Moraceae power point

2. NABILAH BINTI YUSOF D20091034854
NORIZA BINTI ISHAK D20091034845
NUR ILIYANA BINTI SHAFEAI D20091034868
NURUL AIN BINTI ABDUL HAMIDD20091034867
MUNIRAH BINTI SAFIEE D20091034844

3. Number of genera and speciesNumber of genera and species
Comprise : 37 genera and 1050 speciesComprise : 37 genera and 1050 species
Intropical America : 19 genera, 270 Intropical America : 19 genera, 270
speciesspecies
The largest genera : The largest genera : FicusFicus 759 species in 759 species in
the worldwide and the worldwide and Dorstenia Dorstenia 150 species 150 species
in the worldwidein the worldwide
Another large genus Another large genus Artocarpus Artocarpus more than more than
50 species in Asean- Australian region 50 species in Asean- Australian region

4. Features of the familyFeatures of the family
Habit : trees, shrubs, subshrubs, less often herbs, the Habit : trees, shrubs, subshrubs, less often herbs, the
trees and shrub terrestrial, brunch sometimes abscising, trees and shrub terrestrial, brunch sometimes abscising,
sometime are armed with thorns or pricklesometime are armed with thorns or prickle
Latex : milky, sometimes watery, often turning to Latex : milky, sometimes watery, often turning to
brownish when exposed to airbrownish when exposed to air
Stipules : often conspicuous ( to 10 cm long in some Stipules : often conspicuous ( to 10 cm long in some
FicusFicus ), the bases often encircling stems,leaving circular ), the bases often encircling stems,leaving circular
scars, caducous, persistentsscars, caducous, persistents
Leaves : alternate,rarely opposite, blade margin usually Leaves : alternate,rarely opposite, blade margin usually
entire, venation usually pinnateentire, venation usually pinnate
Inflorescences : usually axillary, often in pairs, unisexual Inflorescences : usually axillary, often in pairs, unisexual
and bisexual, spikes, cup-shapedand bisexual, spikes, cup-shaped

5. Features of the familyFeatures of the family
Flowers : actinomorphic, unisexualFlowers : actinomorphic, unisexual
Fruits : achenes, drupes, enclosed in Fruits : achenes, drupes, enclosed in
enlarged, fleshy receptacle, often many – enlarged, fleshy receptacle, often many –
seeded fleshy structureseeded fleshy structure
Seed : large or small, endosperm absent Seed : large or small, endosperm absent
in large seed or present when seed smallin large seed or present when seed small

6. NATURAL HISTORYNATURAL HISTORY

8. Species in MalaysiaSpecies in Malaysia
JackfruitJackfruit
BreadfruitBreadfruit
CempedakCempedak
Mas cotekMas cotek
Ara Ara
Ara beringinAra beringin
Ara lempungAra lempung
Ara nasiAra nasi

9. Jack fruitJack fruit
((Artocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus heterophyllus ) )
Kingdom : plantaeKingdom : plantae
Division : magnoliophytaDivision : magnoliophyta
Class : mangnoliopsidaClass : mangnoliopsida
Order : rosalesOrder : rosales
Family : moraceaeFamily : moraceae
Tribe : artocarpeaeTribe : artocarpeae
Genus : artocarpusGenus : artocarpus
Species : A. heterophyllusSpecies : A. heterophyllus
Origin : rainforest of Western GhatsOrigin : rainforest of Western Ghats
Cultivated : India,Burma,Ceylon,Southern China,Malaysia, East india Cultivated : India,Burma,Ceylon,Southern China,Malaysia, East india
Height : 30 to 70 feet (9 to 21m)Height : 30 to 70 feet (9 to 21m)
EvergreenEvergreen
All part are sticky, white latexAll part are sticky, white latex
Monoecious: male flowers borne in oblong cluster 5- 10 cm. female Monoecious: male flowers borne in oblong cluster 5- 10 cm. female
cluster are elliptic or roundedcluster are elliptic or rounded
Fruit weight : up to 76 poundsFruit weight : up to 76 pounds

10. FruitsFruits
Thick and quite pricklyThick and quite prickly
Borne on short lateral branches along a Borne on short lateral branches along a
main trunk main trunk
Oval to oblong shape Oval to oblong shape
The green rind is made up of hexagonal The green rind is made up of hexagonal
fleshy spinesfleshy spines
The flesh are starchy and fibrousThe flesh are starchy and fibrous
Source of dietary fibreSource of dietary fibre

11. Resin Resin
When the jackfruit is opened, one finds When the jackfruit is opened, one finds
the round fruits contained in ‘pockets’ in a the round fruits contained in ‘pockets’ in a
fibrous interiorfibrous interior
The main difficulty in extracting the The main difficulty in extracting the
individual fruit is sticky white latex individual fruit is sticky white latex
produced by the fruitproduced by the fruit
This latex is identical to the white wood This latex is identical to the white wood
glue one find in hardware storeglue one find in hardware store

12. CempedakCempedak
( ( Artocarpus champeden )Artocarpus champeden )
Kingdom : plantaeKingdom : plantae
Division : magnoliophytaDivision : magnoliophyta
Class : mangnoliopsidaClass : mangnoliopsida
Order : rosalesOrder : rosales
Family : moraceaeFamily : moraceae
Tribe : artocarpeaeTribe : artocarpeae
Genus : artocarpusGenus : artocarpus
Species : A. champedenSpecies : A. champeden
OriginOrigin : South East Asia, occuring from West : South East Asia, occuring from West
Malaysia to west irian on the island of New Guinea Malaysia to west irian on the island of New Guinea
EvergreenEvergreen
Bear fruit once or twice a yearBear fruit once or twice a year

13. fruitsfruits
Sausage shape Sausage shape
length : 20 -50 cmlength : 20 -50 cm
The flesh surrounding the large seeds are The flesh surrounding the large seeds are
yellow, orange or green in coloryellow, orange or green in color
the sweet, juicy pulp surround the seed in a the sweet, juicy pulp surround the seed in a
thick layer between the husk and an inedible thick layer between the husk and an inedible
corecore
Skin : thin and leathery, pattern with hexagon Skin : thin and leathery, pattern with hexagon
that either flat or raised protuberances that either flat or raised protuberances

14. BREADFRUITBREADFRUIT
( (ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis ) )
Kingdom : plantae Kingdom : plantae
Plants Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plantsPlants Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plantsSuperdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division Division MagnoliophytaMagnoliophyta – Flowering plants – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida– DicotyledonsClass : Magnoliopsida– Dicotyledons
Subclass : HamamelididaeSubclass : Hamamelididae
Order : Urticales Order : Urticales
Family : Moraceae – Mulberry familyFamily : Moraceae – Mulberry family
Genus : Genus : ArtocarpusArtocarpus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. – breadfruit J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. – breadfruit
Species : Species : ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis (Parkinson) Fosberg – breadfruit (Parkinson) Fosberg – breadfruit

15. BreadfruitBreadfruit
( (ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis ) )
fast growingfast growing
reaching 85 ft (26 m) in heightreaching 85 ft (26 m) in height
often buttressed at the baseoften buttressed at the base
The leaves, evergreen or deciduous depending on climatic conditions, on The leaves, evergreen or deciduous depending on climatic conditions, on
thick, yellow petioles to 1 1/2 in (3.8 cm) long, are ovate, 9 to 36 inthick, yellow petioles to 1 1/2 in (3.8 cm) long, are ovate, 9 to 36 in
(22.8-90 cm) long, 8 to 20 in (20-50 cm) wide, entire at the base, then(22.8-90 cm) long, 8 to 20 in (20-50 cm) wide, entire at the base, then
more or less deeply cut into 5 to 11 pointed lobesmore or less deeply cut into 5 to 11 pointed lobes
Some fruits may have a harsh, sandpaper-like rind. Generally the rind is Some fruits may have a harsh, sandpaper-like rind. Generally the rind is
green at green at
first, turning yellowish-green, yellow or yellow-brown when ripe, though one first, turning yellowish-green, yellow or yellow-brown when ripe, though one
variety isvariety is
lavenderlavender
In the green stage, the fruit is hard and the interior is white, starchy and In the green stage, the fruit is hard and the interior is white, starchy and
somewhatsomewhat
fibrousfibrous

16. BreadfruitBreadfruit
( (ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis ) )
When fully ripe, the fruit is somewhat soft, the interior is cream When fully ripe, the fruit is somewhat soft, the interior is cream
colored or yellow andcolored or yellow and
pasty, also sweetly fragrantpasty, also sweetly fragrant
The seeds are irregularly oval, rounded at one end, pointed at the The seeds are irregularly oval, rounded at one end, pointed at the
other, about 3/4 inother, about 3/4 in
(2 cm) long, dull-brown with darker stripes(2 cm) long, dull-brown with darker stripes
In the center of seedless fruits there is a cylindrical or oblong core, In the center of seedless fruits there is a cylindrical or oblong core,
in some types covered with hairs bearing flat, brown, abortive seeds in some types covered with hairs bearing flat, brown, abortive seeds
about 1/8 in (3 mm) longabout 1/8 in (3 mm) long
The fruit stalk (pedicel) varies from 1 to 5 in (2.5-12.5 cm) longThe fruit stalk (pedicel) varies from 1 to 5 in (2.5-12.5 cm) long
ClimateClimate : :
The breadfruit is ultra-tropicalThe breadfruit is ultra-tropical
it requires a temperature range of 60° to 100°F (15.56°-37.78°C)it requires a temperature range of 60° to 100°F (15.56°-37.78°C)

17. BreadfruitBreadfruit
( (ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis ) )
OriginOrigin::
The breadfruit is believed to be native to a vast area extending from New The breadfruit is believed to be native to a vast area extending from New
GuineaGuinea
through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to Western Micronesiathrough the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to Western Micronesia
 It is said to have been widely spread in the Pacific area by migrating It is said to have been widely spread in the Pacific area by migrating
Polynesians, and Hawaiians believed that it was brought from the Samoan Polynesians, and Hawaiians believed that it was brought from the Samoan
island of Upalu to Oahu in the 12th Century A.Disland of Upalu to Oahu in the 12th Century A.D
It is said to have been first seen by Europeans in the Marquesas in 1595, It is said to have been first seen by Europeans in the Marquesas in 1595,
then in Tahiti in 1606then in Tahiti in 1606
At the beginning of the 18th Century, the early English explorers were loud At the beginning of the 18th Century, the early English explorers were loud
in its praises, and its fame, together with several periods of famine in in its praises, and its fame, together with several periods of famine in
Jamaica between 1780 and 1786, inspired plantation owners in the British Jamaica between 1780 and 1786, inspired plantation owners in the British
West Indies to petition King George III to import seedless breadfruit trees West Indies to petition King George III to import seedless breadfruit trees
to provide food for their slavesto provide food for their slaves

18. BreadfruitBreadfruit
( (ArtocarpusArtocarpus altilisaltilis ) )
SoilSoil::
breadfruit tree must have deep, fertile, well-drained soilbreadfruit tree must have deep, fertile, well-drained soil
 But some of the best authorities on South Pacific plants But some of the best authorities on South Pacific plants
point out that the seedless breadfruit does well on sandy point out that the seedless breadfruit does well on sandy
coral soilscoral soils
ToxicityToxicity
Most varieties of breadfruit are purgative if eaten rawMost varieties of breadfruit are purgative if eaten raw
Some varieties are boiled twice and the water thrown Some varieties are boiled twice and the water thrown
away, to avoid unpleasant effects, while there are a few away, to avoid unpleasant effects, while there are a few
named cultivars that can be safely eaten without cookingnamed cultivars that can be safely eaten without cooking

19. Mas CotekMas Cotek
(Ficus Deltoidea(Ficus Deltoidea ) )
Kingdom : PlantaeKingdom : Plantae
Order : RosalesOrder : Rosales
Family : MoraceaeFamily : Moraceae
Tribe : Tribe : FiceaeFiceae Gaudich. Gaudich.
Genus : Genus : FicusFicus
Common NameCommon Name: : MistletoeMistletoe fig fig

20. Mas cotekMas cotek
(Ficus Deltoidea(Ficus Deltoidea ) )
Evergreen shrub or small treeEvergreen shrub or small tree
5-7 m tall5-7 m tall
1-3 m wide1-3 m wide
It grows only about 20 feetIt grows only about 20 feet
more often found as a shrub than a treemore often found as a shrub than a tree
aerial rootsaerial roots
usually seen as a large cascading epiphytic shrub on large trees on large usually seen as a large cascading epiphytic shrub on large trees on large
treestrees
LeavesLeaves
Leaves broadly spoon-shapedLeaves broadly spoon-shaped
4-8 cm long4-8 cm long
bright green color from abovebright green color from above
rust-red to olive brown color from beneathrust-red to olive brown color from beneath

21. Mas cotekMas cotek
(Ficus Deltoidea(Ficus Deltoidea ) )
PollinationPollination
Each species of Each species of Ficus Ficus has an associated species of agaonid wasphas an associated species of agaonid wasp
FicusFicus species can only be pollinated by their associated agaonid species can only be pollinated by their associated agaonid
waspswasps
 the wasps can only lay eggs within their associated the wasps can only lay eggs within their associated Ficus Ficus fruitfruit
PropagationPropagation
May propagate from seedMay propagate from seed
May propagate from cuttingMay propagate from cutting
Trees can begin life as epiphytes on other trees.Trees can begin life as epiphytes on other trees.

22. Mas cotekMas cotek
(Ficus Deltoidea(Ficus Deltoidea ) )
DispersalDispersal
Pollinator waspsPollinator wasps
Fruit eating birdsFruit eating birds
Distribution Distribution
native to S.E. Asia to Borneo, and the Philippinesnative to S.E. Asia to Borneo, and the Philippines
tropical rainforesttropical rainforest
Average temperature ranges from over 20C to 30 CAverage temperature ranges from over 20C to 30 C

23. ECONOMIC USESECONOMIC USES
Brosimum guianenseBrosimum guianense and and B.rubescensB.rubescens - provide timber - provide timber
for building furniture and making tools.for building furniture and making tools.
Two species of Two species of Castilla Castilla - yield a rubber - yield a rubber
Latex of the same species of Latex of the same species of NaucleopsisNaucleopsis is used to is used to
prepare and arrow poison that affects the cardiac prepare and arrow poison that affects the cardiac
system and not the nervous system.system and not the nervous system.
Latex of some species of Latex of some species of FicusFicus is used to treat is used to treat
intestinal worm infections.intestinal worm infections.
Latex of Latex of Maclura tinctoriaMaclura tinctoria is used to treat toothaches is used to treat toothaches
Species of Species of DorsteniaDorstenia, in particular , in particular D.cayapiaD.cayapia and and
D.contrajrevaD.contrajreva have broad application. have broad application.

24. ECONOMIC USESECONOMIC USES
A protolytics enzyme called ficin is derived from the A protolytics enzyme called ficin is derived from the
latex of latex of Ficus caricaFicus carica and and F.glabrataF.glabrata are used in the are used in the
food industry as food ingredients in tenderizers and to food industry as food ingredients in tenderizers and to
produce protein hydrosylates.produce protein hydrosylates.
Bark fiber of Bark fiber of PoulseniaPoulsenia are used to prepare bark cloth are used to prepare bark cloth
and some species of and some species of FicusFicus are used to make amate are used to make amate
paper in Mexico.paper in Mexico.
The seed of The seed of Brosimum alicastrumBrosimum alicastrum are eaten, boiled, are eaten, boiled,
roasted and ground into flour to make bread or roasted and ground into flour to make bread or
tortillas.tortillas.
Species of Species of FicusFicus are grown widely as ornamentals and are grown widely as ornamentals and
houseplants. houseplants.

25. Journal Journal

26. Title: Title:
Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extract and Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extract and
compounds from Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae).compounds from Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae).
Authors: Authors:
Ngameni, B.Ngameni, B.11
Kuete, V.Kuete, V.2 [email protected] [email protected]
Simo, I.K.Simo, I.K.33
Mbaveng, A.T.Mbaveng, A.T.44
Awoussong, P.K.Awoussong, P.K.55
Patnam, R.Patnam, R.66
Roy, R.Roy, R.66
Ngadjui, B.T.Ngadjui, B.T.1,5 1,5
Source: Source:
South African Journal of BotanySouth African Journal of Botany; Apr2009, Vol. 75 Issue 2, p256-261, 6p ; Apr2009, Vol. 75 Issue 2, p256-261, 6p

27. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the crude Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the crude
extract of the twigs of Dorstenia turbinata (DTT) as well as that of five of the nine extract of the twigs of Dorstenia turbinata (DTT) as well as that of five of the nine
compounds isolated from this extract, namely 5-methoxy-3-[3-(ß-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-compounds isolated from this extract, namely 5-methoxy-3-[3-(ß-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-
hydroxy-3-methylbutyl]psoralen (1), 5-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyl)psoralen hydroxy-3-methylbutyl]psoralen (1), 5-methoxy-3-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyl)psoralen
(2), (2′S, 3′R)-3′-hydroxymarmesin (3), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4) and 4-(2), (2′S, 3′R)-3′-hydroxymarmesin (3), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4) and 4-
methoxyphenol (5). Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial species as well as fungi were methoxyphenol (5). Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial species as well as fungi were
used. The agar disc diffusion test was used to determine the sensitivity of the tested used. The agar disc diffusion test was used to determine the sensitivity of the tested
samples while the well micro-dilution was used to determine the minimal inhibition samples while the well micro-dilution was used to determine the minimal inhibition
concentrations (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the active concentrations (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the active
samples. The results of the disc diffusion assay showed that the crude extract (DTT), samples. The results of the disc diffusion assay showed that the crude extract (DTT),
compounds 1 to 3 were able to prevent the growth of all the tested pathogens at the compounds 1 to 3 were able to prevent the growth of all the tested pathogens at the
tested concentrations. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate and selective activities. The tested concentrations. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate and selective activities. The
results of MIC determinations indicated values ranging from 19.53 to 78.12 µg/ml for the results of MIC determinations indicated values ranging from 19.53 to 78.12 µg/ml for the
DTT and from 9.76 to 78.12 µg/ml for compound 2. The MIC values recorded on 91% of DTT and from 9.76 to 78.12 µg/ml for compound 2. The MIC values recorded on 91% of
the tested organisms for compounds 1 and 3. The lowest MIC value for the crude extract the tested organisms for compounds 1 and 3. The lowest MIC value for the crude extract
of D. turbinata (19.53 µg/ml) was noted on Trichophyton rubrum and Escherichia coli. of D. turbinata (19.53 µg/ml) was noted on Trichophyton rubrum and Escherichia coli.
The corresponding value for the tested compounds (9.76 µg/ml) was obtained with 2 and The corresponding value for the tested compounds (9.76 µg/ml) was obtained with 2 and
3 on T. rubrum. The antimicrobial activity of this plant as well as that of compounds 1-2 3 on T. rubrum. The antimicrobial activity of this plant as well as that of compounds 1-2
is being reported for the first time. The overall results provide promising baseline is being reported for the first time. The overall results provide promising baseline
information for the potential use of the crude extracts from DTT as well as some of the information for the potential use of the crude extracts from DTT as well as some of the
isolated compounds in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. [Copyright 2009 isolated compounds in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. [Copyright 2009
Elsevier] Elsevier]

28. Anticonvulsant effect of Ficus religiosa: Role of Anticonvulsant effect of Ficus religiosa: Role of
serotonergic pathways.serotonergic pathways.
Authors: 1.Authors: 1.Singh, DamanpreetSingh, Damanpreet11
2. 2. Goel, Rajesh KumarGoel, Rajesh Kumar2 2
[email protected] [email protected]
Source: Source: Journal of EthnopharmacologyJournal of Ethnopharmacology; Jun2009, Vol. ; Jun2009, Vol.
123 Issue 2, p330-334, 123 Issue 2, p330-334, 5p 5p
\\

29. Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ficus religiosa (Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ficus religiosa (MoraceaeMoraceae) is reported to ) is reported to
have numerous therapeutic utility in folk medicine. Among different biological activities on have numerous therapeutic utility in folk medicine. Among different biological activities on
central nervous system, it has been reported to be used in ethnomedical treatment of central nervous system, it has been reported to be used in ethnomedical treatment of
epilepsy, which led us to further explore its anticonvulsant activity in various animal epilepsy, which led us to further explore its anticonvulsant activity in various animal
models of epilepsy. Aim of the study: To investigate anticonvulsant activity of methanolic models of epilepsy. Aim of the study: To investigate anticonvulsant activity of methanolic
extract of figs of Ficus religiosa in animal models and to determine its possible extract of figs of Ficus religiosa in animal models and to determine its possible
anticonvulsant mechanism. Materials and methods: Anticonvulsant activity of figs extract anticonvulsant mechanism. Materials and methods: Anticonvulsant activity of figs extract
(25, 50 and 100mg/kg, i.p.) was studied in seizures induced by maximum electroshock (25, 50 and 100mg/kg, i.p.) was studied in seizures induced by maximum electroshock
(MES), picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Cyproheptadine, a nonselective (MES), picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Cyproheptadine, a nonselective
(5HT_1/2) serotonin antagonist (4mg/kg, i.p.) was used to study the (5HT_1/2) serotonin antagonist (4mg/kg, i.p.) was used to study the
reversal of protective effect of extract in the above mentioned models. Acute toxicity, reversal of protective effect of extract in the above mentioned models. Acute toxicity,
neurotoxicity and potentiation of pentobarbitone induced sleep by extract was also neurotoxicity and potentiation of pentobarbitone induced sleep by extract was also
studied. Results: Extract showed no toxicity, potentiated pentobarbitone induced sleep studied. Results: Extract showed no toxicity, potentiated pentobarbitone induced sleep
and inhibited seizures induced by MES and picrotoxin in a dose dependent manner. and inhibited seizures induced by MES and picrotoxin in a dose dependent manner.
Anticonvulsant effect of extract was comparable to clinically used antiepileptic drugs Anticonvulsant effect of extract was comparable to clinically used antiepileptic drugs
(phenytoin and diazepam). However, PTZ induced seizures were not inhibited. Animals (phenytoin and diazepam). However, PTZ induced seizures were not inhibited. Animals
pretreated with cyproheptadine showed inhibition of the anticonvulsant effect of extract. pretreated with cyproheptadine showed inhibition of the anticonvulsant effect of extract.
Conclusions: These findings suggested that the methanolic extract of figs of Ficus Conclusions: These findings suggested that the methanolic extract of figs of Ficus
religiosa had anticonvulsant activity against MES and picrotoxin induced convulsions, with religiosa had anticonvulsant activity against MES and picrotoxin induced convulsions, with
no neurotoxic effect, in a dose dependent manner. Inhibition of the anticonvulsant effect no neurotoxic effect, in a dose dependent manner. Inhibition of the anticonvulsant effect
of extract by cyproheptadine substantiates the involvement of serotonergic pathways for of extract by cyproheptadine substantiates the involvement of serotonergic pathways for
the anticonvulsant activity of extract. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]the anticonvulsant activity of extract. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]

30. Title: Title:
Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and compounds from stem Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and compounds from stem
bark of Ficus ovata (Moraceae).bark of Ficus ovata (Moraceae).
Authors: Authors:
Kuete, VictorKuete, Victor1 [email protected] [email protected]
Nana, FrédéricNana, Frédéric22
Ngameni, BathélémyNgameni, Bathélémy3 [email protected] [email protected]
Mbaveng, Armelle TsafackMbaveng, Armelle Tsafack44
Keumedjio, FélixKeumedjio, Félix22
Ngadjui, Bonaventure TchaleuNgadjui, Bonaventure Tchaleu2,3 2,3
Source: Source:
Journal of EthnopharmacologyJournal of Ethnopharmacology; Jul2009, Vol. 124 Issue 3, p556-561, 6p ; Jul2009, Vol. 124 Issue 3, p556-561, 6p

31. Abstract: Aim of the study: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial Abstract: Aim of the study: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial
activities of the methanol extracts from the stem bark of Ficus ovata (FOB), fractions activities of the methanol extracts from the stem bark of Ficus ovata (FOB), fractions
(FOB1–6) and compounds isolated following bio-guided fractionation [3-friedelanone (1), (FOB1–6) and compounds isolated following bio-guided fractionation [3-friedelanone (1),
taraxeryl acetate (2), betulinic acid (3), oleanoïc acid (4), 2-hydroxyisoprunetin (5), 6,7-taraxeryl acetate (2), betulinic acid (3), oleanoïc acid (4), 2-hydroxyisoprunetin (5), 6,7-
(2-isopropenyl furo)-5,2,4-trihydroxyisoflavone (6), Cajanin (7) and protocatechuic acid (2-isopropenyl furo)-5,2,4-trihydroxyisoflavone (6), Cajanin (7) and protocatechuic acid
(8)]. Materials and Methods: The micro-dilution method was used for the determination (8)]. Materials and Methods: The micro-dilution method was used for the determination
of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentration of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentration
(MMC) against fungi (two species), Gram-positive (three species) and Gram-negative (MMC) against fungi (two species), Gram-positive (three species) and Gram-negative
bacteria (five species). Results: The results of the MIC determinations indicated that the bacteria (five species). Results: The results of the MIC determinations indicated that the
crude extract (FOB), fractions FOB2 and FOB4 as well as compound 5 were active on the crude extract (FOB), fractions FOB2 and FOB4 as well as compound 5 were active on the
entire studied organisms. Other samples showed selective activity, fractions FOB1, FOB3 entire studied organisms. Other samples showed selective activity, fractions FOB1, FOB3
and FOB5 being active against 50% of the tested microbial species while FOB6 was active and FOB5 being active against 50% of the tested microbial species while FOB6 was active
on 40%. Compounds 8, 6, 2 and 7 prevented the growth of 80%, 70%, 50% and 20% of on 40%. Compounds 8, 6, 2 and 7 prevented the growth of 80%, 70%, 50% and 20% of
the organisms respectively. The lowest MIC value (156g/ml) observed with the crude the organisms respectively. The lowest MIC value (156g/ml) observed with the crude
extract was recorded on Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Microsporum extract was recorded on Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Microsporum
audouinii. The corresponding value for fractions (39μg/ml) was noted with FOB4 against audouinii. The corresponding value for fractions (39μg/ml) was noted with FOB4 against
Staphylococcus aureus, while that of the tested compounds (10μg/ml) was observed with Staphylococcus aureus, while that of the tested compounds (10μg/ml) was observed with
compound 8 on Microsporum audouinii. The results of the MMC determination suggested compound 8 on Microsporum audouinii. The results of the MMC determination suggested
that the cidal effect of most of the tested samples on the studied microorganisms could that the cidal effect of most of the tested samples on the studied microorganisms could
be expected. Conclusions: The overall results provided evidence that the studied plant be expected. Conclusions: The overall results provided evidence that the studied plant
extract, as well as some of the isolated compounds might be potential sources of new extract, as well as some of the isolated compounds might be potential sources of new
antimicrobial drug. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]antimicrobial drug. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]

32. Title: Title:
Growth promoting potential of Ficus bengalensis root extracts in Growth promoting potential of Ficus bengalensis root extracts in
immature female rats.immature female rats.
Authors: Authors:
Nidhiya, I. S. R.Nidhiya, I. S. R.11
Pai, K. S. R.Pai, K. S. R.1 [email protected] [email protected]
Rao, C. MallikarjunaRao, C. Mallikarjuna1 1
Source: Source:
Pharmaceutical BiologyPharmaceutical Biology; Apr2009, Vol. 47 Issue 4, p268-273, 6p; Apr2009, Vol. 47 Issue 4, p268-273, 6p

33. The growth promoting potential of alcohol and aqueous extracts of young prop The growth promoting potential of alcohol and aqueous extracts of young prop
roots of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (roots of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (MoraceaeMoraceae), a medicinal plant widely used ), a medicinal plant widely used
among the tribes of the western zone of Maharashtra state, India to increase among the tribes of the western zone of Maharashtra state, India to increase
height, was studied. Its growth promoting effect was evaluated in one-month-height, was studied. Its growth promoting effect was evaluated in one-month-
old immature female rats. Extracts were administered to young rats for 30 old immature female rats. Extracts were administered to young rats for 30
days. Significant ( p < 0.05) increase in body weight was observed in alcohol days. Significant ( p < 0.05) increase in body weight was observed in alcohol
and aqueous extract treated immature female rats. Animals treated with and aqueous extract treated immature female rats. Animals treated with
alcohol extract showed statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05) in alcohol extract showed statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05) in
parameters such as mean food consumption, total body length and increase in parameters such as mean food consumption, total body length and increase in
alkaline phosphatase levels, a biochemical marker for bone formation. alkaline phosphatase levels, a biochemical marker for bone formation.
Significant results were not observed in other parameters such as feed Significant results were not observed in other parameters such as feed
efficiency, tail length, relative organ weight, bone density, tibial epiphyseal efficiency, tail length, relative organ weight, bone density, tibial epiphyseal
cartilage width and bone hydroxy proline levels. The results obtained establish cartilage width and bone hydroxy proline levels. The results obtained establish
the efficacy of the plant material as well as importance of chronic studies to the efficacy of the plant material as well as importance of chronic studies to
justify the use of this plant in growth promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]justify the use of this plant in growth promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

34. Title: Title:
Optimization of a multitarget preservation technique for jackfruit Optimization of a multitarget preservation technique for jackfruit
(Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) bulbs.(Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) bulbs.
Authors: Authors:
Saxena, AlokSaxena, Alok [email protected] [email protected]
Bawa, A.S.Bawa, A.S.11
Raju, P.S.Raju, P.S.1 1
Source: Source:
Journal of Food EngineeringJournal of Food Engineering; Mar2009, Vol. 91 Issue 1, p18-28, 11p ; Mar2009, Vol. 91 Issue 1, p18-28, 11p

35. Abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) bulbs in pitted and pre-cut Abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) bulbs in pitted and pre-cut
form were subjected to a multitarget preservation technique involving water form were subjected to a multitarget preservation technique involving water
activity (a _w) regulation, acidification, and in-pack pasteurization activity (a _w) regulation, acidification, and in-pack pasteurization
as the hurdles. The osmotic dewatering process was optimized using response as the hurdles. The osmotic dewatering process was optimized using response
surface methodology with osmotic concentration, temperature, and duration of surface methodology with osmotic concentration, temperature, and duration of
immersion as the process variables. Optimized conditions were found to be immersion as the process variables. Optimized conditions were found to be
65.9°Brix, 68.5°C temperature, and 180.6 minutes of immersion respectively 65.9°Brix, 68.5°C temperature, and 180.6 minutes of immersion respectively
for maximizing water loss, and overall acceptability while minimizing solid gain. for maximizing water loss, and overall acceptability while minimizing solid gain.
Microstructural observations highlighted the maintenance of tissue integrity Microstructural observations highlighted the maintenance of tissue integrity
under the optimized process conditions. Total carotenoids retention in the under the optimized process conditions. Total carotenoids retention in the
product was found to be 64.2%, 46.2% and 35.7% under 6°C, ambient (22–product was found to be 64.2%, 46.2% and 35.7% under 6°C, ambient (22–
32°C) and 37°C temperature conditions respectively during storage. The 32°C) and 37°C temperature conditions respectively during storage. The
overall shelf-life of multitarget preserved high moisture jackfruit bulbs was overall shelf-life of multitarget preserved high moisture jackfruit bulbs was
found to be 8, 6 and 4 months under the respective storage temperatures of found to be 8, 6 and 4 months under the respective storage temperatures of
6°C, ambient, and 37°C. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]6°C, ambient, and 37°C. [Copyright 2009 Elsevier]

36. conclusionconclusion

37. plant usually woody, less often herbaceousplant usually woody, less often herbaceous
Milky latex presentMilky latex present
Stipules present, often conspicuous and / or fully Stipules present, often conspicuous and / or fully
encircling the twigencircling the twig
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simpleLeaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple
Flowers unisexual, perianth uniseriate or absent, Flowers unisexual, perianth uniseriate or absent,
stamen one to four, gynoecium with one locule, stamen one to four, gynoecium with one locule,
placentation apical, the ovule oneplacentation apical, the ovule one
Fruits often enclosed by accrescent fleshy Fruits often enclosed by accrescent fleshy
perianth or receptacle perianth or receptacle