Morphology derivation

Derivation of English Morphology

1. MORPHOLOGY
DERIVATION
MAHRUKH SHEHZADI
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2. Conclusion
DERIVATION
English
Derivational
Affixes
Derivation at
Work
Complex
Derivation
Two Classes
Derivational
Affixes
Constraints on
Derivation
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3. Derivation/derived
•Derivationistheformationofanewwordor
inflectablestemfromanotherword.Ittypically
occursbytheadditionofanaffix.
•Thederivedwordisoftenofadifferentword
classfromtheoriginal.Itmaythustakethe
inflectionalaffixesofthenewwordclass.
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4. English Derivational Affixes
•Derivational are used to make new wordsin the
language and are often used to make words of a
different grammatical categoryfrom the
stem/root word.
•A derivational affixesusually applies to words of
one syntactic category and changes them into
words of another syntactic category.
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5. •Thereare4typesofchangeinderivational
affixes:
1.SyntacticCategory
2.SemanticCategory
3.SyntacticandSemanticCategory
4.ZeroDerivationorConversion
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6. Some English derivational affixes
Affix Change Examples
Suffixes
-able
-(at)ion
-ing
-ing
-ive
-al
-ment
-ful
V →A
V →N
V →N
V →A
V →A
V →N
V →N
N →A
fix-able, do-able
realiz-ation
the shoot-ing, the danc-ing
the sleep-inggiant
assert-ive
refusal
treat-ment
hope-ful
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7. Some English derivational affixes
Affix Change Examples
Prefixes
anti-
de-
dis-
ex-
in-
mis-
un-
un-
re-
N →N
V →V
V →V
N →N
A →A
V →V
A →A
V →V
V →V
Anti-dandruff
de-activate
dis-continue
ex-Premier
in-complete
mis-place
un-happy
un-lock
re-charge
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8. Derivation at Work
•As we know, in morphology in linguistics context,
bound morphemes are divided into two categories;
there are
1.inflectional morphemesand
2.derivational morphemes.
•These morphemes are used to make new wordsfrom a
particular base roots or lexical morphemes.
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9. The Difference between
Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes
•Inflectional Morphemes
NoAffixChange BaseRoots NewWords
1.
-ing
Continuous
Tense
Walk Walking
2.
-s
Singular -
Plural
Book Books
3.
-edPastTense Walk Walked
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10. Derivational Morphemes
No AffixChangeBase Roots and Its Meaning New words and Its Meaning
1.
-mentV;N Govern; to control somethinggovernment; group of people who control
something/ country
2.
-fulN;A Cheer; shout of praiseCheerful; feeling happy
3.
-lyV; AdvCheer; give shouts of praiseCheerily; with happy feeling
4.
-nessA;N Sad; unhappy looking Sadness; the state of being unhappy
5.
-enN;V Fright; feels fear Frighten; making somebody feels fear
6.
-ableV;A Laugh; make the sounds that express
amusement
Laughable; causing people to laugh
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11. Complex Derivation
Complexderivationcreatesmultiplelevelsofwordstructureandcanchangethe
grammaticalcategoryofaword.ItcanconvertaVintoanA,anAintoaV,aVintoaN,or
thesamewordclasslikeaNintoaN.
Example:
•Activation
act ive ate ion
V Af Af Af
A
V
N
Theaffix–ivecombineswiththeVbaseacttogiveanA(active).Thentheaffix–ate
combineswiththisAandconvertsitintoaV(activate).Afterthattheaffix–ionisadded,
convertingtheVintoaNandgivingthedifferentword(activation).
SoactivationconvertsV–A–V–N
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12. •Prepositional
pre position al
Af N/V Af
N
A
Theaffixpre-combineswiththeNbasepositiontogiveaNalso
(preposition),orpositioncanbeaVandifitcombineswithaffixpre-,it
becomesaN(preposition).Itdoesn’tchangethewordclass.Thenthe
affix–alcombineswiththisNandconvertstheNintoanA
(prepositional).
SoprepositionalconvertsN/V–N–A
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13. •Unhappiness
Unhappyness Unhappyness
Af A Af Af A Af
A N
N N
The first unhappinessconverts A –A –N and the second unhappiness
converts A –N –N.
The important point to remember here is that even in the case of quite complex
words, derivation involves the same steps found in simpler words. In all cases, a
derivational affix combiness with the appropriate type of base and yields a new
word of a particular type.
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14. Constraints on Derivation
Derivationoftendoesnotapplyfreelytothemembersofagiven
category.Forinstance,thesuffix–antcancombineonlywithLatinate
bases(i.e.basesborrowedfromLatinorRomancelanguageswhichare
traceablebacktoLatin)–asindefendant,assailant,contestant,servant
andsoforth.Thisiswhyitcannotoccurwithbasessuchasfightandteach
(*fightant,*teachant)whichareofnativeEnglishorigin.
Sometimes,aderivationalaffixisabletoattachonlytobaseswith
particularphonologicalproperties.Agoodexampleofthisinvolvesthe
Englishsuffix–en,whichcombinewithadjectivetocreateverbswitha
causativemeaning(‘causetobecomex’)asTable4.15illustrates,
however,therearemanyadjectiveswithwhich–encannotcombine.
Table4.15Restrictionontheuseof–en
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15. The suffix –en is subject to this phonological constrain: it can
only combine with a monosyllabic basethat ends in an
obstruent but not to abstract, which is both monosyllabic and in
an obstruent, but not to abstract, which has two syllables, or to
blue, which does not end in an obstruent.
Acceptable Unacceptable
Whiten
Soften
Madden
Quicken
Liven
*abstracten
*bluen
*angryen
*slowen
*greenen
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16. Two Classes
Derivational Affixes
In English it is common to distinguish between two sets of derivational
affixes which we will call class 1 and class 2. Class 1 affixes (most of which are
Latinate) normally trigger changes in the consonant or vowel segments of the base
with which they occur. In addition, they usually also affect the assignment of stress.
Typicaleffectsofclass1
Affix Sample Word
-ity
-y
-ive
-(i)al
-ize
-ious
-ion
Public-ity
Democrac-y
Product-ive
Part-ial
Public-ize
Audac-ious
Nat-ion
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17. Typical class 2 affixes
Incontrast,class2affixes(whicharemostlynative)tendtobe
phonologicalneutral,havingnoeffectonthesegmentalmakeupofthe
baseoronstressassignment.Whenclass1andclass2affixesappearin
thesameword.Theformertypeofmorphemenormallyoccurscloserto
therootthanthelatter.Thus,whileaclass1affixcanfollowanotherclass
1affixandwhileaclass2affixcanfollowaclass1oranotherclass2affix,
aclass2affixdoesnotnormallycomebeforeaclass1affix.
Affixes Sample Word
-ness
-less
-ful
-ly
-er
-ish
-able
Prompt-ness
Hair-less
Hope-ful
Quiet-ly
Defend-er
Self-ish
Commend-able
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18. Conclusion
•Derivationistheformationofanewwordorinflectable
stemfromanotherword.Ittypicallyoccursbytheadditionof
anaffix.
•EnglishDerivationalAffixesareusedtomakenewwordsin
thelanguageandareoftenusedtomakewordsofadifferent
grammaticalcategoryfromthestem,inmanycases,
derivationalaffixeschangeboththesyntacticcategoryand
themeaning(semantic).Butsometimesderivationalaffixes
donotnecessarilymodifythesyntacticcategory,they
modifythemeaningofthebase.
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19. •Boundmorphemearedividedintotwocategories;thereare
inflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemes.
1.Theinflectionalmorphemesdonotchangethewordclass,
2.butthederivationalmorphemeschangethewordclasswithor
withoutthemeaning(semantic).
•ComplexDerivationcreatesmultiplelevelsofword
structureanditcanchangethegrammaticalcategoryofa
word.
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20. Therearesomeconstraintsinaddingtheaffixesin
derivation.
oFortheexampleinsuffix–antcancombineonlywith
Latinatebasesasindefendant,assailant,contestant,
servantandsoforth.
oSo,itcannotoccurwithbasessuchasfightandteach
(*fightant,*teachant)whichareofnativeEnglishorigin.
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21. Therearetwoclassesinderivationalaffixes,class1andclass
2.
oClass1affixes(mostofwhichareLatinate)normallytrigger
changesintheconsonantorvowelsegmentsofthebasewith
whichtheyoccur.Inaddition,theyusuallyalsoaffectthe
assignmentofstress.
oClass2affixes(whicharemostlynative)tendtobe
phonologicalneutral,havingnoeffectonthesegmentalmake
upofthebaseoronstressassignment.
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