Morphological process

1. MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS
Morphology A
School of Undergraduate Studies of University of Brawijaya
[email protected]
By:
M. Ghozali Affan

2. Morphological process is a mean of
changing a stem to adjust its meaning
to fit its syntactic and comunicational
context.
Morphological process?

3. Two ways of morphological process
Concatenative:
putting morphemes together
Non-concatenative:
modifying internal structure of morphemes

4. Morphological Process Scheme
Morphological process
Internal
modification
Reduplication
(repeatition)
affixation
compounding
Non-concatenative
Concatenative
conversion
Back derivation

5. 1. Compounding
English shares with many languages the ability to
create new words by combining old words.
compounding can be analyzed through its
constituents.
Compound
words
Open Closed Hyphenate

6. Open Compounds: Compounds written as separate
words.
e.g : end zone, high school.
Closed Compounds: Compounds written as single
words.
e.g : newspaper, goldfish, highway.
Hyphenated Compounds: Compounds that are
hyphenated.
e.g : mother-in-law, second-rate.

7. Prefixes are letters that
are added to the
beginningof a word.
A prefix changes the
meaning of a word.
2. Affixation

8. Example:
“preschool”
The prefix is pre-
The prefix premeans “before” so the word
preschoolmeans “before school”

9. Negative and
Positive
Size Location Time and
Order
Numb
er
Un- Semi- Inter- Pre- Mono-
Non- Mini- Super- ante- Bi-
In- Micro- Trans- Fore- Hex-
Dis- Ex- Post- Oct-
Re- Extra- Multi-

10. Suffixes are letters
added to the endof a
word.
A suffix also changes
the meaning and the
word class of a word.

11. Example:
„careless‟
The suffix is –less
The suffix –less means without
so the word careless means
“without care”

12. Nouns verbs adjectives adverbs
-ance -ize -able -ly
-ence -ate -ible
-or -fy -less
-er -en -ice
-ist -ify -ical
-ness -ish
-ive

13. 3. Reduplication (repetation)
This process can be classified according to
the amount of form that is duplicated,
weather complete or partial, and it the
letter according to exactly which part.

14. SeveralTypesof Reduplicationin English
Rhyming reduplication: hokey-pokey, razzle-
dazzle, super-duper, boogie-woogie, teenie-weenie,
walkie-talkie
Exact reduplications(baby-talk-like): bye-bye,
choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo-poo.
Ablautreduplications: bric-brac, chit-chat, criss-
cross, kitty-cat, knick-knack, pitter-patter, splish-
splash, zig-zag.

15. 4. Internal modification
a. Vowel modification
b. Consonan modification
c. Mixed modification
c. Tonal modification
d. Stress modification
e. suppletion

16. a. Vowel modification
verbs in English:
[I] –[oe] begin –began, ring –rang, sing –sang,
[i:] –[ou] speak –spoke, steal –stole,
[ai] -[au] bind –bound, find –found,

17. b. Consonant modification
Examples:
Noun/Verb in English:
[f] –[v]belief –believe, grief –grieve, proof –prove,
[s] –[z] advice –advise, device –devise, use –use,
[s] –[d] defense –defend, offence –offend,
[t] –[d] bent –bend, ascent –ascend,descent –
descend,

18. c. Mixed modification
Examples:
English present/past: catch –caught, seek –
sought, teach –taught
Verb / Noun: live –life

19. d. Tonal Modification(tone)
A number of African languages use
tonal modification for verb inflection.
'he saw'
Near Past: _ ^ ^ [a:Bo:ne]
Perfect : ^ \_ [a:Bo:ne]
(where ^ = high tone, _ = low tone, \= falling tone,
and B is an implosive bilabial stop)

20. e. Stress modification
A base can undergo a change in the placement of stress
to reflect a change in its category.
Examples:
Noun Verb
Primary stress on:First syllable Second syllable
récord recórd
cóntrast contrást
súbject subjéct

21. f. Suppletion (total modification)
a morphological process whereby a root morpheme
is replaced by a phonologically unrelated form in
order to indicate a grammatical contrast.
Examples:
Basic form Suppletive form
I me
be were
good well

22. 5. Conversion
A process by which a word belonging to one
word class without any change of form but
the function of word is change.

23. Types of conversion
Verb to noun
to attack attack
to print out a printout
Noun to verb
comb to comb
chairto chair
Name to verb
Harpoto Harpo
Houndinito Houndini

24. Adjective to verb
dirty to dirty
slow to slow
Preposition to verb
out to out
In some cases, conversion is accompanied by a change in
the stress pattern known asstress shift

25. 6. Back Formation
A process in which a word changes its forms and
function
Typically, a word of one type, which is usually a
noun, is reduced to form a word of another
type,usually a verb.
e.g
television (N) televise (V)
donation (N) donate (V)

26. Thank You