MORPHINE.pptx

MORPHINE PHARMACOLOGY

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3. OPIOIDS (MORPHINE) AS ANALGESIC 3

4. CONTENTS Introduction History Classification Structure Mechanism of actions Root of administration Morphine Effects (Acute Chronic) Clinical Uses Side Effects References 4

5. 5 INTRODUCTION

6. INTRODUCTION ANALGESICS : Analgesics are a class of medications designed specifically to relieve pain. OPIOID ANALGESICS : are known as narcotics analgesic, that acts on CNS, usually used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain for thousands of years. OPIUM : A dark brown resin material from unripe seed of poppies. 6

7. HISTORY 7

8. HISTORY The Pharmacist Surterner (1783-1841) first isolated and alkaloid from opium in 1804 . He named it as Morphine, after Morpheus the Greek God of Dreams. 8

9. MORPHINE Morphine is the principal alkaloid in opium and still widely used. Biological source: It is obtained from juice or latex from unripe seed of the Papaver somniferum . Family: Papavaraceae 9

10. STRUCTURE STRUCTURE 10

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12. CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION 12

13. CLASSIFICATION Classification on the basis of synthesis OPIOIDS Classification on the basis of receptors 13

14. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS MECHANISM OF A CTION 14

15. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS Opioids act on the opioid receptors present in the CNS (Central nervous system) and PNS (Peripheral nervous system) name as under: Mu receptor ( μ- opioid receptor) : The Mu receptor activation plays a major role in the respiratory depression, pain relief, sedation and euphoria. Kappa receptor ( κ- opioid receptor): Theses receptors are present in brain and spinal cord. Activation of these receptors causes pain relief, sedation, SOB and dependence. 15

16. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS Delta receptor ( δ receptor): These receptor is widely distributed in the brain. Activation of this receptor play an important role in the development of tolerance. It also act as analgesic . Opioids receptors activation can close voltage/ gated calcium ion channels to inhibit neuro - transmitter release. In a simple way Opioids blocks the sensory neurons, so that the sensation of pain do not reach the CNS and the feeling of pain sensation reduces. 16

17. MECHANISM OF ACTIONS Pain site Sensory neuron 17

18. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION 18

19. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION Oral Inhalation Injectable (Intravenously and Intramuscular) Transdermal Injection into the space around the spinal cord 19

20. MORPHINE EFFECTS MORPHINE EFFECTS 20

21. MORPHINE EFFECTS 21

22. CLINICAL USES 22

23. CLINICAL USES Analgesic (For Severe & Sharp pain) Pre-operative sedation and to facilitate the induction of anesthesia For long term treatment of terminally ill, pain ridden patients Management of acute pulmonary edema For treatment of anxiety & insomnia Morphine sulfate is used for treatment of cancer 23

24. SIDE EFFECTS 24

25. SIDE EFFECTS Drowsiness Stomach pain and cramps Dry mouth Headache Nervousness Mood changes Small pupils Difficulty urinating or pain when urinating Blue or purple color to the skin Changes in heartbeat Agitation, hallucinations (seeing things or hearing voices that do not exist), fever, sweating, confusion, fast heartbeat, shivering, severe muscle stiffness or twitching, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea 25

26. SIDE EFFECTS Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, or dizziness Inability to get or keep an erection Irregular menstruation Decreased sexual desire Seizures Extreme drowsiness Fainting Chest pain Fever 26

27. WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS 27

28. WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS Restlessness Trouble sleeping Thoughts of suicide Watering eyes Runny nose Swatting Muscle pain Sudden change in behaviors ANTIDOTE: Naloxone is a specific antidote for morphine 28

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30. REFERENCES 30

31. REFERENCES Pharmacology by Katzung & Trevor’s 11 th Edition Comprehensive Pharmacy Review for NAPLEX by Leon Shargel & Larry N. Swanso n Google scholer 31

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