morphology and its definition and its importance

what is morphology

1. GOOD GOOD MORNING ! MORNING !

2. PRAYER PRAYER

3. is the study of the structure and formation of words. It focuses on how words are built from smaller units of meaning called morphemes and how these units interact within a language. MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY

4. It is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word or a part of a word . Morphemes can be free (standing alone) or bound (attached to other morphemes) MORPHEME MORPHEME

5. TYPES OF MORPHEME TYPES OF MORPHEME FREE MORPHEMES Can stand alone as words (e.g., "book", "run"). Nouns: book, cat, house Verbs: run, eat, sing, jump Adjectives : big, happy, tall Adverbs: fast, well, soon, late Pronouns: he, she, they, we Prepositions : in, on, at, under Conjunctions: and, but, or

6. TYPES OF MORPHEME TYPES OF MORPHEME BOUND MORPHEMES Cannot stand alone and must be attached to other morphemes. Root: Main meaning unit (e.g., "happy" in "unhappy"). Prefix: Comes before the root (e.g., "un-"). Suffix: Comes after the root (e.g., "-ness").

7. WORD FORMATION WORD FORMATION refers to the process of creating new words or modifying existing words in a language. It is a fundamental aspect of linguistic development and involves various techniques to expand vocabulary, adapt meanings, or create new terms to suit evolving communication needs.

8. INFLECTION INFLECTION the process of modifying a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, number, gender, or case without changing its core meaning or word class

9. INFLECTION INFLECTION Examples of Inflection: Noun Inflection (Plural & Possessive) cat → cats (plural) child → children (plural) dog → dog’s (possessive)

10. INFLECTION INFLECTION Examples of Inflection: Verb Inflection (Tense & Aspect) walk → walked (past tense) run → running (present participle) eat → eats (third-person singular)

11. INFLECTION INFLECTION Examples of Inflection: Adjective Inflection (Comparative & Superlative) big → bigger → biggest happy → happier → happies

12. DERIVATION DERIVATION the process of creating a new word by adding prefixes or suffixes, which often change the word’s meaning or grammatical category.

13. DERIVATION DERIVATION Examples of Derivation: Noun Formation: teach → teacher (verb → noun) happy → happiness (adjective → noun) child → childhood (noun → noun)

14. DERIVATION DERIVATION Verb Formation: beauty → beautify (noun → verb) dark → darken (adjective → verb) pure → purify (adjective → verb)

15. DERIVATION DERIVATION Adjective Formation: hope → hopeless (noun → adjective) care → careful (noun → adjective) use → useful (verb → adjective)

16. TYPES OF MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM TYPES OF MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM

17. ANALYTIC LANGUAGES (also called isolating languages) rely on word order and auxiliary words rather than inflection or affixes to convey grammatical relationships. Words in these languages usually remain unchanged. Example: I will go to school tomorrow. (No verb inflection; future tense is expressed with will.

18. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES languages that use inflection or affixation to express grammatical relationships within words rather than relying on separate words. They can be agglutinative , fusional , or polysynthetic

19. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Agglutinative: Morphemes are joined together in clear, separable segments

20. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Turkish (Agglutinative) ev ("house") evler ("houses") evlerimiz ("our houses") Each affix adds a specific meaning (plural, possession).

21. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Fusional: Morphemes are merged and may represent multiple grammatical categories (e.g., Spanish).

22. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Spanish (Fusional) hablo ("I speak") hablas ("You speak") habla ("He/She speaks") The verb conjugates by adding suffixes to indicate the subject

23. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Polysynthetic Languages: Combine many morphemes into single, complex words, often expressing entire sentences (e.g., Inuktitut).

24. SYNTHETIC LANGUAGES Inuktitut (Polysynthetic) tusaatsiarunnanngittualuujunga ("I can't hear very well") A single word contains multiple morphemes that would be separate words in English.

25. ALLOMORPHS Variations of a morpheme that appear in different contexts but share the same meaning (e.g., the plural morpheme in English can appear as "-s," "-es," or a vowel change, as in "mouse" → "mice").

26. ALLOMORPHS Plural Allomorphs (-s, - es , -en, irregular forms) /s/ → cats (after voiceless sounds) /z/ → dogs (after voiced sounds) / ɪz / → buses (after sibilant sounds like s, z, sh , ch ) children (-en as a plural marker) men, women, teeth (irregular plural forms)

27. ALLOMORPHS Past Tense Allomorphs (-ed) /t/→walked (after voiceless sounds like k, p, f) /d/ → played (after voiced sounds like b, g, v) /ɪd/ → wanted (after t or d sounds)

28. ALLOMORPHS Negative Allomorphs (in-, im -, il -, ir -) incomplete (before most consonants) impossible (before p, b, m) illegal (before l) irregular (before r