Motivation in psychology & theory

motivation
types of motivation
perspectives of motivation

1. Group 3

2. Abdirahman saed sh. elmi Bashir aidid hazzan Asia Abdi farax Zulema Abdi elmi Zuhuur Yousuf maxamoud

3. 01 Introduction to motivation 02 OPTION Components of motivation 03 OPTION Important of motivation 04 OPTION Categories of motivation 05 OPTION Types of motivation 06 OPTION Perspectives of Motivation 07 OPTION ?

4. Introduction The term 'MOTIVATION' has been derived from the Latin word MOVERE ' which means 'TO MOVE ’.  motivation The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals.

5. Cont’ MOTIVATION is a set of processes that moves a person toward a goal. Motive: need or want that causes us to act (energize us). Money is the motive

6. Importance of motivation Generates energy to be productive, creative Helps us accomplish tasks/ goals Enables us to maintain productivity Improves performance level of individuals Increases job satisfaction

7. Components of motivation Activation  involves the decision to initiate a behavior Persistence  is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. Intensity  can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal.

8. Two categories of motivation Motives which are linked basic primary needs and associated with biological well-being of an individuals Need for food, water and oxygen Need to take rest when tired Need for elimination of waste products from our body Motives linked with one's socio-psychological needs are known as secondary or psychological motives Need for freedom Need for security Need to achieve Need for recognition Need for self-assertion Need for self-actualization Primary motives Secondary Motives:

9. Types of motivation Types of motivation on the basis of source On the basis of approach Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Positive motivation Negative motivation

10. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. Intrinsic Motivation: Comes from within person, driving him or her to be or do something. Intrinsic motivation involves gaining self-satisfaction, pride and a feeling of achievement. It often involves overcoming challenge or simply gaining enjoyment from participating.

11. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. Extrinsic motivation involves that the performer receiving some form of reward from others This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, and Can be tangible or intangible: -Tangible : can be touched (Money/ Cups). -Intangible : Words e. g. show of appreciation

12. Positive Motivation POSITIVE motivation is the type of motivation person feels when he expects certain reward It’s Based on reward They are feeling happiness An example of positive motivation is when father tells his son “ if you studied well this semester and got higher grades I’ll buy you a bicycle.

13. Negative Motivation Negative motivation is type motivation person gets when he/she expects punishment. Based on force and fear Caused anger and frustration. An Example of negative motivation is when telling your son "if you didn't study, I won’t let you to travel this summer "

14. Write this report and you will get bones I really want to write this report Write this report or you’ll get fired I really don’t want to write this report Positive motivation Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Negative motivation

15. Perspectives of Motivation Instinct Theory. Drive‐Reduction Theory. Incentive theory Arousal Theory. Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Two Factor theory Hierarchy of Motives.

16. Instinct Theory According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. According to this theory motivation is in born pattern of behavior. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior In humans example, instincts may include behaviors such as an infant’s rooting for a nipple and sucking.

17. Drive‐Reduction Theory. People are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst. Our behavior is motivated by biological need Need e.g. need for food and water Drive e.g. Hunger and thirsty Drive reduction behavior e.g. Eating and drinking

18. Drive reduction When some basic biological requirement is lacking, a drive is produced.

19. Incentive theory  an external goal that has the potential to motivate a behavior. While Drive Theory describes an internal state PUSHING you in a specific direction, Incentive Theory describes how an external stimulus PULLS you in a certain direction. Example. What motivates you to eat chocolate chip cookies? smell (incentive) D rive INCENTIVE

20. Arousal Theory Arousal : Physiological state of alertness & anticipation which prepares the body for action It suggest to people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch and exciting movie or take a bath or may hangout with their friends . When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax such as sleeping, being quiet.

21. According t this There’s optimal level of arousal to produce optimal performance According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation. our levels of arousal have an influence on our performance

22. Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory  Motivator factors – Simply put, these are factors that lead to satisfaction and motivate employees to work harder. Examples might include enjoying your work, feeling recognized and career progression.  Hygiene factors – These factors can lead to dissatisfaction and a lack of motivation if they are absent. Examples include salary, company policies, benefits, relationships with managers and co-workers.

23. Cognitive theory This Theory is suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations. focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world. based on two kinds of cognitions. 1. Our expectation that a behavior will cause us reach a particular goal. 2. Our understanding of the value of that goal to us.

24. Hierarchal Need Theory Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested some needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst and hunger come before psychological needs like achievement, self‐esteem and need for recognition. Only after meeting the basic lower-order needs can a person consider fulfilling higher-order needs, such as the needs for love and a sense of belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

25. The hierarchy is made up of 5 levels 1. Physiological – these needs must be met in order for a person to survive, such as food, water and shelter. 2. Safety – including personal and financial security 3. Love/belonging – the need for friendships, relationships and family. 4. Esteem – the need to feel confident and be respected by others. 5. Self-actualizatio n – the desire to achieve everything you possibly can and become the most that you can be

26. Thank you

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28. Reference Cofer , C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and research. Ross, B. H. (2009).  The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory . Academic Press. Katzell , R. A., & Thompson, D. E. (1990). Work motivation: Theory and practice.  American psychologist ,  45 (2), 144. Kornadt , H. J. (1984). Motivation theory of aggression and its relation to social psychological approaches. In  Social psychology of aggression  (pp. 21-31). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.