
hemispheric specialization
Environmental Influences
behavioral view (learned skill)
language exposure (case of Genie)

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Development of Language

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Learning a Second Language
as an Adult
Sensitive Periods in Language Learning
new sounds/accent and new grammar
new vocabulary

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Thinking, Problem-Solving,
and Health and Wellness
Cognitive Appraisal and Coping
primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
cognitive reappraisal

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Chapter Summary
Describe cognitive psychology and discuss the role of the
computer in the development of the field.
Explain the processes and human limitations in problem
solving, reasoning, and decision making.
Describe intelligence and its measurement.
Discuss influences on intelligence and types of
intelligence.
Identify the connections between language and thought and
summarize how language is acquired and develops.
Discuss the importance of cognitive appraisal with respect
to stress and describe various styles of coping.

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Chapter Summary
Cognitive Revolution
Thinking
prototype model of concepts
problem-solving steps and barriers
reasoning and decision making
-inductive, deductive, and intuitive
-biases
critical and creative thinking

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Chapter Summary
Intelligence
IQ tests: measurement, Binet, normal curve
influences on intelligence test scores
extremes and types of intelligence
Language
structure, development, and influences
Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Health and
Wellness
cognitive appraisal and coping strategies