Morphemes

Kinds of Morpheme

2. MORPHEME
A morpheme is a word
element that cannot stand
alone as a word. Contrast with
free morpheme.
Bound
Morpheme
Free
Morpheme
-s
-ed
-ness
-er
Im-
Re-
Cats
Laughed
Happiness
Runner
Impossible
Repaint

3. Bound
Morpheme
Unbound
Morpheme

4. -Can’t stand
alone
-Always parts of
words
-Occur attached to
free morphemesaCe-frOrgrnbseAifb
opbrdncfnnf
abbC-bfr-ibe-n
-constitute words
by themselves
- can stand alone
boy, car,
desire,
gentle,
man
cats: cat  free
morpheme
-s  bound morpheme
undesirable: desire 
free morpheme
-un, -able  bound
morphemes

5. Free Bound
Read-able
Hear-ing
En-large
Perform-ance
White-ness
Dark-en
Seek-er
Leg-ible
Audi-ence
Magn-ify
Rend-ition
Clar-ity
Obfuse-ate
Applic-ant

6. PREFIXES SUFFIXES
A prefix is placed at the beginning
of a word to modify or change its
meaning.
A suffix goes at the end of a word.
Unhappy
Discontinue
Rewrite
Bicycle
bipolar
sleeping
Excited
desirable
InflectionalDerivational
dog > dogs
walk > walked
teach > teacher
care > careful

7. Prefix Meaning Examples
a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
a-
to, towards aside, aback
in the process of, in a
particular state
a-hunting, aglow
a-
of anew
completely abashed
ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
ad-
also a-, ac-, af-, ag- al-,
an-, ap-, at- as-, at-
movement to, change into,
addition or increase
advance, adulterate,
adjunct, ascend, affiliate,
affirm, aggravate,
alleviate, annotate,
apprehend, arrive,
assemble, attend

8. ante- before, precedingantecedent, ante-room
anti- also ant-
opposing, against, the
opposite
anti-aircraft, antibiotic,
anticlimax, Antarctic
be-
all over, all aroundbespatter, beset
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered withbejewelled
affect with (added to
nouns)
Befog
Becalm
Cause to be (added to
adjectives)

9. com- also co-, col-, con-, cor-with, jointly, completely
combat, codriver, collude,
confide, corrode
contra- against, opposite contraceptive
counter- opposition, opposite directioncounter-attack, counteract
de-
down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct
completely denude, denigrate
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
dia- also di- through, across diagonal
dis- also di- negation, removal, expulsion
disadvantage, dismount, disbud,
disbar
en- also em-
put into or on engulf, enmesh
bring into the condition ofenlighten, embitter
intensification entangle, enrage
ex- also e-, ef-
out exit, exclude, expand
upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
previous ex-wife
extra- outside, beyond extracurricular

10. hemi- half hemisphere
hyper-
beyond, more than, more
than normal
hypersonic, hyperactive
hypo- under hypodermic, hypothermia
in-
also il-, im- not, without
infertile, inappropriate,
impossible
also il-, im-, ir- in, into, towards, insideinfluence, influx, imbibe
infra- below infrared, infrastructure
inter- between, among interact, interchange
intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
non- absence, negation
non-smoker, non-
alcoholic
ob- also oc-, of-, op-
blocking, against,
concealing
obstruct, occult, offend,
oppose
out-
surpassing, exceedingoutperform
external, away fromoutbuilding, outboard
over-
excessively, completely
overconfident,
overburdened, overjoyed
upper, outer, over, aboveovercoat, overcast

11. peri- round, about perimeter
post- after in time or order postpone
pre-
before in time, place, order or
importance
pre-adolescent, prelude,
precondition
pro-
favouring, in support ofpro-African
acting for proconsul
motion forwards or away propulsion
before in time, place or orderprologue
re- again repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious
sub-
also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-,
sus-
at a lower position submarine, subsoil
lower in rank sub-lieutenant
nearly, approximately sub-tropical
syn- also sym- in union, acting togethersynchronize, symmetry

12. trans-
across, beyond transnational, transatlantic
into a different state translate
ultra-
beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme ultramicroscopic
un-
not
unacceptable, unreal, unhappy,
unmanned
reversal or cancellation of action
or state
unplug, unmask
under-
beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank undersecretary
not enough underdeveloped

13. Inflectional suffixes
suffix grammatical change
example
original word
example
suffixed word
-s plural dog dogs
-en plural (irregular) ox oxen
-s 3rd person singular present like he likes
-ed
past tense
past participle
work
he worked
he has worked
-en past participle (irregular) eat he has eaten
-ing continuous/progressive sleep he is sleeping
-er comparative big bigger
-est superlative big the biggest

14. Derivational suffixes
suffix making
example
original word
example
suffixed word
-ation
nouns
explore
hesitate
exploration
hesitation
-sion
persuade
divide
persuasion
division
-er teach teacher
-cian music musician
-ess god goddess
-ness sad sadness
-al arrive arrival
-ary diction dictionary
-ment treat treatment

15. -y
jealous
victor
jealousy
victory
-al
adjectives
accident accidental
-ary imagine imaginary
-able tax taxable
-ly brother brotherly
-y ease easy
-ful
sorrow
forget
sorrowful
forgetful
-ly adverbs helpful helpfully
-ize
verbs
terror
private
terrorize
privatize
-ate hyphen hyphenate

16. Carstairs, Andrew. 2002. An Introduction to English
Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh
University Press.
Spencer, Andrew and Arnold M. Zwicky. 2001. “Intoduction”.
The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell Publishing.
01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAnAffixL
inguistics.htm
REFERENCES

17. •https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/suffixes.htm
•https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prefixes.htm
•http://www.google.co.id/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEAQFjAG
&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2F~krassi
%2Flin220%2Flecture%2520notes%2Fmorphology%2Fbound
%2520and%2520free
%2520morphemes.doc&ei=AC4dVPmsGpGE8gWF9IIo&usg=A
FQjCNH_SvY2qbcdoJyEbHGwgg68eXgOoA
•http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/boundmorphterm.htm

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