Morphology. Lecture 3. PRESENTATION. Verb. Adverb.pptx

Morphology

1. 1 Parts of speech in English and Ukrainian The Verb The Adverb

2. Contents The Verb as a part of speech in English und Ukrainian languages The Adverb as a part of speech in English und Ukrainian languages 2

3. 1. The Verb 3

4. The Verb The Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action. 4 According to their morphological structure verbs are divided into: - Simple (read, live, hide , писати, читати ); Derived , i.e. having affixes (magnify, undo , remarry , переб ігти , добігти ); - Compound i.e. consisting of 2 stems (daydream, browbeat , ); - Composite (phrasal verbs), consisting of a verb and a postposition of adverbial origin (sit down, do away, give up, bring up).

5. 5 The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are : The Infinitive The Past Indefinite Participle 2

6. Regular verbs . They form the Past Indefinite and Participle 2 by adding - ed to the stem of the verb, or only – d if the stem of the verb ends in – e . To open – opened To live – lived 6

7. Irregular verbs . They are verbs that do not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Also known as a strong verbs.  Verbs in English are irregular if they don't have the conventional - ed ending (such as asked or ended) in the past tense and/or past participle forms. 7

8. Irregular verbs . Verbs which can change their root vowel To sing – sang – sung Verbs which change their root vowel and add - en for Participle To speak – spoke – spoken 8

9. Verbs which change their root vowel and add –d or –t To sell – sold – sold Verbs which change their final -d into – t To send – sent – sent Verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle 2 To cast – cast– cast 9

10. Verbs whose forms come from different stems To go – went – gone Special irregular verbs To do – did – done Defective (anomalous) verbs Can – could May – might 10

11. Mixed verbs. Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle 2 is of the irregular type : to show – showed – shown 11

12. According to the syntactic function notional verbs , auxiliary verbs link ( copula) verbs 12

13. 1. Notional verbs - have a full meaning of their own and can be used without any additional words as a simple predicate, i.e. to write, to read, to know, to ask, іти , запитувати , писати She knew what he was thinking. Він запитав про погоду . 13

14. 2. Auxiliary verbs - have lost their meaning and are used only as form words . They are used in analytical forms to do, to have, will, should, would, may, могти , мусити , сміти , мати I don’t recollect that he ever did anything, at least not in my time. 14

15. 3. Link (copula) verbs - to a smaller or greater extent have lost their meaning and are used in the compound nominal predicate appear, look, become, feel, be, здаватися , ставати The house was too big. Manson no longer felt despondent, but happy, elated, hopeful. 15

16. IV. The Verb can be also transitive and intransitive. 16

17. Transitive verbs can take a direct object. to take, to give, to send, to make, брати, любити. John had never loved her so much as in that minute which seemed to falsify Fleur’s fears and to release his soul. Вона взяла книгу з бібліотеки. 17

18. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. to stand, to sleep, to laugh, брехати, плавати She shrank slowly away from him, and stood quite still. Вона вміє плавати . 18

19. According to their lexical meaning : terminative , non-terminative and verbs of double lexical (aspect) character. 19

20. Terminative verbs denote an action implying a certain limit beyond which it cannot go. to come, to bring, to build, to give , приносити, віддавати He went to the kitchen and brought him a cake and a plate of biscuits. Вона принесла смачного торта. 20

21. Non-terminative verbs denote a certain action which does not imply any limit. to live, to exist, спати , сидіти, лежати. She sat erect in the hard chair, her gloved hands gracefully folded in her lap. Вона спала аж 10 годин. 21

22. Verbs of double lexical character in certain contexts have a terminative meaning, and in others, a non-terminative meaning. to see, to hear, to write, to read, to translate. Arthur looked round the room and saw that everything was hidden. Вона прочитала книжку, яку до того читала її подруга. 22

23. Verb 23 The verb generally functions in the sentence as verb (predicate) going into some combinations : With the nominal parts of speech performing the functions of the subject (or the object) The verb goes into combination with verbs or with adverbs With prepositions and conjunctions The sun shines. The student passed his examinations. Сонце світить . Студент склав іспити ; to want , to know, to want to read; хотіти вчитися / знати to read well гарно читати to depend on smb / smth . залежати від когось ) neither read nor write, to work and rest ні читали , ні писа л и, працювати і відпочивати

24. The Verb The grammatical categories of the verb : - Person - Number - Tense - Aspect - Voice - Mood 24

25. Verb (grammatical categories) a) The categories of person and number In Modern English there are but few forms indicating person and number in the synthetic forms of the verb. These are: The third person singular Present Indefinite Indicative – he speaks. The Future Indefinite tense. – I shall speak We shall speak. He will speak . They will speak. Note! the use of shall in the 1st person singular and plural has become out-of-date. Will is now used in all persons. The verb to be has suppletive forms for different persons (singular and plural). 25 I - am, was We - are , were You - are , were You - are , were He, she, it - is, was They - are , were

26. Verb ( grammatical categories ) b) The categories of tense and aspect The category of tense is very clearly expressed in the forms of the English verb. This category denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future . The category of tense and the cate­gory of aspect are intermingled . The category of aspect  shows the way in which the action develops , whether it is in progress or completed, etc. In Ukrainian the category of aspect predominates, and the category of tense is subordinated to it . In English, contrariwise, the category of tense predominates and aspect is subordinated to it. 26

27. Verb ( grammatical categories ) Some of the English tenses denote time relations, others denote both time and aspect relations. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite/Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics whatever, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Con­tinuous forms denote both time and aspect relations. Each of these forms includes four tenses: Present, Past, Future and Future in the Past, i.e. future from the point of view of the past. Thus there are 16 tenses in English. 27

28. Verb ( grammatical categories ) c) Voice is the category of the verb which indicates the relation of the predicate to the subject and the object The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate. The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted the subject is acted upon. 28

29. Verb ( grammatical categories ) Forms of tenses in the active voice THE INDEFINITE/SIMPLE FORM – merely shows that the action takes place in the present, past or future. The form of the verb gives no indication as to its duration or completion. THE CONTINUOUS FORM – denotes an action in progress at the present moment or at the given moment in the past or future. It is formed by the means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required tense and Participle I of the notional verb. THE PERFECT FORM – denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future. It is formed by the means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb. THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM – denotes an action in progress whose duration before a definite moment in the present, past or future is expressed. It is formed by the means of the auxiliary verb to be in one of the perfect tenses and Participle I of the notional verb. 29

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31. Verb ( grammatical categories ) The Passive Voice The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. The passive voice is used frequently. We are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it. The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.) The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the repairs.) Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action. I noticed that a window had been left open. My car has been stolen! 31

32. Verb ( grammatical categories ) The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read. Passive – Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. Active – A mass of gases wraps around our planet. If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use the preposition by . When we know who performed the action and are interested in him, it is always better to switch to the active voice instead. Passive – "A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles. Active – The Beatles wrote "A Hard Day's Night". 32

33. Verb ( grammatical categories ) 33

34. Verb ( grammatical categories ) d)  Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is saying. Indicative Mood   states an actuality or fact. We will go to see a movie this Sunday. I’ll follow you. Imperative Mood  makes a request. Let’s go to see a movie this weekend! Please stop bugging me! Subjunctive Mood  expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an "if" clause. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy a house. I wish I were more organized. 34

35. The Verb 35 Morphological category Means of Realisation in the Contrasted Languages In English In Ukrainian Person I know. He knows. She is. We are. Я знаю. Він/вона знає. Воно знає. Ми знаємо. Ви знаєте. Вони знають. Number He reads. They read good books. Він читає. Вони читають книжки. Tenses (present, past, future) 1. Absolute use of tenses I work. He works. I worked. He will work. He said she had been seen in London. They asked if 1 could translate that passage into Japanese. Я працюю. Я працював. Він читає. Він читав. Він читатиме. Він буде читати весь свій вік. Він прокинувся був, а потім знову заснув. Aspect (common, continuous, perfect) He works. He is working (common/ continuous). He will work. He will be working (future). He has worked (perfect). Він читав. Він прочитав це. Вона зараз тренується. Дощ пройшов. (недоконаний — доконаний вид) Voice (active - passive) He reads much. The house is/was built. The house is being built. It will be/will have been built. Хату ставлять. Хата збудована/ була, буде збудована. Хід зроблено. Школу відкрито/ буде відкрито. Mood Indicative: We love our parents. Will he come? He has taken the exam. Imperative: Don't speak so loud! Let me sing you. Let us sing you smth . Subjunctive: Come what may! If she had come, he would have met her. Had 1 been there, I would have helped him. Ми любимо своїх батьків. Чи прийдете ви взавтра? Він склав іспит. Не розмовляйте так голосно! Сядьте. Нум я вам заспіваю! Будь, що буде! Було б краще мабуть піти. Якби він був прийшов, він був би зустрівся з нею.

36. 2 . The Verbals 36

37. Non-finite forms of the verb ( Verbals ) A non-finite verb (also known as a verbal) is the term used to describe a verb that is not showing tense . In other words, a verb form does not act like a verb (or, at least, the type of verb you need to form a sentence). A non-finite verb is never the main verb in a sentence. 37

38. Verbals Types of non-finite verbs: gerund s   (e.g., baking, singing), infinitive s  (e.g., to bake, to sing), participle s  (e.g., baking/baked, singing/sung, having done/having been done). 38

39. Verbals The Gerund A gerund is a noun formed from a verb . All gerunds end in - ing . Discovery  consists of seeing  what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. (Biochemist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi) I have never taken any exercise except sleeping and resting. (Writer Mark Twain) Gerunds maintain some verb-like properties (e.g., they can take  objects  and be modified by  adverbs ). Therefore, a gerund will often appear in a  gerundial phrase , which consists of the gerund and any objects and modifiers: Art is making something out of nothing and selling it. (Musician Frank Zappa) I started by photographing birds in my garden. 39

40. Verbals The Infinitive An infinitive  is a verb form (often preceded by to) which can function as a noun, an adjective or an adverb . To win was  everything. (a noun. Compare this with "The victory was everything.") It  is  the competition to win . (an adjective. Compare this with "It is the top competition.") The man  paid to win. (an adverb. It is modifying the verb  paid . Compare this with "The man paid so he could win." The clause "so he could win" is an adverbial clause of reason.) 40

41. Verbals (Infinitive) An infinitive often appears in an infinitive phrase. An infinitive phrase consists of the infinitive and any objects and modifiers. She  needed to find a lot of money quickly . (The infinitive phrase is being used as a noun .) I  showed  her the best way to make a Yorkshire pudding. (The infinitive phrase is being used as an adjective .) He set the camera to film whatever was eating his chickens. (The infinitive phrase is being used as an adverb .) Not all infinitives are preceded by the particle TO: Infinitives also feature in verb chains after verbs like  could, may, should, and  would  and verbs like  to make /have and  to let. If the highest aim of a captain were to preserve his ship, he  would keep it in port forever. Let  them eat cake. 41

42. Verbals The Participle A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective. There are two types of participles: the present participle (ending - ing ) the past participle . Here are some participles being used as adjectives: 42 The Verb The Present Participle The Past Participle to bake the baking bread the baked bread to print the printing document the printed document to lower the lowering   prices the lowered   prices

43. Verbals (Participle) Participles are also used to form verb tenses. I  was  eating beans by candle light for a decade. (Here, a present participle helps to form the past progressive tense.) I  have  taken more out of alcohol than alcohol  has  taken out of me. (Prime Minister Winston Churchill) (Here, a past participle helps to form two examples of the present perfect tense.) 43

44. Verbals (Participle) Food is an important part of a balanced diet. (Author Fran Lebowitz ) (Here, the past participle is functioning as an adjective.) Often, a participle heads up a participle phrase functioning as an adjective: Connected entirely by canals and footbridges , the Dutch village of Giethoorn   has  no roads. 44

45. Verbals Typology of the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb ( Verbals ) 45 Isomorphic Allomorphic the infinitive two participles the gerund in English

46. The Verbals 46 Verbal English Ukrainian Infinitive active: to ask; to understand passive : to be asked; to be understood активний : запитувати пасивний : бути запитаним Non-progressive active: to ask somebody perfect : to have asked somebody passive: to have been asked by smb . недоконаного виду: лить, цвісти, їсти; доконаного виду : збити, зацвісти, відцвісти, поспати , попоїсти Progressive infinitive active: to be asking somebody perfect: to have been asking somebody not available not available

47. The Verbals 47 Gerund active : asking passive : being asked active perfect : having asked passive perfect : having been asked Gerund - not available Дієприслівник активний теперішнього часу : йдучи, маючи, знаючи, активний минулого часу : йшовши, мавши, знавши, за/почекавши Participle I Present active : asking passive: being asked Perfect active: having asked Perfect passive: having been asked Дієприкметник активний теперішнього часу : читаючий, читаюча, читаюче, мигаючий, мигаюча, мигаюче активний минулого часу: перемігший, здолавший , усміхнений Participle II Passive (only past): asked, made, decided, seen, purchased, etc. пасивний минулого часу: запрошений, пройдений, здійснений

48. 3 . The Adverb 48

49. The Adverb The Adverb is a notional part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality. 49 English Ukrainian are mostly formed with the help of the suffixes - ly (greatly, slowly), -ward/-wards (seawards, eastwards), -ways (sideways), -fold (twofold) and partly with the help of the prefixes -a- (aback, aside; astride) and be- (before, besides). may be formed by means of suffixes , eg : - o ( гарно, надійно), -е (добре, зле), -а (дарма, лежма), -и (по-французьки), - ому (по-їхньому), - ему (по-моєму) and by means of prefixes and suffixes ( combined ), eg : по - ( по-людськи), най - (найкраще), щонай -(щонайбільше); якнай - (якнайшвидше).

50. The Adverb Adverbs denoting circumstances : 1) adverbs of time : now , always , then , today , tomorrow , just, so far , sooner or later - зараз, тоді, завжди, сьогодні, завтра, щойно, рано чи пізно. 2) adverbs of frequency / repetition of an action : always , daily , frequently , twice , usually - завжди, щоденно, часто, двічі, звичайно; 3) adverbs and adverbial phrases of place or direction of an action : here , there , inside , inwards , outside, somewhere , nowhere , to and fro , etc. тут, там, надворі, десь, ніде, туди й сюди, etc.; 50

51. The Adverb 4 ) a small group of adverbs in both contrasted languages is presented by those expressing cause and purpose . Eg .: rashly згарячу (Марків партнер палахнув і згарячу в його з обріза . С. Васильченко); headlong спрожогу/прожогом: Петро спрожогу вибіг. (П. Мирний) 5) adverbs of manner (kindly, quickly, швидко, добре) 6) adverbs of degree ,measure and quantity (very, enough, half, too, nearly, дуже) 7) interrogative adverbs(where, when, why, how) 51

52. The Adverb 52 The function of the adverb is that of an adverbial modifier. An adverb may modify verbs ( verbals ), words of the category of state, adjectives, and adverbs. 1. The adverbial modifier of manner or quality : 2. The adverbial modifier of time : "Your advice has helped me today". (Meredith) Твоя порада допомогла мені вже сьогодні. Увечері посумую, а вранці заплачу. (Т. Шевченко)

53. The Adverb 53 3. The adverbial modifier of place and direction: “ Tell them I'll be right there". A frantic policeman rode alongside. (F.C. Fitzgerald) “ Скажи їм, що я буду там". -Якийсь несамовитий полісмен їхав поруч. 4. The adverbial modifier of degree and quality: “ Almost instantly we were shut up in a fog". (Mark Twain) Нас майже вмить окутало туманом. Ледве чутно повіяв вітер. 5. The attribute: “ The light outside had chilled...". (Galsworthy), "...he could see them talking together in the little court below". (Ibid.) Світло надворі охололо ... він бачив, що вони розмовляли у куценькому подвір'ячку внизу.

54. The Adverb 54 6. function of the predicative (in English) and simple nominal predicate in Ukrainian: "The sun was up". (Stevenson) Я ж іще при здоров'ї. (Гуцало) 'Why do you say that?". (Maugham) 'Why don't you like those cousins, Father". (Galsworthy) Чому ти це кажеш? Пилипко боявся, щоб згарячу не наткнутися на що-небудь... (Панас Мирний) 7. The adverbial modifier of cause and purpose

55. Glossary 55 Notional parts of speech Functional parts of speech The Verb The Adverb Compound verb Composite verb Isomorphic/ convergent features Allomorphic/ divergent features Transitive/ intransitive verbs Terminative/ non-terminative verbs Verbs of double lexical character

56. Thank you for attention!