Morphology , types, cultivation of mushroom .pptx

Structure, cultivation of mushroom

1. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION S.ANANDHI 1

2. VIVEKANANDHA Ms.S.Anandhi Assistant Professor PG & Research Department of Biotechnology Vivekanandha Arts and Science College For Women Sankari ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN [An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution] (Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem Recognised Under Section 2(f) &12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956) Veerachipalayam , Sankari West (Post) – 637 303, Sankari Tk , Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

3. Auricularia S.ANANDHI 3

4. Calvatia S.ANANDHI 4

5. Pleurotus S.ANANDHI 5

6. Agaricus Agaricus bisporus was the first cultivated mushroom. S.ANANDHI 6

7. Introduction Categories of Mushroom Morphology of Mushrooms Structure of a Mushroom and Their Functions Types of Mushroom for Commercial Cultivation Life cycle of Mushroom Mushroom cultivation S.ANANDHI 7 Overview

8. Mushroom is a fungi producing a fleshy fruiting body, especially one consisting of a stalk with an umbrella cap. It has two part : cap like structure is known as PILEUS, attached with thread like structure MYCELIA . Mycelia absorb nutrient from soil , it do not require sun light for their growth . INTRODUCTION S.ANANDHI 8

9. Morphology of Mushrooms Definition Mushrooms are macro-fungi with distinctive fruiting bodies that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Fruiting Body Characteristics Shape: Often umbrella-like, but can vary in shape (e.g., conical, flat). Size and Color : Can range widely in size and color . Key Structures Cap (Pileus): The expanded portion of the fruiting body. Can be thick, fleshy, membranous, or corky. Stipe (Stalk): Supports the cap and elevates it for spore dispersal . S.ANANDHI 9

10. Gills (Lamellae) Located on the underside of the cap. Bear spores on their surface, crucial for reproduction. Exhibit color changes corresponding to the color of the spores. Identification: The attachment of the gills to the stipe helps in identifying the mushroom. Types of Gills (Based on Attachment) Free Gills: Gills do not attach to the stipe (e.g., in some species of Agaricus ). Attached Gills: Gills are attached to the stipe. Descending Gills: Gills extend slightly down the stipe. Notched Gills: Gills have a notch where they meet the stipe. S.ANANDHI 10 Morphology of Mushrooms

11. Structure of a Mushroom and Their Functions Cap (Pileus) Structure: The top part of the mushroom, often umbrella-shaped. Function: Protects the gills and spores; serves as the main site for spore production. S.ANANDHI 11

12. Gills (Lamellae) Structure : Thin, plate-like structures located under the cap. Function: Contains basidia (spore-producing cells); releases spores for reproduction. Stipe (Stem) Structure : The stalk that supports the cap. Function: Elevates the cap for effective spore dispersal; transports nutrients and water between the mycelium and the cap. Mycelium Structure: A network of thread-like structures (hyphae) that spread throughout the substrate. Function: Absorbs nutrients from the environment; acts as the main body of the fungus, supporting growth and reproduction. S.ANANDHI 12 Structure of a Mushroom and Their Functions

13. Hyphae Structure: Microscopic filaments that make up mycelium. Function: Facilitate nutrient absorption and growth; can be septate (divided by walls) or coenocytic (without walls). Spores Structure: Microscopic reproductive units produced by the mushroom. Function: Serve as the primary means of reproduction; disperse to form new fungi in suitable environments. Ring (Annulus) Structure: A band of tissue that encircles the stipe, remnants of the partial veil. Function: Can aid in identification; may provide protection to developing gills. S.ANANDHI 13 Structure of a Mushroom and Their Functions

14. Mushrooms can be categorized in several ways, including their edibility, habitat, and morphology. Here are some common types of mushrooms based on these criteria : Edible Mushrooms Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) : Commonly used in salads and cooking. Shiitake (Lentinula edodes ) : Known for its rich flavor ; often used in Asian cuisines. Portobello ( Agaricus bisporus ) : A mature version of the button mushroom, popular for grilling. Oyster Mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) : Soft texture and delicate flavor , often used in stir-fries. Chanterelle ( Cantharellus cibarius ) : Known for its golden color and fruity aroma. Morel ( Morchella spp.) : Highly sought after for its unique flavor and texture. 2. Poisonous Mushrooms Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric) : Recognizable by its red cap with white spots; can cause hallucinations. Amanita phalloides (Death Cap) : Extremely toxic; responsible for the majority of mushroom poisoning deaths. Galerina marginata : Contains toxins similar to the Death Cap; can be fatal. S.ANANDHI 14 Types of mushrooms

15. TYPES OF MUSHROOMS S.ANANDHI 15

16. 3 . Medicinal Mushrooms Reishi ( Ganoderma lucidum ) : Used in traditional medicine for its immune-boosting properties. Lion's Mane ( Hericium erinaceus ) : Known for potential cognitive benefits and nerve regeneration. Cordyceps ( Cordyceps militaris ) : Often used for its energy-boosting effects. 4 . Wild Mushrooms Puffball Mushrooms : Round and white or brown, releasing spores when mature. Chicken of the Woods ( Laetiporus spp.) : Bright orange and yellow; tastes like chicken. Hen of the Woods ( Grifola frondosa ) : Also known as Maitake , grows at the base of trees. 5 . Cultivated Mushrooms Enoki ( Flammulina velutipes ) : Thin, long-stemmed mushrooms often found in soups. King Oyster ( Pleurotus eryngii ) : Large, meaty texture; excellent for grilling. 6. Fungi with Distinctive Shapes Shelf Fungi : Grow on trees, resembling shelves or brackets. Coral Mushrooms : Branching, coral-like structures, often bright in color . S.ANANDHI 16

17. General Guidelines for Mushroom Identification Location : Some mushrooms only grow in specific areas or on certain types of trees. Spore Print : Taking a spore print can help in identifying a mushroom's species (different species leave spore prints in different colors ). Gills : Check the gills (the underside of the cap). Edible mushrooms often have free or attached gills, while some poisonous mushrooms may have crowded, decurrent gills. Odor : Some poisonous mushrooms have an unpleasant or chemical-like odor . Edible ones generally have a more neutral or earthy smell. Cap and Stalk : Poisonous mushrooms may have distinctive characteristics such as scales, warts, or an unusually bright color . Reaction to Bruising : Some mushrooms change color when bruised or cut, which can help with identification. S.ANANDHI 17

18. C A T E GOR I E S OF MUSHROOM 1. POISONOUS MUSHROOMS – Amanita sp. Lepiota brunneoincarnata Lepiota sp. Cortinarius sp Amanita muscaria Cortinarius bolaris S.ANANDHI 18

19. Identification of Edible Mushrooms Edible Mushrooms: Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) Cap : White, smooth, round. Gills : Pink when young, turning brown as they mature. Stalk : Short and thick, with a ring around it. Odor : Earthy, mushroomy aroma. Spore Print : Dark brown. Habitat : Found in grasslands, cultivated worldwide S.ANANDHI 19

20. Identification of Poisonous Mushrooms Poisonous Mushrooms: Death Cap (Amanita phalloides ) Cap : Pale green to yellowish, smooth, sticky when wet. Gills : White, free from the stalk. Stalk : White with a cup-like structure (volva) at the base. Odor : Mild or sweet when young, but becomes unpleasant with age. Spore Print : White. Habitat : Grows near oak, chestnut, and pine trees. Toxicity : Extremely toxic, causes liver and kidney failure. S.ANANDHI 20

21. FOOD VALUES OF MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 21

22. S.ANANDHI 22

23. Vitamin Content S.ANANDHI 23

24. Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) : Calories : 22 kcal Protein : 3.1 g Carbohydrates : 3.3 g Vitamin D : Provides a boost when exposed to sunlight. Rich in B vitamins (Riboflavin, Niacin) Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes ) : Calories : 34 kcal Protein : 2.2 g Carbohydrates : 7 g Rich in antioxidants and beta- glucans , known for immune-boosting properties . S.ANANDHI 24 Oyster Mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) : Calories : 33 kcal Protein : 3.3 g Carbohydrates : 6 g Potassium : High in potassium (420 mg). Good source of folate and vitamin B6 . NUTRITIVE VALUES OF MUSHROOM

25. Therapeutic effects Calvatia gigantea & Amanita muscaria – homeopathic pharmacology. Lentinus edodes – regular consumption lowers the cholesterol level of blood. Crude extract of lentinus edodes used to control influenza virus & polio virus. Carbohyadrate fractions of lentinus have an intensive anti – cancerous effect Coprinus comatus – anti- diabetic effect . Polyporarales – antidiarrhoea effect Armillaria mellea – Excellent purgative S.ANANDHI 25

26. STRUCTURE OF MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 26

27. STRUCTURE OF MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 27

28. 1 . Spore Stage Spores are microscopic reproductive cells released from the gills of mature mushrooms. These spores are dispersed into the environment by wind, water, or animals. Spores contain half the genetic material and must find suitable conditions (moisture, nutrients, and temperature) to germinate. 2. Spore Germination When a spore lands in a suitable environment, it germinates and grows into a thread-like structure called a hypha . A single spore produces a hypha that contains either positive (+) or negative (-) mating types. 3 . Hyphal Growth The hyphae grow and branch, forming a network of fine threads called mycelium . Two compatible hyphae (one positive and one negative mating type) must meet and fuse to form a dikaryotic mycelium , which contains two nuclei in each cell. The mycelium grows in the substrate (soil, decaying organic matter, or compost) and absorbs nutrients. LIFE CYCLE OF MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 28

29. 4. Vegetative Mycelium Stage The mycelium continues to grow and spread, forming a dense mat in the substrate. During this stage, the mushroom is building up nutrients and energy reserves needed for reproduction. 5. Primordia Formation (Pinning Stage) Under favorable conditions (right temperature, moisture, and carbon dioxide levels), the mycelium starts to form small, dense knots called primordia or pins . These are the initial stages of mushroom formation, where the tiny mushroom structures begin to emerge from the mycelium. 6. Fruiting Body Formation The primordia grow into mature fruiting bodies (mushrooms), consisting of a stalk and a cap. The fruiting body emerges from the substrate and becomes visible. The mushroom develops gills or pores under the cap, where spores are produced. 7. Maturation and Spore Release As the mushroom matures, the cap expands and opens, allowing the gills or pores to release spores . The cycle repeats as these spores are dispersed into the environment, starting a new life cycle. LIFE CYCLE OF MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 29

30. MUSHROOM LIFE CYCLE S.ANANDHI 30

31. S.ANANDHI 31

32. Mushroom Cultivation Methods 1. Indoor Cultivation (Controlled Environment) Growing Rooms : Mushrooms are cultivated in controlled environments where temperature, humidity, and light are carefully managed. Growing in trays, bags, or shelves is common. Suitable for large-scale commercial production of button, oyster, and shiitake mushrooms. 2. Outdoor Cultivation (Log Cultivation for Shiitake) Logs : Shiitake mushrooms are often grown on hardwood logs, which are inoculated with shiitake spawn and kept in shaded, humid environments outdoors. Logs can produce mushrooms for several years after inoculation. 3. Bag or Tray Cultivation Substrate is placed in bags or trays, which are easier to manage and can be used in small-scale or home cultivation. This method is commonly used for oyster and button mushrooms. S.ANANDHI 32

33. COMMERCIALLY CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS IN INDIA PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM OYSTER MUSHROOM BUTTON MUSHROOM MILKY MUSHROOM S.ANANDHI 33