Motivation- Psychology

Prepared as per syllabus of B.Sc Nursing By Indian Nursing Council. This will be useful for UG and PG Nursing students.

1. MOTIVATION
The “why” of Behaviour

2. Introduction
Psychologydealswithnotonlywhatpeopledo
butalsowhytheydoso.
Motivationliterallymeanstomove,toenergize
ortoactivate.
Itisadrivingorpullingforcewhichresultsin
persistentbehaviordirectedtowardsaparticular
goal&isinternal.

3. Meaning
ThetermmotivationisderivedfromaLatinword
“movere”whichmeanstomove.
Motivationisanactionthatstimulatesan
individualtotakeacourseofaction,whichwill
resultinanattainmentofgoals.

4. Definition
Motivationwhich“occurswithinthe
organism,itisanarousalorpulling
forcetowardstheachievementofa
goal”.
Motivationisthesetofforcesthat
causespeopletobehaveincertain
ways.

5. Nature of Motivation
Motivationisaneverendingprocess.
Whichgenerateswithintheindividual.
Wholeindividualismotivated
Motivationcanbepositiveornegative,positive
motivationmeansuseofincentives-financialornon-
financial.Negativemotivationmeansemphasizing
penalties.Itisbasedonforceoffear.
Motivationisgoal-orientedbehaviour..
Thereareunsatisfiedneedsofapersonwhichdisturbhis
equilibrium.

6. Components Of Motivation
Motivationcomprisesofthreemaincomponents:
Direction
Effort
Persistence
Westartoffbydecidingwhatwewant,whichisour
directionasweknowwherewewanttogoandwhatwe
havetoachieve.
Thenwemakeanefforttowardsourgoal.
Nowcomesthepartwherewehavetobepersistentwith
oureffortsandkeepdoingthem.

7. Needs
Needsaregeneralwantsordesiresandare
saidtobetheverybasisofourbehavior.
Everyhumanbeinghastostriveforthe
satisfactionofhisbasicneeds.
Theycanbebroadlyclassifiedas
biological&psychosocialneeds.

8. Needs
Biological-
necessary for the
survival of
individual
Need for air, water &
food
Temperature, rest &
sleep
Need for satisfaction
of sex urge.
Psycho social –acquired
through social learning and
contact with others.
Urge to free & independent
Safety & security
Love & belongingness
Recognition & appreciation
Social relations
Expression of ourselves &
actualization of our
potentialities

9. Drives
Drive is an aroused state resulting from some
bodily or tissue need.
The individual seeks to reduce this drive by doing
something to satisfy the need.
Drives are divided into two categories
Biological/Primary
Socio-psychological/Secondary

10. Incentives
Anythingthatincites,rousesorencouragesaperson
istermedasanincentive.
Drivesareinfluencedandguidedbyincentives.
Praise,appreciation,regards,bonusetc.are
examplesofincentives.
Itworksasreinforcingagent.
Forexample,apieceofcandy,chocolateoratoy
mayworkasanincentiveforachild.

11. Motivational Cycle
Need
DriveResponse
Goal

12. Motives
Amotiveetymologicallymeansthat“which
moves”.
Itmaybeconsideredasanenergeticforceor
tendencyworkingwithintheindividualtocompelor
inspirehimtoactforthesatisfactionofhisbasic
needsorattainmentofsomespecificpurpose.
Motivesaretheexpressionsofaperson’sneeds,
hencetheyarepersonalandinternal.

13. Nature of Motives
Generatedthroughbasicneedsordrives.
Compelsanindividualtorespondbycreatingakindof
tensionorurgetoact.
Isagoaldirectedactivity.
Attainmentofgoalhelpsinreleaseoftensionarousedbya
specificmotive.
Achangeingoalmaybringchangesinthenatureand
strengthofthemotive.
Motivationisaninnerstate/anarousedfeeling.
Wecannotseemotivesdirectlybutmustinferthemfrom
thebehaviorofpeople.

14. Types of Motives
Primary/
Biological/Basic
Hunger
Thirst
Avoidance of pain
Sleep & Air
Elimination
Regulation of
temperature
Sex
Stimulus
Curiosity
Exploration
Manipulation
Physical
contact
Secondary/Social/
Learned
Achievement
Aggression
Power

15. Types Of Motivation
Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
* Natural occurring
* Source of pleasure lies
in the activity
Extrinsic Motivation
* outside reward or
appreciation
* Source of pleasure lies
outside the activity

16. Motivation and Behavior
Itactsastheimmediateforcetoenergize,direct,
sustainandstopbehavior.
Motivesareapowerfultoolforexplainingbehavior.
Helpstomakepredictionsaboutbehaviorinmany
differentsituations.
Itgivesanideaabouttherangeofthingsaperson
willdo.
Theseareinnerforcesthatcontrolanindividual’s
behaviorinasubtlemanner.

17. Theories of Motivation

18. McClelland ‘s Achievement Theory
PutforwardedbyanAmericanpsychologistDavid
McClelland.
Accordingtohimpeoplehavemotivatingdrives
thataredirectlylinkedtoneedregardlessofage,
gender,cultureorrace.
Heidentifiedthreetypesofmotivationalneedthey
areasfollows;
NeedforPower
NeedforAffiliation
NeedforAchievement

19. Instinct Theory
According to this , people and animals are born with
programmed sets of behaviors essential to their
survival.
These instincts provide the energy that channels
behavior in appropriate direction.
According to William Mc Dougall all behavioral
acts are essentially instinctive and this is found to
have three aspects,
Cognitive
Affective
Conative

20. Reinforcement Theory
SuggestedbyB.F.Skinner
Positivebehaviourshouldbereinforcedor
rewardedasthisincreasethestrengthofa
responseorinducesitsrepetition.
Negativereinforcementoccurswhendesired
behaviouroccurstoavoidnegativeconsequences
ofpunishment.
Punishmentcreatesnegativeattitude.

21. Cognitive Theories Motivation
Thissuggeststhatmotivationisaproductof
people’sthoughts,expectations&goals.
Thistheoryemphasizesthathumanbehavioris
purposefulandhasacertainendofgoalin
view.
Thistheorydrawsakeydifferencebetween
intrinsic&extrinsicmotivation.

22. Homeostasis or Optimum Level Theory
WBCanoncoinedthetermhomeostasisto
explainthestabilityoftheinnerenvironmentor
physiologicalequilibrium.
Tomaintainthenormalinternalbalance,thebody
triestoregulateitself.
Theabilityofbodytomaintainsuchabalanceis
termedashomeostasis.

23. Humanistictheorystatesthathumanbehavioris
motivatedbycreativityandself-motivation.
Maslowsuggestedthathumanneedsareordered
inahierarchyfromsimplextocomplex.
Higherlevelneedsdonotemergeasmotivators
untillowerneedsaresatisfiedandasatisfiedneed
nolongermotivatesbehaviour.
Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow)

25. Social Learning Theory
ThistheoryisproposedbyAlbertBandura.
Accordingtohimourbehaviorislearned
throughinteractionwithandobservationofthe
environment.
Theemphasisisonlearningbyobservationand
imitation.
Asperthistheorypeoplecancontroltheirown
behaviorbyselfreinforcementorself-
punishment.

26. Motivation and Nurses
Knowledgeofmotivationhelpsastudentnurseinherlearning
andtrainingassuccessfulnurse.
Motivationhelpsaprofessionalnursetodoherjobwithzeal
andspirit.
Therewardofdoinganytasksatisfactorilyliesintheinner
satisfactionbydoingsincerely.
Nurseshouldawaretheneedofthepatientsandsuccessfully
fulfillthemlikefood,needofoxygenetc.
Theknowledgeandunderstandingofmotivationhelpthenurse
identifythereasonbehindthebehaviorshownbythepatient.